我国南方成人能量代谢试验膳食制备及分析

目的探讨成人能量代谢试验中"代表性膳食"的制备方法,为研究成人每日能量摄入量提供可靠的技术手段和方法。方法采取连续7d24h膳食登记法进行膳食问卷调查,获得重现率较高的代表性食物作为食谱中食物选择的重要依据。按照能量代谢试验中膳食制备的原则及要求为34名对象设计并制备三日循环膳食,经过预试对食谱进行调整并将制作过程规范化。根据每位对象的体重采取男性40kcal/kg·d和女性35kcal/kg·d确定能量及每种食物熟重的供给量。用称重法准确获得对象膳食的实际摄入量,并采用双份饭法进行留样,最后用化学分析法测得所有食物中各营养素及能量的含量,利用能量折合系数计算得到对象的膳食能量平均摄入量。结果根据膳食问卷调查的结果选出48种食用频率≥5次/周的食物作为参考,设计出符合能量代谢试验各项原则和要求的三日循环食谱。整个试验期间总体对象体重变化较稳定,整体可视作处于能量平衡状态。化学分析法测得总体对象的膳食能量平均摄入量为(8424±1616)kJ/d(2013±386kcal/d),其中男性平均为(9990±798)kJ/d(2388±191kcal/d),女性平均为(7032±384)kJ/d(1681±92kcal/d)。结论本研究试验膳食制备的方法具有可操作性,能够满足能量代谢试验的要求,保证试验结果的准确性。     

石家庄农民秋季能量摄入量抽点调查分析

目的 抽点调查分析石家庄农村成年人能量摄入量和能量构成情况,为我国修订新的营养标准提供科学依据.方法 抽取石家庄市某郊县,随机抽取32名散居成年人作为调查对象.采用24h膳食回顾法结合烹调油和食用糖记录法进行入户调查,通过查阅食物成分表计算每日的能量摄入量和能量成分.结果 每日能量摄入量男性为(11 449.4±2 538.8) kJ即(2 736.5±606.8) kcal,女性为(7 823.8±1 461.7)KJ即(1 869.9±349.3) kcal;每日摄入蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物男性组分别为(80.13±15.43)、(86.70±32.55)和(399.17±108.05)g;女性组分别为(53.84±11.68)、(64.67±23.38)和(272.92±46.64)g.与我国2000年制定的推荐摄入量(recommended nutrient intakes,RNI)比较,女性组能量摄入量低于轻体力活动RNI值,女性组蛋白质摄入量低于RNI值.结论 本抽点调查农村女性居民的能量摄入量低于我国轻体力活动RNI值,男女居民均需增加能量成分中蛋白质的比例.     

石家庄市轻体力活动集体就餐人群能量摄入量研究

目的了解石家庄市事业单位轻体力劳动成年人能量摄入量状况。方法在石家庄市某事业单位选择三餐在食堂用餐的处于轻体力活动水平的38名成年人作为调查对象。采用称重记录法调查其每日的膳食种类及摄入量,并通过查阅食物成分表计算每日的能量摄入量。结果每日能量摄入量男性为(9070.0±1497.5)kJ[(2167.9±357.9)kcal)],女性为(7669.9±1396.5)kJ[(1833.2±333.8)kcal)]。以公斤体重计算,男性组为(130.9±17.4)kJ/(kg.d),女性组为(139.0±25.8)kJ/(kg.d)。男女的每日能量摄入量均比我国2000年制定的轻体力活动成年人的RNI值低。此外,受试对象全天各餐之间摄能比分别为早餐18.6%、中餐41.5%、晚餐35.0%,其中早餐摄能比值偏低。结论中国轻体力劳动成年人能量摄入的RNI值可能偏高,在评价能量摄入量时应考虑体重因素的影响。     

北方农民膳食能量评估

目的了解我国北方农民膳食摄入量,对其膳食能量水平进行评估,为研究制定北方农民能量摄入量标准提供科学依据。方法选择北方地区32名健康农民为受试对象,利用连续14 d的膳食记录,根据双份饭膳食匀浆留样食物成分测定结果计算膳食能量摄入量,评价其膳食结构和能量摄入水平。结果每人日膳食能量摄入量男女性分别为(2 935.29±337.84)千卡和(2 114.79±1 67.00)千卡。早餐提供的能量占全天总能量的30.16%,午餐占37.87%,晚餐占31.97%。蛋白质供能占12.54%,碳水化合物所提供的能量达到74.27%,脂肪供能占13.41%。受试者实验前后体重差异无统计学意义。结论实测膳食一日三餐能量分配较适宜,碳水化合物所提供的能量偏高,脂肪能量偏低,与主食摄入量偏高有关。实验前后受试者体重维持平衡,表明提供的膳食能量水平与食物结构是合理的。结合夏季当地农民的体力活动水平,实测膳食平均能量摄入量低于当前我国成人能量推荐量标准(RNI),说明北方农民RNI值可能存在高估现象。     

