某污水处理厂职业病危害控制效果评价

对某污水处理厂职业病危害控制效果的调查表明,该项目噪声防护设施及控制效果基本合格,但化学毒物防护设施需改进。该企业在加强职业卫生管理、完善职业病危害防护设施并运行正常,并确保个体防护用品落实到位的情况下,职业病危害因素是可以预防和控制的。     

杭州市某污水处理厂职业病危害控制效果评价

根据现场调查情况与监测数据,对照职业卫生标准和规范,对某污水处理厂建设项目进行职业病危害控制效果评价。     

某污水处理厂职业病危害控制效果评价

目的对某污水处理厂进行职业病危害控制效果评价。方法采用检查表法、检验检测法与定量分级法相结合进行分析、评价。结果共测定职业病危害因素作业点41个，合格39个，合格率为95．1％，其中毒物及照明测定点均全部合格，噪音测定点合格率为75％。经计算污泥干化脱水车间综合指数I=0．57，加氯间综合指数I=0．71。结论该建设项目在选址、生产工艺及设备布局、职业卫生管理等方面基本符合国家卫生标准要求，污泥干化脱水车间及加氯间的综合指数均小于1，评价为1级，该污水处理厂职业卫生综合评价为合格。     

郑州市某污水处理厂新技术出水急性毒性实验研究

目的研究郑州市某污水处理厂新技术出水急性毒性,为城市污水回用安全评价提供科学依据。方法按《化学品毒理学评价程序和试验方法》(GBZ/T240—2011)对深度处理出水进行急性经口、经皮、眼刺激、皮肤刺激和皮肤致敏实验。结果新技术出水对小鼠急性经口LD50雌性为6810 mg/kg BW,属于实际无毒级;雄性为4220 mg/kg BW,属于低毒级;大鼠急性经皮LD50雌性为6810 mg/kg BW,雄性为5620 mg/kg BW,均属于实际无毒级。对兔眼角膜、结膜均有不同程度损伤作用,眼刺激积分指数(IAOI)为28,眼刺激平均指数(MIOI)7 d后小于20,属于中度刺激性;对豚鼠皮肤刺激积分均值为0,刺激强度为无刺激性;对豚鼠皮肤致敏积分均值为0,为无致敏性。结论新技术出水在回用过程中不可经口摄入,避免眼睛接触,经皮接触无刺激和致敏作用。     

用微核试验评价生物羊膜遗传毒性的研究

目的：用微核试验评价生物羊膜引起遗传毒性的可能性。方法参照《GB／T16886．3-1997／ISO10993-3：1992》的方法及指导原则进行试验。结果：在研究过程中所有动物临床表现和体重变化都是正常的，生物羊膜浸提液与阴性对照嗜多染红细胞（PCEs）／红细胞（RBc）总数无显著性差异（P〉0．05），没有出现遗传毒性的迹象。结论：生物羊膜用微核试验评价不会引起遗传毒性。     

郑州市污水处理厂卫生状况调查与评价

郑州市污水处理厂建设工程,是国务院淮河流域水污染防治重点工程之一。该工程总投资为757 749万元,收水面积达105 km2,服务人口约100万人,工程于1997年12月奠基、2000年12月建成通水、2001年10月底完成全部工程建设任务。该厂的建成运行将改善下游水体的环境质量,减少周边地区居民的发病,提高居民的健康水平,并对提高郑州市的基础设施水平和环境质量水平、美化郑州市起到了重要的作用。为摸清该     

文昌污水处理厂职业病危害预评价

目的分析污水处理工作场所中的职业病危害因素,确定其危害程度。方法主要采用类比法、定量分级法以及综合分析的方法对文昌污水处理厂扩建项目可能产生的职业病危害因素进行确定其存在的部位及分布。结果依据类比企业检测结果,粉尘合格率为83.33%,化学有害因素合格率为100%,噪声合格率为83.36%。结论类比作业场所中存在粉尘和噪声危害,针对可研报告中提出防护措施和设施方面存在的不足,应提出相应的建议,以完善防护对策,保护劳动者健康。     

沈阳市某污水处理厂职业病危害控制效果评价

目的评价沈阳市某污水处理厂职业病危害防护措施及其效果。方法采用职业卫生现场调查、职业卫生检测、职业健康检查等方法。结果共设硫化氢检测点11个,结果为最低检出限～4．8mg／m3;氨检测点11个,结果为1．8～7．6mg／m3;硫酸检测点1个,结果为最低检出限;氢氧化钠检测点1个,结果为0．009mg／m3;噪声检测点9个,结果为60．O～90．2dB（A）。工人接触的硫化氢、氨、氢氧化钠、硫酸和噪声等均不超标,合格率为100％。结论该项目在总体布局、设备布局、建筑卫生学、辅助用室、个人使用的职业病防护用品、职业病危害防护设施、职业卫生管理等方面基本符合相关国家法律及职业卫生标准规定的要求。     

