孕妇产前应用地塞米松与早产儿上消化道出血的关系探讨

目的：探讨孕妇产前一周内应用地塞米松（DXM）与早产儿上消化道出血的关系。方法：对453例早产儿中其母亲产前用DDXM 240例为研究组（A），而无用DXM 213例为对照组（B），比较两组上消化道出血的发生及有关因素。结果：（1）A组出现上消化道出血24．6％（59／240），B组为3．2％（7／213），两组差异有显著性意义（P＜0．001）；（2）DXM的总用量≥40mg出现上消化道出血的机率与总量＜40mg之间差异有显著性意义（P＜0．001）；（3）孕妇产前最后应用DXM与早产儿临床的时间间隔＜24小时早产儿出现上消化道出血的机率与时间间隔≥24小时差异有显著性意义（P＜0．001）。结论：（1）孕妇产前应用DXM与早产儿上消化道出血的关系密切；（2）DXM的用量≥40mg上消化道出血压的机率较总量＜40mg大；（3）用DXM与临床的时间间隔＜24小时出现上消化道出血的发生率较≥24小时者明显增高。     

国产虫草素(cordycepin)抗小鼠迟发型超敏反应的实验研究

目的：研究国产虫草素抗小鼠迟发型超敏反应的作用及其免疫机理。方法：用2，4-二硝基氯苯（2，4-DNCB）对昆明种小鼠皮肤致敏和诱发，制成迟发型超敏反应模型。以国产虫草素溶液作为实验组，分为两个剂量组（实验组1：12mg／kg；实验组2：16mg／kg），以生理盐水作为阴性对照组，所有溶液均为间隔24小时（最后一次间隔为4小时）重复腹腔注射给药。计算激发后各组小鼠左右耳耳廓肿胀厚度差、耳廓增重值及肿胀度，进行统计分析。并经过HE染色观察虫草素对小鼠致炎耳炎症病理变化及脾脏病理变化的影响。结果：两种给药剂量的国产虫草素溶液对模型鼠红斑，水肿。渗出的接触性皮炎损害有明显抑制作用，可减轻由于充血、水肿等炎症反应导致的局部皮损增厚及重量的增加。与生理盐水对照组相比。两实验组虫草素溶液的抗炎作用均有显著性差异（厚度差：P〈0．0001；肿胀度：P〈0．05）；两实验组间的抗炎作用也有显著性差异（厚度差及肿胀度均为P〈0．05），且与给药剂量相关。三组小鼠脾指数未见明显差异（P〉0．05），脾脏组织病理变化未见明显差异。结论：虫草素以24小时间隔（最后一次给药间隔为4小时）经腹腔注射后，可能通过其免疫调节作用对迟发型超敏反应引起的小鼠接触性皮炎发挥明显的抑制效应，该效应与给药剂量相关，同时对脾脏组织未见明显毒性作用。     

小波包变换在消除心电图基线漂移方面的研究

本文提出一种利用小波包变换逼近信号消除心电图ECG基线漂移噪声的方法。该方法的基本思想是：通过对ECG信号进行多分辨率分析，利用所得到的一段或几段逼近信号充分逼近ECG信号中的基线漂移噪声的特性。从而消除某线漂移分景。通过实际记录的验证，该方法在不损害信号的其他成分下具有良好的效果。     

酶联免疫发光法检测金葡菌肠毒素(SE)B和SEC1方法的建立

目的：比较酶联免疫测定法（ELISA）和酶联免疫化学发光法（CLIA）在检测SEB、SECl中的敏感性及稳定性。方法：常规法制备、纯化抗SEB和SEC1单克隆抗体（mAb），以碱性磷酸酶（AP）标记的FMMU-SEB．D6和FMMU-SEC1．C4mAb为检测抗体，FMMU-SEB．B4和FMMU-SEC1．G8mAb为包被抗体，以单磷酸酚酞（PMP）为显色底物，以LumigenAPS-5为发光底物。结果：成功地建立了敏感、特异检测SEB、SEC1的ELISA和CLIA方法，CLIA较传统ELISA具有灵敏度高、线性范围宽和省时等优点。结论：CLIA法是一种比传统ELISA更优越的免疫学检测方法，在可疑SE污染标本检测、流行病学调查等领域具有良好的应用前景。     

比较两种去基线漂移的滤波算法

心电图中的低频干扰是影响心电图识别的一个重要因素。本文将介绍两种快速滤波器（小滤波器和ＦＩＲ滤波器），并从速度和滤波性能两方面对其进行比较。证明两种方法在Ｔ波正常的情况下，均可以光滑地跟踪基线漂移。在Ｔ波极端高大的情况下，小波滤波器受到的影响较小     

