双波长HPLC同时测定小儿咳喘灵颗粒中8种有效成分的含量

目的 采用HPLC同时测定小儿咳喘灵颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸伪麻黄碱、（R,S）告依春、绿原酸、苦杏仁苷、甘草苷、木犀草苷、甘草酸的含量。方法 采用双波长HPLC,以Agilent ZORBAX SB-C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）进行分离;流动相：0.1%磷酸水溶液-乙腈梯度洗脱;流速1 mL·min^-1;柱温30℃;检测波长210 nm（盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸伪麻黄碱、苦杏仁苷、甘草苷、木犀草苷）,245nm[（R,S）告依春、绿原酸、甘草酸]。结果 8种成分的峰面积与质量浓度的线性关系良好,加样回收率96.23%~100.7%。结论 该方法简便、快速、准确,可用于小儿咳喘灵颗粒的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定小儿咳喘灵颗粒中6种成分

摘 要 目的：建立利用HPLC法采取波长变换同时测定小儿咳喘灵颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱、（R,S） 告依春、苦杏仁苷、绿原酸、甘草苷、甘草酸含量的方法。方法: 色谱条件：Agilent Eclipse XDB C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈 0.1%磷酸为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1 ,测定波长为207 nm（盐酸麻黄碱、苦杏仁苷）、237 nm（甘草酸、甘草苷、绿原酸）、245 nm[（R,S） 告依春）]。结果:盐酸麻黄碱进样浓度在2.423～96.920 μg·m^-1 范围与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.999 2,平均回收率为100.1%(RSD=0.30%,n=6);（R,S） 告依春进样浓度在1.920～76.798 μg·m^-1 范围与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为99.86%(RSD=1.14%,n=6);绿原酸进样浓度在2.396～92.891 μg·m^-1 范围与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为98.57%(RSD=0.75%,n=6);苦杏仁苷进样浓度在1.982～79.279 μg·m^-1 范围与峰面积线性关系良好, r=0.999 8,平均回收率为99.67%(RSD=0.59%,n=6);甘草苷进样浓度在2.136～85.440 μg·m^-1 范围与峰面积线性关系良好, r=0.999 9,平均回收率为98.57%(RSD=0.69%,n=6);甘草酸进样浓度在2.432～97.260 μg·m^-1 范围与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为98.57%(RSD=0.11%,n=6)。结论:该方法准确、重复性好,可用于小儿咳喘灵颗粒的质量控制。     

HPLC波长转换法同时测定小儿咳喘灵颗粒中(R,S)-告依春、绿原酸和甘草苷的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱波长转换法同时测定小儿咳喘灵颗粒中(R,S)-告依春、绿原酸和甘草苷含量的方法。方法 样品采用70%甲醇溶液超声提取,采用Inertsil ODS-SP C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm)分离;流动相：0.1%磷酸-乙腈,梯度洗脱;流速为1.0 mL·min^-1;检测波长：0~13 min为245 nm,13~50 min为217 nm。结果 (R,S)-告依春、绿原酸和甘草苷分别在0.700~14.000 μg·mL^-1、4.780~95.600 μg·mL^-1、1.050~21.008 μg·mL^-1内具有良好的线性关系;加样回收率分别为98.8%,102.8%和97.7%;RSD分别为1.2%,1.9%和1.4%(n=9)。结论 该方法简单易行,准确性和重复性好,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

