Reconstruction options for pediatric bone tumors about the knee

The surgical decisions involved with high-grade sarcoma surgery about the knee in pediatric patients are complicated. The orthopedic oncologist must have experience as well as a great deal of insight into the intricacies of each procedure and the wishes and demands of patients--not only while they are young but in into their adult life. It is difficult to predict the interests and vocation young patients will choose as their lives progress. However, if the patient qualifies as a candidate for limb preservation, the functional and cosmetic results obtained by limb preservation seem to be preferred. Amputation and rotationplasty should be reserved for patients who are not candidates for limb preservation or who are in an otherwise salvage situation. The prognosis for quality of life and limb after treatment for bone sarcomas has increased dramatically during the past decade. Survival approaching the 70% to 90% range can be expected, with >90% of those patients having limb preservation surgery. With further advancements in the biologic control of tissue healing, bioengineering, and prosthetic design and implantation, the future of these patients continues to be optimistic.     

Reconstruction of musculoskeletal defects following oncologic resection in 76 patients

Between 1990 and 2002, 76 patients underwent 102 muscle flap reconstructions for extremity sarcomas. The patients had radical resection with immediate reconstruction. Reconstructions were performed by the Musculoskeletal Oncology and Plastic Surgery services. The mean age of our patients was 39.1 years. Patients were studied for a mean of 25.4 months. There were 79 pedicle flaps and 23 free flaps. Complications occurred in 23.7% of patients, including wound necroses, seromas, postoperative bleeding, postoperative infections, and flap loss. Five patients required a secondary flap procedure. The overall flap survival rate was 98%. Three patients had local recurrences. Sixteen patients (21.1%) have died of their disease. Five patients are alive with metastases. In 54 patients, Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) functional evaluation scores averaged 27.1 (range, 12-30). In this large series of patients, we have demonstrated that, although minor complications are common, functional limbs can be salvaged following oncologic resection from the extremities.     

Reconstruction of soft tissue defects about the great toe

Successful reconstruction of soft tissue defects about the great toe require careful consideration. Principles that must be evaluated prior to wound coverage include biomechanics of the hallux and location of tissue loss with regard to plantar weightbearing. This is important in order to acquire a functional as well as cosmetically acceptable outcome. Therefore, two examples are presented in this discussion to illustrate these principles.     

膝骨关节炎肌骨超声与X线片表现的比较与分析

目的 :比较分析膝骨关节炎患者肌骨超声与X线片的表现特点,研究两者在膝骨关节炎诊断中各自的优势。方法:收集整理2015年2月至2015年5月门诊病历,按照纳入标准和排除标准收集膝关节骨性关节炎诊断患者的肌骨超声以及X线片表现,共纳入57例(66膝),其中女48例,男9例,年龄41~78岁,平均(58.9±9.8)岁,主要症状以双膝或单膝关节疼痛、屈伸不利、有确切的压痛点为主,平均病程(13.6±3.0)个月。对所收集的数据进行统计分析。结果:膝关节X线片Kellgren-Lawrence分级Ⅰ级患者的肌骨超声检查结果:滑膜增生9膝,关节积液20膝,半月板病变13膝,髌下脂肪垫炎症5膝,髌韧带病变8膝。Kellgren-Lawrence分级Ⅱ级患者肌骨超声检查结果:滑膜增生20膝,关节积液31膝,半月板病变22膝,髌下脂肪垫炎症16膝,髌韧带病变17膝。Kellgren-Lawrence分级Ⅲ级患者的肌骨超声表现:滑膜增生6膝,关节积液6膝,半月板病变7膝,髌下脂肪垫炎症7膝,髌韧带病变5膝。结论:肌骨超声可以很好地反应早期和中期膝骨关节炎患者膝关节周围软组织的病理变化,可以更好地定位膝关节骨性关节炎的病变位置,并且在X线片表现不明显时做到早期的病变发现。在临床过程中应将肌骨超声应用于膝骨关节炎的诊断之中。     

Reconstruction for malignant bone tumor defects by a composite graft--cementless arthroplasty]

Five patients with malignant bone tumor were arthroplastied with Dacron fabric-enveloped prosthesis without using cement after resection of tumor. Usually following the wide resection of the primary lesion, the supporting tissues are always lost. Dacron fabric is intended to act as a scaffold upon which connective tissue can proliferate and form new ligament and supporting soft tissues. Dacron fabric is useful for the repair of ligament, muscles, joint capsule, periosteum, and other supporting soft tissues without significant complications. The lengths of the released supporting tissues are easily adjustable. Biologic fixation of the prosthesis to the soft supporting tissues is successful, then the durability of the prosthesis prolongs. The Dacron fabric is capable of inducing and supporting the ingrowth of vascular connective tissue which becomes stronger thereafter. The author believes that this method provides a stable, functional and esthetically pleasing reconstruction.     