用能量零平衡方法研究中国南方轻体力劳动健康成人的适宜能量摄入量

目的调查和分析中国南方轻体力劳动成人维持能量零平衡的膳食能量摄入水平。方法随机抽样选择32名从事轻体力劳动的南方健康成人(18～45岁)作为研究对象,在2个月内取相等间隔时间观察所选对象进餐情况和体重变化(使观察日覆盖星期一到星期天)。通过食物称重法准确记录各对象食堂内用餐情况,并用24小时回顾法收集各对象食堂外所摄入食物。用《中国食物成分表2002》计算各对象平均每天实际能量摄入量,并结合体重变化,使用能量平衡原理进行校正。结果总体对象维持能量零平衡的能量平均摄入量为(8.895±1.535)MJ/d,其中男性(10.070±1.150)MJ/d,女性(7.719±0.765)MJ/d。结论通过连续2个月内相等间隔时间称重记录进餐所有食物的净摄入量和体重变化来分析轻体力劳动成人能量零平衡时的能量摄入量,该方法简便经济、有效可行。     

活动记录辅助加速度仪测量总能量消耗的初步研究

目的 用活动记录辅助加速度仪测量人体日常活动的能量消耗,为监测个体总能量消耗(TEE)提供简便易行的方法.方法 采用气体代谢法标定加速仪不同活动强度记录所对应的能量消耗;41名受试者连续佩戴加速度仪7 d,同时记录每日活动,间接估算每日总能量消耗.结果 加速仪测量TEE,男性(9761±866)kJ/d[(2332±207)kcal/d,休力活动水平(PAL)1.46±0.11],女性(7526±879)kJ/d[(1798±210)kcal/d,PAL 1.43±0.09];加速仪结合活动记录的测量结果为,男性(10573±804)kJ/d[(2526±192)kcal/d,PAL 1.58±0.10],女性(8191±737)kJ/d[(1957±176)kcal/d,PAL 1.56±0.08].结论 加速度仪配合活动记录所得TEE值在既往报道的范围之内,可以作为监测个体TEE和体力活动水平变化的简便方法.     

1991-2009年中国九省区居民膳食营养素摄入状况及变化趋势(三) 50～79岁居民膳食能量摄入状况及变化趋势

目的分析中国九省区50～79岁中老年居民膳食能量的摄入状况及能量来源的变化趋势,为膳食指南和营养素参考摄入量的修订提供依据。方法以1991、1993、1997、2000、2004、2006和2009年"中国健康与营养调查"项目中连续三天24小时膳食回顾调查数据为基础。有完整膳食调查资料的50～79岁健康居民作为研究对象。分析能量摄入量及能量来源的变化趋势。结果中国九省区50～79岁居民平均每日能量摄入量在1991-2009年间总体呈缓慢下降趋势,男性由10103 kJ(2416 kcal)下降至9761 kJ(2334 kcal),女性由8825 kJ(2100 kcal)下降至8262 kJ(1975 kcal),年龄越高、体力活动水平越低者能量摄入量越少,同年龄同等体力活动水平的女性能量摄入少于男性。50～79岁居民膳食脂肪供能比逐年增高,2006年之后超过30%,并且轻体力活动者膳食能量密度更高。从能量的食物来源看,谷类食物占总能量的比例逐年下降至55%以下,动物性食物逐年增高至14%。1991-2009年间能量摄入的城乡差异逐渐减弱。结论 1991-2009年间,中国50～79岁居民的膳食能量摄入量呈现下降趋势,但膳食结构趋向于能量密度增高;谷类供能比降低,动物性食物供能比增高;能量摄入情况的城乡差异逐渐减弱。     