漯河市某县污水处理厂职业病危害控制效果评价

目的明确评价相关企业的职业病危害因素种类,掌握其危害程度及对健康的影响,评价防护措施的控制效果。方法运用统计学方法调查、搜集职业病危害因素、职业健康相关资料,依据相关技术标准和规范,评价该项目的职业病危害控制效果。结果该污水处理企业职业病危害因素浓度未超过国家职业接触限值,职业病危害控制效果较好。结论该企业职业病危害风险类别为职业病危害较重,采取的职业病危害防护措施符合国家法律法规的要求。污水处理企业职业病危害因素种类不仅与污水处理工艺、处理设施有关,与污水来源、性质亦有关,即当地排污企业的种类和生活污水有关。所以企业的职业病危害风险分类应具体对待,检测时也应考虑在排污高峰和当地最热季节。     

某污水处理厂污泥的毒性及盆栽试验的研究

对某污水处理厂一级处理后污泥（下称污泥）中综合毒物对大、小鼠的生毒性和致突变性以及污泥重金属元素在培栽后农作物中的分布和含量进行卫研究。结果：污泥水对大鼠的生毒试验ＬＤ５０＝１０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ；小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验各组间与阴性对照组比较无显著性差别。重金属元素通过蚕豆盆栽试验结果提示：蚕豆茎、叶、果实部分铅、镉、铬、铜含量与对照组相近似且果实中含量都小于食物中允许浓度。参照土地改良中污泥的施加量。     

One year monitoring of norovirus in a sewage treatment plant in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Norovirus (NoV) is one of the most important aetiological agents of acute gastroenteritis both in developed and developing countries. NoV is shed in high concentrations by infected persons and contaminates recreational and drinking water through sewage discharge into the environment. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, genotypes and removal ratio of NoV by PCR, seminested-PCR and quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays in a sewage treatment plant in Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil, during one year of surveillance. NoV was detected in 7 (15%), 14 (29%) and 28 (58%) samples using PCR, seminested-PCR and qPCR, respectively. The mean removal ratio for the activated sludge process was 0.6 log₁₀ for NoV genogroup I (GI) and 0.32 log₁₀ for NoV genogroup II (GII). The peak NoV concentration was detected in the coldest months, with 53,300 genomic copies/litre. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that five strains clustered with GI strains and six with GII strains. This study demonstrates that NoV spreads into the environment despite the sewage treatment process and remains a source of waterborne outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis.     

发光菌评价3种药物与个人护理品的毒性研究

目的 评价3种药物与个人护理品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products, PPCPs),即红霉素、乙酰螺旋霉素和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对海洋发光菌的毒性。方法 根据预试验的结果将红霉素、乙酰螺旋霉素和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯分别配制成不同浓度，以3%NaCl溶液作为空白对照，加入明亮发光杆菌T3变种，分别用生物毒性测试仪测试样品和空白对照的发光度，计算发光损失率，数据用SPSS 21.0软件进行统计学分析。结果 样品发光度值分别随着红霉素、乙酰螺旋霉素和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯浓度的增加而降低，而发光损失率则分别随着3种PPCPs浓度的增加而增高，发光菌的发光损失率分别与3种PPCPs的浓度间呈线性回归关系(P<0.001),拟合的红霉素毒性回归方程为Y=13.25+47.38X(R=0.933),乙酰螺旋霉素的毒性回归方程为Y=6.24+80.33X(R=0.956),邻苯二甲酸二丁酯毒性回归方程为Y=6.32+38.18X(R=0.952),3种PPCPs对发光菌的毒性各不相同，红霉素、乙酰螺旋霉素和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的EC₅₀值分...     

Sewage effluent as a source of Campylobacter sp. in a surface water catchment

Campylobacter sp. can regularly be found in wastewater-affected surface waters. The occurrence of Campylobacter sp. in rivers, treated sewage and combined sewer overflows was analysed in a catchment with sparse annual precipitation. During regular treatment the reduction efficacy for Campylobacter sp. varies between 1.75 and 3.5 log₁₀. However, Campylobacter sp. concentrations do not increase downstream in the river as more sewage treatment plants discharge into it. During rain events, the Campylobacter sp. concentration in the river upstream of any sewage plant rises and in the sewer overflow water it is more than 150-fold higher than the average concentration in the river water at the river mouth. The highest Campylobacter sp. loads and the highest risk of infection occur during summertime after heavy rainfall. Risk management strategies should focus on problems regarding water scarcity, reuse of sewage effluent and the impact of heavy rain events.     