HPLC波长切换法同时测定九味双解口服液中5种成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC波长切换法同时测定九味双解口服液中绿原酸、咖啡酸、木犀草苷、黄芩苷和大黄素的含量。方法: 采用Shiseido Capcell Pak C₁₈（200 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,流动相为甲醇（A）-0.1%磷酸溶液（B）（梯度洗脱）,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温为25℃,检测波长(0~19 min,在327 nm波长下检测绿原酸;19~25 min,在323 nm波长下检测咖啡酸;25~35 min,在350 nm波长下检测木犀草苷;35~55 min,在320 nm波长下检测黄芩苷;55~60 min,在254 nm波长下检测大黄素)。结果: 绿原酸、 咖啡酸、木犀草苷、黄芩苷和大黄素的线性范围分别为0.34～6.8 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）、0.23～4.56 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 5）、1.32～26.38μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）、9.60～192.01μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）、1.14～22.80μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 6）;平均加样回收率分别为99.50%（RSD=0.52%）、99.10%（RSD=1.43%）、98.83%（RSD=0.94%）、99.98%（RSD=0.21%）、99.22%（RSD=0.82%）（n=9）。结论:本文建立的含量测定方法,具有操作简便、结果准确、重现性良好的特点,可用于九味双解口服液的质量控制。     

正交试验法优选“武当二号金银花”藤中4种有效成分的提取条件及其含量测定

摘 要 目的：研究“武当二号金银花”藤中主要有效成分含量测定方法,为评价其品质奠定基础。方法: 采用超声法考察提取溶剂、超声时间、超声功率及料液比4个因素对样品中芦丁和木犀草苷成分提取的影响,并使用4因素3 水平的正交试验方法优化提取条件。含量测定色谱条件：色谱柱：绿原酸为C₁₈柱(Phenomenex Luna ,250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);马钱苷、芦丁与木犀草苷均为苯基柱(Fortis Xi phenyl ,250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相：绿原酸、马钱苷为乙腈-0.4%磷酸溶液（15∶85）;芦丁与木犀草苷为乙腈-0.5%冰醋酸溶液梯度洗脱;柱温：30℃;检测波长分别为327,237,354,348 nm。 结果: 提取“武当二号金银花”藤中芦丁与木犀草苷成分的最佳条件：提取溶剂均为60%乙醇;料液比均为1∶30,超声功率分别为350,250 w;超声时间分别为50,60 min。样品中有效成分绿原酸、马钱苷、芦丁和木犀草苷的平均含量分别为10.27,6.33,0.401,0.450 mg·g^-1。结论:该方法简便、准确、重现性好,为其质量控制及进一步开发利用提供参考。     

HPLC同时测定不同产地密蒙花中4种化合物的含量

目的 采用HPLC同时测定密蒙花中4种化合物（毛蕊花糖苷、蒙花苷、芹菜素、木犀草素）的含量,并对不同产地的密蒙花进行比较。方法 采用Waters Sunfire^TM C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm）,以乙腈-0.2%磷酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱;流速1.0 mL·min^-1;柱温30℃;检测波长330 nm（毛蕊花糖苷、蒙花苷、芹菜素）和350 nm（木犀草素）。结果 4种化合物在各自的范围内呈现良好的线性关系（r>0.999 0）,平均回收率为97.75%~98.49%,RSD为0.7%~1.5%。测得不同产地毛蕊花糖苷、蒙花苷、芹菜素、木犀草素的含量分别为21.046 3~42.886 3,8.514 4~17.400 8,0.317 3~1.205 3,0.030 4~0.145 6 mg·g^-1。结论 该法稳定可靠,重复性好,可为密蒙花质量评价提供一定依据。     

HPLC法同时测定肝炎康复丸中6种成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC波长切换联合梯度洗脱法同时测定肝炎康复丸中6种主要成分[(R,S) 告依春、丹酚酸B、丹参酮ⅡA、木犀草苷、对羟基苯乙酮、滨蒿内酯]的含量。方法: 色谱柱为Agilent TC C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为乙腈 0.1%磷酸溶液梯度洗脱,流速为0.9 ml·min^-1,检测波长分别为245 nm[检测(R,S) 告依春]、270 nm（检测丹酚酸B和丹参酮ⅡA）、348 nm（检测木犀草苷）、278 nm（检测对羟基苯乙酮和滨蒿内酯）,柱温为25℃,进样量为10 μl。 结果:(R,S) 告依春、丹酚酸B、丹参酮ⅡA、木犀草苷、对羟基苯乙酮、滨蒿内酯的线性范围分别为1.99～49.75 μg·mL^-1 (r=0.999 9)、18.66～466.50 μg·mL^-1 (r=0.999 4)、2.25～56.25 μg·mL^-1 (r=0.999 8) 、2.62～65.50 μg·mL^-1 (r=0.999 8)、2.48～62.00 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 2) 和2.55～63.75 μg·mL^-1 (r=0.999 6),平均加样回收率分别为98.42%、99.56%、97.96%、96.84%、98.10%和97.82%,RSD分别为0.83%、1.04%、1.53%、0.78%、1.44%和1.34%(n=6) 。 结论:本方法简便、准确、重复性好,可为肝炎康复丸多指标定量质量评价提供依据。     