重庆市主城区产褥期女性膳食营养及体成分状况

目的了解重庆市女性产褥期的膳食营养状况,提出合理建议,改善母婴健康。方法对1 048例重庆市产褥期女性进行24 h膳食回顾调查,询问其各类食物的摄入量,计算总能量、三大产能营养素、各餐次能量的摄入情况,计算矿物质和维生素的每日平均摄入量。用体成分分析仪测量体质量、体脂百分比、腰臀比等。结果重庆市产褥期女性总能量、碳水化合物摄入量不足,蛋白质、脂肪摄入量超标。能量、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物平均值分别为1 939. 35 kcal/d、87. 53 g/d、98. 14 g/d、181. 01 g/d。早餐和加餐摄入能量较低,但晚餐能量明显超标。肉类和蛋类摄入较多,而蔬菜、水果、鱼虾类、奶类、大豆类食物严重不足。维生素和矿物质有不同程度的缺乏,其中维生素C、叶酸、钙、膳食纤维的摄入量远远低于RNI。产后42 d产妇的平均体质量为58. 06 kg,体质量正常者仅占59. 16%,体脂百分比和腰臀比达标者不到一半。结论重庆市产褥期女性存在膳食结构不合理、体质量和体脂百分比偏高的现象,应开展个性化的营养宣教和指导,以改善营养状况。     

深圳市集体用餐人群膳食能量状况调查

[目的]全面了解深圳市某医院集体用餐人群的膳食营养及所摄入能量的状况,以评价本市居民能量需要得到满足的程度。[方法]从某单位筛选出合格的成年男女各20人,进行膳食调查,记录每餐膳食种类和数量等,包括零食、夜宵等进食情况。[结果]调查发现,集体用餐人群人均摄入的能量(1598.3±255.4)kcal(女性)和(2000.8±308.1)kcal(男性),均达不到推荐摄入量。膳食纤维(8.76±1.49)g(女性)和(10.29±1.79)g(男性),亦与RNI相差甚远。[结论]集体用餐人群的膳食结构不够合理,膳食结构单一,摄入的营养素不够均衡,应注意膳食结构的平衡,并加强营养教育工作。     

上海市素食人群膳食结构与营养摄入情况调查

目的了解素食者的膳食结构和膳食营养状况。方法于上海市市中心10家素餐馆中招募到203名素食者及同性别同年龄普通膳食者,采用24 h膳食回顾法和半定量食物频率法进行膳食调查,分析素食者膳食构成及营养素摄入情况。结果素食者能量摄入仅为(1260.92±562.06)kcal/d,但是供能比合理(脂肪供能比为28%,蛋白质为13%)。胆固醇每日平均摄入85.69 mg;总脂肪酸摄入量及饱和脂肪酸所占比例较低,分别为(25.60±15.56)g与27.65%。除不食用肉食外,素食者杂粮、薯类、蔬菜和水果摄入量均符合膳食宝塔的推荐量,豆类和坚果摄入更多。但素食者维生素和矿物质普遍不足,如维生素B_(12)、维生素A、钙、锌摄入量分别为(0.15±0.54)μg/d、(543.51±487.19)mg/d、(462.15±314.19)mg/d、(6.41±3.26)mg/d,其他如维生素B_1、维生素B_2、维生素B_6、叶酸以及镁、硒、锰摄入量也明显低于推荐量。结论素食者能量供能比合理,植物性食物摄入量基本符合膳食宝塔推荐值,脂肪、胆固醇摄入量较低,但素食者总能量及各类维生素矿物质摄入偏低。     

狭小密闭环境中人体能量代谢的改变

目的了解狭小密闭环境中人体能量代谢规律,为制订航天员能量需要量标准提供实验数据。方法3名被试者生活在密闭舱中21 d,采用称重法计算其平均每人每日能量摄入量,采用双标记水法测定其平均每人每日能量消耗量。结果3名被试者平均每人每日能量摄入量为12.0 MJ,平均能量消耗值为11.6 MJ,体质量基本变化不大。结论在狭小密闭环境中生活21 d,3名被试者的能量代谢基本处于平衡状态;能量消耗处于中等体力活动水平。     

Energy expenditure and nutritional status of coal miners: A cross-sectional study

The objectives of this study were to assess the nutritional status, daily energy intake, and daily energy expenditure of coal miners in Turkey. A total of 135 healthy coal miners (aged 19–64 years) were evaluated. Heart rates were measured using Polar watches, and the total energy expenditure was calculated using physical activity level formula and Hiilloskorpi equation. The average body mass index of the participants was 25.7 ± 3.98 kg/m², and the average energy intake was 3,973.7 ± 420.85 kcal. According to Dietary Reference Intakes, the energy and nutrient intakes of the miners were adequate, except for the intake of vitamin D. The coal miners were found to be at moderate (43.0%), heavy (41.5%), and very heavy (13.3%) activity levels. Calculations of the energy expenditure at work were found to be 2,189.8 ± 376.19 to 2,788.8 ± 359.89 kcal per day. Further studies have to be conducted for developing national standards for each occupation.     