Reconstruction of lateral skull base defects after tumor ablation.

Neoplasms located in the lateral skull base region present a challenge for evaluation and management due to their difficult anatomic location and the complex reconstruction that is required following extensive tumor resection. Repair following tumor ablation requires a watertight dural seal, obliteration of the dead space, and coverage with vascularized soft tissue. Advances in radiologic imaging, diagnostic pathology, and surgical techniques and a multidisciplinary team for tumor ablation and reconstruction have significantly improved the treatment of these patients, minimized the occurrence of postoperative complications, and maximized patient outcome and quality of life. In this article, we present our experience in the reconstruction of extensive lateral skull base defects after tumor ablation.     

全膝关节置换术中胫骨近端倾斜型骨缺损的重建

目的 通过对全膝关节置换术中腔骨近端倾斜型骨缺损的重建，介绍应用自体胫骨进行胫骨平台重建的方法和体会。方法 1992年11月～2000年9月．对22例(29膝)有胫骨近端倾斜型骨缺损的膝关节行全膝关节置换及自体胫骨移植术，男5例(5膝)，女17例(24膝)；年龄43～78岁，平均61．2岁。手术前诊断：骨关节炎13例(14膝)，其中膝内翻12例(13膝)，膝外翻1例(1膝)；类风湿关节炎7例(12膝)；滑膜软骨瘤病1例(1膝)；大骨节病1例(2膝)。术中将胫骨平台倾斜型骨缺损修整成台阶状水平型骨缺损。将截下的胫骨平台骨块修整后使其厚度和形状与缺损处匹配，并将带有皮质骨的部分尽量放置在台阶状缺损的外缘，以承受平台的压力。术中植骨厚度为8～15mm，平均10mm在置入假体以及在骨水泥固化之前，应在植骨块侧方加压。所有膝关节假体均采用抗生素骨水泥固定。结果 术后随访1～9年，平均4．2年，除1例因迟发性感染和植骨吸收再次出现膝内翻畸形和假体松动而行Ⅰ B-Ⅱ楔形假体翻修外．其它病例未发现自体移植骨的不愈合、移位、骨折、骨吸收和胫骨假体松动，HSS膝关节评分由术前10～26分提高到术后76～94分。结论 在胫骨近端倾斜型骨缺损的全膝关节置换术中，采用自体胫骨移植可恢复胫骨平台的完整性．防止平台塌陷．并为假体提供良好的初始稳定性，提高手术的成功率。     

Reconstruction of defects following bone tumor resections by distraction osteogenesis

Introduction The authors present the results of nine patients (two females, seven males) who had bone tumors that were treated with en bloc resection and distraction osteogenesis between 1991–2000.Materials and methods The average age of the patients was 19.3 years (14–42 years). The histological diagnosis was osteosarcoma in four cases, Ewings sarcoma in two, giant cell tumor in one, osteofibrous dysplasia in one and osteoblastoma in one. A uniplanar external fixator was applied to one case and circular external fixator to the other eight cases.Results The average follow-up period was 59.1 months (27–129 months). The external fixator was removed at an average of 18.1 months (range, 4–19 months). The average bone defect after resection was 14 cm (8–24 cm) and the average external fixation index, distraction index, and maturation index were 31.5 (18.7–40.0), 11.2 (10.9–11.2) and 17.8 (7.5–32.7), respectively. The function of the affected leg was excellent in four patients, good in three, fair in one and poor in one according to the Enneking scoring system. We did not observe any early consolidation or osseous binding in the defect area in any patient. Frequent complications were pin tract infection and non-union at the docking site.Conclusion Our results indicate that the Ilizarov method allows effective restoration of bone defects in the treatment of bone tumors despite various disadvantages.This revised version was published online in April 2005 with corrections to the order of the figures.     