Oxidative stress in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to sewage treatment plant effluent

Effluents from sewage treatment plants (STPs) can be regarded as “hot spots” of discharge releasing large amounts of chemicals into the aquatic environment. Many of these compounds are toxic to organisms due to their ability to form reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cause oxidative stress. In order to investigate if STP effluents contain compounds that may cause oxidative stress, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to effluent from a Swedish STP at different dilutions in a flow-through system. Antioxidant enzymes analyzed were glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT) and DT-diaphorase (DTD). Catalytic activities of CYP1A (EROD) and the conjugating enzyme glutathione-S transferase (GST) were also analyzed.Results indicate that the effluent contains prooxidants since the activities of the antioxidant enzymes GR, CAT, and DTD were all elevated after 5 days of exposure. A prolonged exposure resulted in an inhibition of DT diaphorse activity, suggesting a depleted cellular ROS defence. EROD activities increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which suggests the presence of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligands such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the effluent. These results indicate that STPs do not have the capacity to biodegrade harmful chemicals sufficiently to protect the aquatic environment. However, STPs are designed to remove nutrients and not persistent pollutants from the sewage and effort should be made to diminish the amount of chemicals entering the sewage in the first place.     

Skeletal morphology and maturation of male Gambusia holbrooki exposed to sewage treatment plant effluent

Sewage effluent has been identified as a major source of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the aquatic environment. The modified hemal spines (modified skeletal structures important in reproduction) of mosquitofish, Gambusia spp. have been shown to be under androgenic control and to be affected by exposure to estrogen. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of two sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Sydney, Australia on the morphology of hemal spines in populations of Gambusia holbrooki and on the ability of the fish to reach sexual maturity. The effluent from the two STPs had different effects on the hemal spines of males. At St. Marys differences in hemal spine morphology between fish upstream and downstream of the STP were not attributable to effluent from the STP. At Quakers Hill, results suggest that the effluent is generally estrogenic to G. holbrooki. There was a decrease in the proportion of males that were morphologically mature downstream of both STPs indicating potential population level effects that were associated with the presence of the STPs.     

Toxicity Studies on "840 Biologic Pesticide"

[Objective] "840 Biologic Pesticide" is a very effective biologic pesticide. It consists of Abamectin and celastrus angulatus. Toxicity study was aimed to provide scientific toxicological basis. [Methods] The acute toxicity test,Ames test,micronucleus test and testicle chromosome aberration test were done. [Results] The acute toxicity of single dose of "840 Biologic Pesticide" showed that acute oral LD50 for female and male rats are 4 300 and 4 280 mg/kg,and for female and male mice are 2 330 and 5 110 mg/kg,respectively. The dermal LD50 was ＞2 000 mg/kg for female and male rats. The mutagenesis studies indicated that Ames test,micronucleus test and testicle chromosome aberration test were negative. [Conclusion] Tested pesticidc belongs to low toticity grade.     

某污灌区大白菜中有机提取物对小鼠的遗传毒性

[目的]研究污灌区大白菜有机提取物对小鼠的DNA损伤.[方法]以某污灌农田产出的大白菜为处理因素(下称"污灌区"),地下水灌溉的大白菜为对照(下称"对照区"),采用超声振荡法提取白菜中的有机污染物,灌胃法染毒.小鼠共分5组:试剂对照组(二甲亚砜)、对照区低剂量组、对照区高剂量组、污灌区低剂量组及污灌区高剂量组.每日染毒1次,连续染毒2周.用单细胞凝胶电泳实验和徼核试验检测白菜有机提取物对小鼠的DNA损伤情况.[结果]单细胞凝胶电泳实验:与试剂对照组比较,污灌区低剂量组拖尾长度增加(P＜0.05);污灌区高剂量组拖尾率、拖尾长度均增加(P＜0.05);且污灌区高剂量组拖尾率高于对照区高剂量组.微核试验:污灌区高剂量组微核率高于试剂对照组(P＜0.05). [结论]该污灌区白菜中含有致小鼠遗传毒性的有机污染物.     

浙江省农村改厕后处理适宜模式效果研究

目的：了解浙江省五种农村改厕后处理模式污水处理的实际效果,为完善分散式农村生活污水处理模式及其技术和管理提供依据。方法：根据浙江省不同地理条件和经济发展类型,选择部分县不同改厕后处理模式按国家有关标准进行微生物、污染物指标检测,对模式所在村庄和农户开展现场调查、问卷访谈和卫生学评价。结果：五种改厕后处理模式粪大肠杆菌值达标率在40%-100%之间,氨氮、总磷、COD cr、BOD 5平均去除率在40.73%-56.57%之间,平均达标率在54.35%-82.61%之间。结论：五种后处理模式对卫生学指标和污染物指标处理效果值得肯定,但有待进一步提升;某些指标的去除率和达标率不高,与国家相关排放标准相比仍有一定差距;应加强农村改厕后处理模式的工艺设计、建造标准和运行管理,确保生活污水达标排放。