基于UPLC指纹图谱结合化学计量学的小儿咳喘灵颗粒质量评价

目的 建立UPLC指纹图谱结合化学计量学的小儿咳喘灵颗粒质量评价方法。方法 采用UPLC法,以乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,建立36批小儿咳喘灵颗粒的指纹图谱,并利用对照品对其特征峰进行指认;同时采用Chempattern化学计量学软件结合主成分分析(PCA)、聚类分析(CA)对数据进行处理,对不同厂家生产的小儿咳喘灵颗粒进行质量评价。结果 建立的小儿咳喘灵颗粒的UPLC指纹图谱有18个共有峰,并指认了8个成分((R,S)-告依春、绿原酸、隐绿原酸、木樨草苷、甘草苷、异绿原酸A、异绿原酸C、甘草酸);36批样品与对照指纹图谱的相似度均高于0.88;不同厂家及批次的小儿咳喘灵颗粒存在较大的差异。结论 所建立的指纹图谱能为小儿咳喘灵颗粒的质量控制提供更全面的参考。     

青连感冒颗粒质量标准研究

目的：建立了青连感冒颗粒的HPLC检测方法,同时测定其5种成分的含量。方法：采用YMC C18柱（4.6 mm × 250 mm,5 μm),柱温35℃,以0.05%磷酸水溶液-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min-1,在266 nm波长下检测（R,S）-告依春、绿原酸、木犀草苷、异绿原酸A和连翘苷含量,进样量10 μL。结果：定量测定方法学研究结果表明,（R,S）-告依春、绿原酸、木犀草苷、异绿原酸A和连翘苷分别在0.102~1.02 μg、0.142~1.42 μg、0.128~1.28 μg、0.158~1.58 μg、0.140~1.40 μg范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,加样回收率分别为：100.98%、97.35%、96.78%、103.81%、96.59%。结论：建立的高效液相色谱法简单易行,结果准确可靠,可用于青连感冒颗粒的质量控制。     

HPLC同时测定小儿肺热咳喘口服液中10个成分的含量

目的:建立HPLC法同时测定小儿肺热咳喘口服液中10个成分(盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸伪麻黄碱、苦杏仁苷、(R,S)-告依春、芒果苷、黄芩苷、连翘苷、绿原酸、连翘酯苷A、木犀草苷)的含量,为小儿肺热咳喘口服液质量标准完善提供依据。方法:采用ZORBAX SB-C₁₈色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱,体积流量为0.8 mL·min^-1,柱温为35℃,检测波长为210 nm(盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸伪麻黄碱和苦杏仁苷)、258 nm[(R,S)-告依春、芒果苷、黄芩苷和连翘苷]和330 nm(绿原酸、连翘酯苷A和木犀草苷)。结果:上述10个成分进样量的线性关系分别为0.20～1.20μg(r=0.999 0)、0.20～1.20μg(r=0.999 6)、0.25～1.50μg(r=0.999 4)、0.40～2.40μg(r=0.999 5)、0.40～2.40μg(r=0.999 2)、0.40～2.40μg(r=0.999 1)、0.40～2.40μg(r=0.999 3)、0.20～1.20μg(r...     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.