Residual effect of graded levels of exercise on metabolic rate

The hypothesis that exercise induces a residual effect on metabolic rate only when the intensity exceeds a certain threshold was tested by studying 10 healthy, untrained adults performing graded levels of bicycle ergometry on five separate occasions. The exercise consisted of four 30-min periods at intensities ranging from 0 to 100 Watts. Energy expenditure was measured by continuous indirect whole-body calorimetry. The highest level of exercise increased 24-h energy expenditure by 34 per cent. Food intake was modified for each measurement in order to maintain energy balance. Sleeping and basal metabolic rates on the night following exercise were raised even at low intensities of exercise. There was an almost linear dose-response relationship and no evidence of a threshold. However, the effect was small, amounting to only 5.8 per cent overnight and 3.9 per cent in the morning following 2 h exercise at over 60 per cent VO2 max during the preceding day. This suggests that the residual energy expenditure incurred after moderate levels of exercise is unlikely to be a very useful adjunct to slimming regimes.     

Energy expenditure in HIV infection

Energy intake recommendations for adults should be based preferably on direct measurements of total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) in corresponding populations who are maintaining healthy body weight and satisfactory physical activity levels. During adolescence, pregnancy, and lactation, energy requirements should be based on TDEE plus the additional energy required to advance these physiologic states. With illness, energy expenditure and energy intake change, but nutritional intervention is not necessarily beneficial. This article reviews data on energy expenditure in HIV infection with a focus on adults, adolescents aged ≥14 y, and pregnant and lactating women. Resting energy expenditure (REE) in adults with untreated asymptomatic HIV is ~ 10% higher than in healthy control subjects. In asymptomatic adults receiving antiretroviral therapy, REE may be similarly increased. HIV wasting and secondary infections are also associated with increased REE. In contrast, TDEE is typically normal in asymptomatic HIV and decreased in HIV wasting and secondary infection. No direct measurements of REE or TDEE are available in adolescents or in pregnant or lactating women with HIV. On the basis of current data, energy intake may need to increase by ~ 10% in adults with asymptomatic HIV to maintain body weight. In adolescents and in pregnant and lactating women with asymptomatic HIV, energy requirements should approximate recommendations for their uninfected counterparts until further data are available. In the resource-rich world, the energy expenditure changes associated with HIV are unlikely to contribute to significant weight loss. More data are needed on energy expenditure in HIV-infected populations from developing nations, where concurrent malnutrition and coinfections are common.     

Athletes' dietary intake was closer to French RDA's than those of young sedentary counterparts

It has been demonstrated that athletes' dietary intake was relatively well-balanced according to the recommended dietary allowances (RDAs). In contrast, other studies have shown that athletes may have low energy intake or imbalance of protein and fat and insufficient minerals and vitamins. Nonetheless, we hypothesized that practicing a sport may allow young adults to have a nutritional status closer to recommended values. The purpose of this experiment was to study the nutritional status of young French adults, particularly to compare the nutritional status of trained young male and female athletes to those of young sedentary control subjects, and to national RDAs. A total of 85 young adults were recruited and filled a 4-day food and physical activity record. Dietary intake, energy expenditure, energy balance, carbohydrate, protein, fat, water, vitamins, and minerals were recorded. Data were analyzed with a software Nutrilog and statistics with Sigma Stat. Energy intake values were 9874 ± 3050 kJ for the athletes and 7506 ± 1845 kJ for control subjects. Athletes' nutritional status was closer to French RDAs than those of sedentary subjects who present a lower energy intake, a greater percentage of the energy intake from fat and lower values for minerals and vitamins. In conclusion, practicing a sport may allow athletes to balance their energy intake and expenditure and could be a good way to have a nutritional status closer to RDAs. Educational programs for students on proper food selection, eating habits and physical activity are needed to improve the nutritional status of these young French adults, particularly in sedentary students.     

