塞来昔布乳膏的制备及质量控制

目的制备塞来昔布乳膏并建立其质量控制方法。方法以油酸为透皮吸收促进剂,用二甲亚砜作溶剂,制备水包油型乳膏;用高效液相色谱法测定主药含量。结果制得的乳膏均匀细腻,易涂布;建立的色谱方法能排除辅料对塞来昔布的干扰,塞来昔布质量浓度在2.054～205.4μg/mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(Y=0.492 X-0.100 5,r=0.999 99),平均回收率为99.34%,RSD=0.37%(n=9)。结论塞来昔布乳膏制备方法简单,制得的乳膏符合要求;质量控制方法可靠。     

塞来昔布凝胶的制备与质量控制

目的 制备塞来昔布凝胶并建立其质量控制 方法 . 方法 以卡波姆940为凝胶基质, 以月桂氮酮和油酸为透皮吸收促进剂, 用二甲亚砜作塞来昔布的溶媒, 制备外用凝胶; 采用高效液相色谱法测定主药含量. 结果 该法制得的凝胶均匀细腻, 易涂布; 建立的色谱 方法 能排除辅料对塞来昔布的干扰, 塞来昔布在2.12～212.00 μg•mL^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好, 平均回收率为100.29%, RSD＝0.55 %.结论 塞来昔布凝胶的制备 方法 简单, 制得的凝胶符合要求, 质量控制 方法 可靠.     

塞来昔布凝胶剂的制备及含量测定

目的：制备塞来昔布凝胶并建立测定塞来昔布凝胶剂含量的方法。方法：以卡波姆940为凝胶基质制备塞来昔布凝胶剂;采用高效液相色谱法测定主药含量。结果：本法制得的凝胶均匀细腻,易涂布;塞来昔布在2．05～205．20μg·ml^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9999）,平均回收率为100．01％,RSD=0．18％。结论：该方法操作简便,准确可靠。     

塞来昔布脂质体凝胶的研制及其体外经皮渗透动力学考察

目的研制塞来昔布脂质体凝胶,并对其体外经皮渗透动力学进行考察。方法采用薄膜分散法制备塞来昔布脂质体,均匀设计筛选最佳处方及制备工艺,并以卡波姆940为基质制成脂质体凝胶;用Franz扩散池研究塞来昔布脂质体凝胶与塞来昔布普通凝胶的经皮渗透规律。结果塞来昔布脂质体凝胶的平均粒径为(369.5±10.8)nm,平均包封率为(81.6±2.2)%(n=3);体外透皮试验表明塞来昔布脂质体凝胶的累积透过量显著大于普通凝胶(P<0.05),药物透皮速率与皮肤蓄积量显著大于普通凝胶(P<0.01)。结论塞来昔布脂质体凝胶制备简单,能促进药物透皮吸收,值得进一步研究。     

基于D-最优混料设计法的塞来昔布微乳凝胶处方优化与评价

目的 制备塞来昔布微乳凝胶，并考察其体外透皮性能。方法 测定塞来昔布在不同油、乳化剂、助乳化剂中的溶解度，通过绘制伪三元相图确定塞来昔布微乳的处方组成；以油相、混合乳化剂、水为考察因素，微乳的载药量和粒径为评价指标，利用D-最优混料设计法优化塞来昔布微乳的处方；以卡波姆980为基质制备塞来昔布微乳凝胶，并测定粒径、粒度分布、Zeta电位、透光率及黏度，透射电镜观察塞来昔布微乳的外观形态；采用Franz扩散池法考察塞来昔布微乳凝胶的体外释放性能。结果 优化的塞来昔布微乳处方组成为油相4%、混合乳化剂20%、水76%；塞来昔布微乳凝胶的平均粒径为（59.65±1.09）nm，PDI为0.106，Zeta电位为（-25.76±0.92）mV；透射电镜观察微乳凝胶呈圆整、规则球形，分布较为均匀；与微乳相比，塞来昔布微乳凝胶黏度增大，便于涂布和经皮给药；塞来昔布微乳凝胶24 h累积透皮释放量为（80.12±3.37）μg·cm^-2，显著高于塞来昔布混悬液。结论 塞来昔布微乳凝胶可以显著增加药物的累积透皮量，有望成为新型局部给药制剂。     

