硝苯地平对慢性铁过负荷大鼠铁沉积和营养代谢的影响

目的观察硝苯地平对慢性铁过负荷大鼠肝、肾和脾组织铁沉积与营养代谢的影响,探讨硝苯地平治疗铁过负荷等代谢疾病的可能性。方法雄性SD大鼠连续8周喂饲铁含量为3.5 g.kg-1的高铁饲料,制备慢性铁过负荷动物模型。8周后,模型大鼠ip给予硝苯地平1,3和5 mg.kg-1,连续7 d。组织学染色观察肝、肾和脾组织铁沉积,用试剂盒分别测定血脂、脂质过氧化及抗氧化指标,同时测定血清铁蛋白(SF)和总铁结合力(TIBC);用全自动生化分析仪或荧光分光光度计检测血清中营养元素铁、钙、锌和硒的含量。结果与正常对照组比较,慢性铁过负荷模型组大鼠肝、肾和脾组织中铁沉积明显;与模型组比较,硝苯地平5 mg.kg-1组组织中铁沉积明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。与正常对照组比较,模型组血清甘油三酯(TG)含量由1.25±0.21升高到(1.86±0.75)mmol.L-1,总胆固醇(TC)由1.52±0.17升高到(1.91±0.34)mmol.L-1,丙二醛(MDA)由11.2±2.8升高到(15.3±3.6)μmol.L-1,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性由204±52升高到(286±75)kU.L-1(P<0.05),高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性无明显变化;与模型组比较,硝苯地平5 mg.kg-1组TC降低到(1.65±0.36)mmol.L-1,LDL由1.14±0.15降低到(0.86±0.16)mmol.L-1,MDA含量降低到(11.9±3.5)μmol.L-1(P<0.05),TG,HDL,SOD和GSH-Px无明显变化;硝苯地平1和3 mg.kg-1对上述指标无明显影响。与正常对照组比较,模型组血清中铁含量由1.21±0.11升高到(1.57±0.25)mg.L-1,SF由232±17升高到(348±46)mg.L-1,锌、硒和钙含量分别由1.8±0.6,0.096±0.018和(120±26)mg.L-1降低到1.4±0.4,0.072±0.012和(77±15)mg.L-1(P<0.05,P<0.01),TIBC无明显变化;与模型组比较,硝苯地平5 mg.kg-1组血清铁含量降低到(1.32±0.14)mg.L-1,硒含量升高到(0.087±0.017)mg.L-1,钙含量升高到(97±16)mg.L-1(P<0.05),对SF,TIBC和锌含量无明显影响;硝苯地平1和3 mg.kg-1对上述指标无明显影响。结论硝苯地平能减少铁沉积,改善慢性铁过负荷大鼠的营养代谢,对铁过负荷等代谢疾病可能具有一定的治疗作用。     

氯沙坦钾治疗老年收缩期高血压并左室肥厚疗效观察

选择老年单纯收缩期高血压 (OISH)并左室肥厚 (L VH)患者 39例 ,服用氯沙坦钾 12周前后测定动态血压、超声心动图左室质量指数 (L VMI)、血脂及肝肾功能。疗程后 2 4h SBP由 15 0± 14mm Hg降至 12 5± 11mm Hg(P<0 .0 0 1) ,2 4h DBP由74± 8m m Hg降至 70± 12 mm Hg(p<0 .0 5 ) ;L VMI由 146± 35 g· m- 1 降至 12 3± 2 9g· m- 1 (p<0 .0 1) ;无明显副作用。提示氯沙坦钾是治疗 OISH患者并 L VH的理想药物。     

连续性与间歇性血液透析治疗肾功能衰竭疗效比较

目的:比较连续性与间歇性血液透析治疗肾功能衰竭患者的疗效.方法:收集2015年2月—2017年2月收治的肾功能衰竭患者60例,随机分为观察组和对照组各30例.对照组采用间歇性血液透析治疗,观察组采用连续性血液透析治疗,两组均治疗15d.观察两组患者的治疗效果.结果:治疗前,观察组心率、血肌酐含量和血尿素氮含量分别为(96.7±11.53)min、(731.23±46.27)μmol/L和(29.13±8.14)mmol/L,治疗后分别为(72.13±7.48)min、(275.9±34.15)μmol/L和(11.32±4.10)mmol/L,较治疗前显著改善(P<0.05).对照组治疗后的心率、血肌酐含量和血尿素氮含量分别为(84.23±8.56)min、(389.4±57.38)μmol/L和(18.69±3.48)mmol/L,与观察组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:连续性血液透析治疗效果更佳,值得临床推广应用.     