孕晚期妇女热能需要量的研究

本文以武汉市细纱值车、缝纫和幼儿教师妊娠6～9月妇女各10人及同工种、同年龄的非孕妇各10人为对象,用间接测热法测定各项劳动活动及生活活动能量代谢率,计算出24小时热能消耗量,同时,以膳食调查获得每人每日热能及各营养素摄入量。结果表明,值车,缝纫、幼儿教师每日热能消耗量孕妇为9.5474MJ(2281.89kcal/d)、10.1253MJ(2420.01 kcal/d)和8.7287MJ(2086.20kcal/d);非孕妇分别为9.4453MJ(2257.47kcal/d)、10.1281 MJ(2420.68kcal/d)和8.1567MJ(1949.50kcal/d)。值车、缝纫,幼儿教师每日热能摄入量孕妇为10.8909MJ(2603kcal/d)、11.2424MJ(2687kcal/d)和9.9830MJ(2386kcal/d),非孕妇为9.2215MJ(2204kcat/d)、10.4474 MJ(2497kcal/d)和8.6734MJ.(2073kcal/d)。同工种孕妇与非孕妇比较从事各项劳动活动、日常活动能量代谢率及24小时热能消耗量接近,经统计学处理差异无显著性意义,而每日热能摄入量孕妇明显高于非孕妇,差异有显著性意义。此外,同工种非孕妇热能消耗量与热能摄入量接近,而孕妇的热能摄入量高于其消耗量0.8363～1.2552 MJ(200～300kcal),差异有显著性意义。作者认为,晚期孕妇热能需要量似应在热能消耗量基础上增加0.8368MJ(200kcal/d)为宜。     

Changes in nitrogen balance of depleted patients with increasing infusions of glucose.

Depleted patients were maintained on intravenous infusions of amino acids and glucose with constant N intake (173 mg/kg body weight), and three different levels of energy intake (15.4, 37.6, and 58.5 kcal/kg) given sequentially for 4 days each. Changes in N balance were abrupt and maximal in 1 to 2 days. Maximal changes in N balance preceded, and were not dependent on maximal changes in fat and glucose metabolism. N retention increased 1.7 mg/kcal of increased energy balance, during both hypocaloric and hypercaloric intakes, a value similar to that observed in normal adults. No increase in resting energy expenditure occurred with increasing energy intake during negative energy balance. During positive energy balance resting energy expenditure increased by 1 kcal for each 5 of intake. It seems likely that increasing energy restores mainly that portion of lean body mass associated with fat deposition; and rapid restoration of lean body mass requires high N intakes. At zero energy balance, N balance in these depleted patients was only slightly positive at an intake of 173 mg N per kilogram. This is about twice the intake of N required to maintain zero N balance in normal adults.     

Energy intake, energy expenditure, and smoking in relation to body fatness: the Zutphen Study

In 1965 within the Zutphen Study information on several possible determinants of body fatness (eg, energy intake, energy expenditure, alcohol intake, coffee consumption, tea consumption, and smoking) was collected. Univariate analyses showed that for 525 men aged 45-64 y and free from cardiovascular diseases, indicators of body fatness were inversely related to the difference between energy intake and expenditure, physical activity per kilogram body weight, smoking, and coffee consumption. Alcohol intake was directly related to Quetelet index, and tea consumption was not related to indicators of body fatness. Inverse associations between indicators of body fatness and the difference between energy intake and expenditure, physical activity per kilogram body weight, and smoking were confirmed in multivariate analyses. The inverse association between body fatness and the difference between energy intake and expenditure may be due to the underestimation of energy intake by obese subjects. In lean people this association may be explained by a thermogenic effect of smoking.     

Accurate Determination of Energy Needs in Children and Adolescents With Cancer

Studies on children with cancer have suggested that energy expenditure may indeed be greater than predicted for healthy children. Nutritional assessment is important for intervention and for the prevention of complications associated with malnutrition. The present study aimed to describe the nutritional status, energy expenditure, and substrate utilization of children and adolescents with cancer compared to healthy children matched for age, sex, and body mass index. Subjects were evaluated by anthropometry, food intake pattern, and body composition analysis. Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation were measured by indirect calorimetry. Indirect calorimetry data, energy, and macronutrient intake, anthropometry, and body composition parameters showed no significant differences between groups. There was no evidence of increased energy expenditure or of a change in substrate utilization in children with cancer compared to the healthy group. The data regarding usual food consumption showed no significant differences between groups.