塞来昔布+维生素B6治疗阿帕替尼导致手足综合征的临床价值分析

目的:探讨使用塞来昔布联合维生素B6治疗阿帕替尼所致手足综合征(HFS)的效果。方法:选取本院2018年3月~2019年3月收治的60例阿帕替尼所致HFS患者为研究对象,分成三组即塞来昔布高剂量组、塞来昔布低剂量组与对照组,每组20例。三组均使用维生素B6,塞来昔布高剂量组在此基础上加用塞来昔布(0.2g/次,2次/d),塞来昔布低剂量组加用塞来昔布(0.1g/次,2次/d),对比三组治疗效果。结果:塞来昔布高剂量组总有效率为95.00%,塞来昔布低剂量组为90.00%,对照组为60.00%,高低剂量两组明显高于对照组(P<0.05),但高低剂量组间无显著差异(P>0.05);治疗后在EDV、PSV、KPS评分上各组均高于治疗前,NRS评分低于治疗前,指标变化幅度上塞来昔布高剂量组>塞来昔布低剂量组>对照组。结论:对阿帕替尼所致HFS,使用0.2g/次的塞来昔布联合维生素B6的治疗效果显著,值得推广。     

塞来昔布纳米结构脂质载体的制备及大鼠组织分布研究

摘 要 目的： 制备塞来昔布纳米结构脂质载体,并考察其在大鼠体内的组织分布特性。方法: 采用热熔乳化超声 低温固化法制备塞来昔布纳米结构脂质载体,并考察其粒径分布、Zeta电位和形态学性质。研究塞来昔布纳米结构脂质载体在大鼠体内各组织的分布特征。结果: 塞来昔布纳米结构脂质载体的平均粒径为（103.5±32.6）nm,Zeta电位为（-37.3±5.1）mV,透射电镜显示塞来昔布纳米结构脂质载体粒径均一,成球状分布。大鼠体内各组织分布结果表明,塞来昔布纳米结构脂质载体在大鼠肝、脾、脑、肌肉组织内的re值分别为塞来昔布注射液的3.43,2.99,2.38和2.93倍。结论:将塞来昔布制备成纳米结构脂质载体,能够改变其在大鼠组织的分布情况,有望提高药物疗效。     

盐酸伐昔洛韦栓的制备及质量控制

目的:制备盐酸伐昔洛韦栓并建立其质量控制方法。方法:以明胶等为基质制备栓剂;采用高效液相色谱法测定盐酸伐昔洛韦的含量,并考察其稳定性。结果:所制栓剂软硬度合适;盐酸伐昔洛韦检测浓度线性范围为10.1～50.5μg·mL-1(r=0.9998),平均回收率为98.73%(RSD=0.76%,n=3)。结论:该处方制备工艺简单,制剂质量稳定、可控。     

塞来昔布固体脂质纳米粒的制备及其在大鼠体内的药动学

目的:制备塞来昔布固体脂质纳米粒,并考察大鼠灌胃给药后体内的药动学特征。方法:采用热熔乳化超声-低温固化法制备塞来昔布固体脂质纳米粒,并对制得的纳米粒进行表征。将12只Wistar大鼠随机分为为塞来昔布原料药组和塞来昔布固体脂质纳米粒组,灌胃给药剂量均为100 mg·kg^-1,采用高效液相色谱法测定大鼠血浆中塞来昔布的浓度,采用3P97程序计算塞来昔布药动学参数。结果:塞来昔布固体脂质纳米粒平均粒径为(183.6±44.5)nm,PdI为(0.217±0.052),Zeta电位为(-30.4±5.2)mV。塞来昔布原料药和塞来昔布固体脂质纳米粒在大鼠体内的AUC_(0-t)分别为(4.47±0.72)和(11.64±2.01)mg·L^-1·h;t_1/2分别为(13.45±1.89)和(10.12±1.24)h;t_max 分别为(2.33±0.21)和(1.31±0.14)h;C_max分别为(0.86±0.12)和(2.14±0.46 )mg·L^-1。结论:塞来昔布固体脂质纳米粒能够明显改善大鼠体内塞来昔布的药动学行为,与塞来昔布原料药相比具有明显的缓释效果,同时提高了药物的生物利用度。     

塞来昔布有关物质的合成

目的为加强塞来昔布原料药的质量控制,合成了塞来昔布的有关物质。方法以甲基取代的苯乙酮为起始原料,经Claisen缩合,再分别与水合肼和对氨磺酰基苯肼盐酸盐缩合,制得目标化合物。结果与结论目标化合物的结构经1H-NMR、MS确证,合成的杂质可以作为塞来昔布原料药质量控制的有关物质对照品。该方法条件温和、原料易得、操作简单。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.