钙离子一氧化氮在硒化壳聚糖诱导的皮肤成纤维细胞增殖中的作用

目的观察硒化壳聚糖对体外培养人皮肤成纤维细胞增殖周期及细胞内一氧化氮(NO)水平及钙离子含量的影响。方法皮肤成纤维细胞培养液加入不同浓度的硒化壳聚糖(25、50、100、200、400 mg/L),应用噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞增殖,改良Griess法检测NO,Huo-3AM钙荧光指标剂测定细胞内钙离子浓度,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期。结果与对照组比较,50~400 mg/L硒化壳聚糖作用48 h后,细胞对MTT的吸收明显升高(P<0.05);各浓度硒化壳聚糖组细胞NO水平(72±9)μmol/L~(44±10)μmol/L与对照组(107±9)μmol/L比较均呈不同程度下降,呈剂量依赖性(P<0.01);200、400 mg/L硒化壳聚糖组细胞内钙离子浓度(179±32)mmol/L、(179±14)mmol/L与对照组(147±10)mmol/L比较显著升高(P<0.05);流式细胞分析显示,G0~G1期细胞所占百分率显著性减少,G2~M期和S期细胞所占百分率显著性增加(P<0.01)。结论硒化壳聚糖可通过调节细胞内钙离子含量和NO水平来促进皮肤成纤维细胞增殖。     

氟哌啶醇季铵盐衍生物抑制氯化钾所致大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞内钙浓度增加

目的:动态观察氟哌啶醇季铵盐衍生物(F_3)对血管平滑肌细胞内钙浓度的影响。方法:利用激光共聚焦显微镜动态观察F_3(0.o1-10μmol/L)对由KCl(30mmol/L)诱导的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞钙荧光强度增加的作用。结果:KCl可诱发细胞内钙荧光强度迅速增强,F_3可以拮抗由KCl诱导的细胞内钙荧光强度增强作用,并呈量效依赖性和时间依赖性,终强度(KCl:67±24;F_3 0.o1μmol/L:57±13;0.1μmol/L:40±13;1μmol/L:29±9;10μmol/L:20±6)。在加入F_3后,钙荧光强度的变化最快时程是在给F_3后0-30s。结论:F_3拮抗血管收缩主要是由于阻断了Ca~(2 )通道。     

早产儿血清微量元素的检测及意义

目的　研究早产儿血微量元素的含量及补充微量元素的意义。方法　采用日立 7170 A型全自动生化分析仪 ,测定 6 2例早产儿、 4 4例正常足月儿血清微量元素锌、铁、铜的含量 ,并对其中 4 2例血清微量元素水平降低的早产儿进行补充微量元素后的纵向观察。结果　足月儿血清锌、铁、铜值分别为 2 0 .86± 5 .32 μmol/ L、 2 3.84± 5 .6 6 μmol/L、 2 2 .6 7± 4 .5 3μm ol/ L ,早产儿血清锌、铁、铜值分别为 17.6 3± 4 .4 6μmol/ L、 19.75± 4 .2 4μmol/ L、19.2 6± 6 .2 1μmol/L ,早产儿血微量元素水平明显低于足月儿 (P<0 .0 1)。经微量元素治疗两周后 ,早产儿血清锌、铁、铜值均明显升高 ,达足月儿水平。结论　早产儿血清微量元素锌、铁、铜水平均低于足月儿 ,常规补充微量元素能恢复早产儿血清微量元素水平     