外鼻合并颊部皮肤肿瘤切除后缺损的修复

目的探讨不同深度平面剥离形成的面颈皮瓣修复外鼻合并颊部皮肤软组织缺损的方法和效果。方法彻底切除病变组织后，于缺损邻近部位设计前蒂或后蒂面颈皮瓣，腮腺区行皮下分离，腮腺区外行SMAS下分离，将皮瓣向内侧旋转推进Ⅰ期修复外鼻和颊部缺损。自2005年3月至2007年9月，对17例外鼻合并颊部皮肤肿瘤切除后患者进行修复。结果修复皮瓣全部成活。术后随访17例患者6～18个月，皮瓣外观满意，皮肤浅表感觉良好，无面部器官移位及面神经损伤现象，外鼻形态佳。结论SMAS下的面颈皮瓣血供可靠，色泽、质地优良，应用其修复外鼻合并颊部皮肤软组织缺损切实可行。     

游离髌骨移植修复膝部半髁骨缺损手术方法

[目的]探讨髌骨移植对股骨下端或胫骨上端半髁骨缺损修复的治疗效果,提出手术步骤和方法.[方法]本组骨巨细胞瘤患者7例,病史4～12个月,平均5.8个月.男4例,女3例;年龄18～40岁,平均31.8岁.股骨下端4例,胫骨上端3例,按Ennecking外科分期,2期5例,3期2例.用髌骨关节面代替股骨或胫骨髁关节面修复和重建骨缺损.[结果]随访时间3～10年,3例5年以上,平均4.9年.随访期间无复发转移,无髌骨坏死和感染,移植骨愈合良好.根据国际保肢学会功能评分标准,关节功能优3例,良4例.术后主要并发症为关节活动范围减小,范围40°～110°,平均88°.术后伸膝肌力下降不明显,1例胫骨平台轻度下沉,1例于术后6年出现关节疼痛.[结论]膝关节上下侵犯关节软骨的骨巨细胞瘤,行包括肿瘤在内的一侧髁切除后,可以用游离髌骨移植修复和重建骨缺损.     

Chondral defects of the knee

The surgical treatment of a young adult with a localized defect in the articular cartilage of the knee most commonly employs arthroscopic shaving and/or subchondral drilling. Fresh osteochondral allografting is an alternative that is being performed with increasing frequency. As of June 1993, fresh osteochondral allografts have been used in 90 knees in our institution. Thirty-eight of these knees have been evaluated two or more years postoperatively, and a successful result was obtained in 76%. If the lesion was confined to the medial condyle, the success rate was 86%, but when both reciprocal surfaces were replaced (bipolar) the success rate was 56%.     

Reconstruction of plantar defects

Plantar defects are a challenge for the plastic surgeon; from 1984–1995 59 operations were performed in 57 patients. The radial forearm flap and the latissimus dorsi (LD) flaps were mainly used depending on the amount of tissue loss. Local flaps such as dorsalis pedis and instep flaps were used for smaller defects. The radial forearm flap is ideal in terms of thickness and stability for the sole but limited in its size. The LD flap is a safe procedure especially for severe injuries and osteitis, but has the disadvantage of being bulky and debulking procedures are frequently performed. For nerve reconstruction deep sensibility seems to be sufficient in order to obtain stable postoperative results. In this report the different operative methods are evaluated. Since 1991, the patients were monitored with static and dynamic foot pressure measurements and gait analysis to assess the postoperative result and prevent pressure ulcers, scar irritation and hyperkeratosis. Preoperative investigations may contribute to an optimal schedule for planning and stabilization of the operative regimen.     

手缺损的重建

手是人类创造文明的重要器官,手缺损的重建一直是临床医学的一大难题。美容假手仅有装饰用途,工具手、Kruckenberg前臂分叉成形术因作用有限,现已少用。肌电假手为义肢市场主流产品,但其动作准确性有待提高;显微外科再造手有感觉功能,可代偿部分手功能,但外形欠佳。前臂残端移植一个足趾即再造手指控制的电子假手,使动作准确度提高,是现阶段一项较为理想、值得推广应用的新技术。近年来开展的同种异体手移植已成功报道10余例,由于免疫排斥反应需长期服用免疫抑制剂,尚不宜作为常规手术推广,但一旦有效解决移植免疫问题,相信异体手移植将是手缺损重建的最佳方法。     

Techniques for epiphysiodesis about the knee

Percutaneous epiphysiodesis is an attractive alternative to traditional open procedures. With the aid of image intensification, the procedure is simple and reliable, has little morbidity, and produces a more pleasing cosmetic result.