胆固醇含量鉴别良恶性腹水的意义

目的 :探讨胆固醇含量在鉴别良恶性腹水的临床意义。方法 :对50例良性腹水和51例恶性腹水的患者同时用胆固醇氧化酶比色法测定血清、腹水胆固醇含量。结果 :50例良性腹水组腹水胆固醇为 (0 69±0 19)mmol/L,血清胆固醇 (4 1±0 65)mmol/L ;51例恶性腹水组腹水胆固醇为 (2 1±0 79)mmol/L ,血清胆固醇 (4 2±0 67)mmol/L ;二组血清胆固醇差异无显著意义(t=1,P>0 05) ,腹水胆固醇差异有显著意义 (t=9.3,P<0 001)。结论 :腹水胆固醇含量的测定有助于良恶性腹水的鉴别诊断     

糖尿病患者血尿酸水平检测的临床意义分析——附90例报道

目的检测糖尿病患者尿酸水平表达,探讨其临床意义。方法选择90例糖尿病患者作为研究对象,进行尿酸(UA)、肌酐(Cr)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、空腹血糖(FPG),糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)检测,并进行随访。结果 90例DM患者尿酸平均(470.12±71.32)μmol/L,高尿酸血症患者44.440%,尿酸(512.48±80.12)μmol/L,尿酸正常组HbAlc(6.58±0.56)%、FPG(6.05±0.28)mmol/L与高尿酸血症组的(6.60±0.57)%(、6.12±0.32)mmol/L比较无显著性差异(P>0.05),高尿酸血症组TC(5.81±1.21)mmol/L、TG(3.72±0.51)mmol/L、Cr(142.39±14.76)μmol/L水平高于正常尿酸血症组(5.13±1.02)mmol/L、(2.45±0.23)mmol/L、(98.78±13.12)(P<0.05)。随访(29.67±8.67)个月,高尿酸血症组冠状动脉粥样硬化心脏病65.00%、脑血管意外35.00%、死亡25.00%,高于正常尿酸血症组36.00%(18/50)、18.00%(9/50)、8.00%(4/50)(P<0.05)。结论糖尿病患者尿酸水平较高,促进加重动脉粥样硬化程度,及加重心脑等器官损害,应积极降低血尿酸水平,减缓动脉粥样硬化发生发展,改善预后。     

老年肺心病合并急性心肌缺血12例临床分析

目的探讨老年肺源性心脏病(肺心病)合并急性心肌缺血的原因分析。方法 12例老年性肺心病合并急性心肌缺血患者入院时与治疗后症状、体征、实验室资料进行对比,观察疾病转归及分析原因。结果治疗后复查心肌酶学均在正常范围内,血气分析:p H 7.35~7.37,Pa O2(63±2)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 k Pa),Pa CO2(54±4)mm Hg,HCO3-(26±3)mmol/L,K+(3.9±0.3)mmol/L,Na+(141±2.6)mmol/L。(8±3)d后心电图提示:倒置T波逐渐恢复正常。10例患者病情好转出院,2例后因病情加重死亡。结论老年性肺心病可因各种诱因,使患者心肌供氧失衡或缺氧加重,出现心肌缺血,T波改变,治疗过程中,要合理使用利尿剂、糖皮质激素、碱性药物及机械通气等,避免因医源性因素进一步加重患者病情。     

高强度军事训练对人体微量元素水平的影响

目的探讨高强度军事训练对人体体内钙、锌、镁、铁、铜5种微量元素变化的影响。方法采用LK98B型微量元素自动分析仪,取指血测量5种微量元素含量。结果末梢指血中微量元素的测定结果显示,高强度军事训练对人体微量元素的含量有显著影响。训练后末梢指血中,Zn2+、Mg2+、Fe2+含量以及Cu2+/Zn2+均明显低于训练前,分别为(106.70±26.84)μmol/L、(1.56±0.60)mmol/L、(221.18±38.57)μmol/L和0.15±0.04(P<0.05);Cu2+、Ca2+也有一定程度降低,为(16.53±6.78)μmol/L、(2.19±0.29)mmol/L,但其显著性低于Zn2+、Mg2+、Fe2+。结论高强度军事训练对人体微量元素水平有显著影响;适当补充微量元素对恢复体力,完成训练任务有重要意义。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.