炭凝集试验快速检测病毒的研究

目的 探讨炭凝集试验（CAT）快速检测流行性出血热病毒（EHFV）和呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）的可行性。方法 用单克隆抗体（mAb)制备炭抗体，进行相对应的病毒（标本）检测，同时以免疫荧光（IFA）或细胞培养法为对照。结果 用CAT与IFA对比检测40例EHF患者外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）中的抗原，阳性检出率分别为87．5％和82．5％，两者的符合率为95％。用CAT对已知病毒试验，结果所试18株RSV均产生凝集，其它8种病毒均不凝集。用CAT和细胞培养法，对83份临床标本中的RSV检测，CAT的阳性率为69．88％（58／83），细胞培养法为39．75％（33／83），表明CAT较细胞培养法敏感。结论 CAT法的敏感性高于IFA和细胞培养，可用于某些临床标本的检测。     

动态脑电图加心脏导联监测对晕厥与癫痫的鉴别诊断价值

目的：探讨24小时动态脑电图（AEEG）加心脏导联监测对晕厥与癫痫的鉴别诊断价值。方法：对92例以昏倒就诊，但常规脑电图（REEG）和心电图（ECG）均阴性的患者做24小时AEEG加心脏导联监测，并结合临床进行观察。结果：46例AEEG检测到多次阵发性棘波、尖波、棘慢波综合、尖慢波综合等痫样放电而诊断为癫痫，24例诊断为晕厥（心源性晕厥占58．3％，脑源性晕厥占25％，反射性晕厥占16．7％），6例不能定性，16例正常，总阳性率为82．6％。结论：24小时AEEG加心脏导联监测能帮助鉴别临床以昏倒发作的晕厥与癫痫，并能区分晕厥的类型。     

威斯康星卡片分类测验作为双生子基因功能稳定性指标的初探

目的：探索威斯康星卡片分类测验测试各指标中更稳定、更精确的指标（内表型）。方法：在重庆市主城区募集6—16岁的双生子。签写知情同意书后，用威斯康星卡片分类测验对59对6—16岁的双生子测试（同卵双生28对，异卵双生31对），比较双生子两个体之间的六个常用指标（正确数、错误数、持续错误数、非持续错误数、总分类数、完成第一个分类所需个数）得分的相关系数，采取双生子的颊黏膜标本以提取DNA并进行卵型鉴定。结果：MZ组和DZ组的年龄、性别、受教育年限具有可比性（P〉0．05），MZ组的持续错误数指标在双生子对个体之间的相关系数有显著相关（r=0．65，P=0．001），其余五个指标和DZ组的六个指标在双生子对个体之间的得分无显著性相关（P〉0．05）。结论：在威斯康星卡片分类测验常用的六个指标中，持续错误数受遗传的影响更大，作为内表型指标可能优于威斯康星卡片分类测验中的其他指标。     

乙型肝炎特殊血清学表现模式的探讨

目的 探讨乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）特殊血清学表现模式。方法 A试剂检测到的乙肝特殊模式标本用B、C两种试剂重检；对HBeAg阳性、HBsAg阴性标本用倍比稀释和二步法重做HBsAg；以聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测乙肝特殊模式的HBV DNA。结果 A试剂检测到的乙肝特殊模式10种，145例；分为“12”同时阳性和“3”阳性、“1”阴性两个模式组；用B、C两种试剂复检的结果同A试剂相比存在较大差异；用倍比稀释和二步法检测“35”模式的HBsAg，阳性率分别提高到75．0％和80．0％，与其HBV DNA的阳性率（74．0％）相一致。结论 不同厂家试剂对乙肝特殊血清学模式的检测结果存在差异。“35”模式标本一步法试剂检测HBsAg漏检率高，用倍比稀释或二步法重检可提高HBsAg的阳性率，应结合HBV DNA的检测结果作出综合判断。     

鲁米那及四磨汤对高危新生儿高胆红素血症早期干预临床研究

本文应用鲁米那及四磨汤口服对在我院产科出生有高危围产因素影响而可能发生的高胆82例，其中的42例A组（干预组）于生后24小时后进行了早期干预，并设B组（对照组）40例，两组于生后48，96，144小时抽静脉血1.5ml-2cml，测血清总胆红素数值，以了解鲁米那，四磨汤早期干预的临床作用。结果：1．生后96小时，144小时A组血清总胆红素数值明显低于B组，144小时差异更明显，2．生后96，144小时中度以上高胆者A组占4．7％，B来87．5A％，3．黄疸的高峰期胆红素在正常范围的百分比：96小时A组为80．95％，B组为30％，144小时A组为95．23％，B组为10％。以上结果均经过统计学处理，P值＜0．001。上述结果表明鲁米那及四磨汤早期干预对血总胆红素水平，高胆程度有着直接的作用，对防止高胆及胆红素脑病的发生有着非常重要的作用及意义。     

Tolling for autoimmunity-prime time for 7

The reason certain self-antigens are consistently targeted by autoantibodies may be because they are self-adjuvants. Two papers in this issue of Immunity provide important insights into the contribution of Toll-like receptors in systemic autoimmune disease (Berland et al., 2006; Christensen et al., 2006).     

Expectancy for food or expectancy for chocolate reveals timing systems for metabolism and reward

The clock gene protein Per 1 (PER1) is expressed in several brain structures and oscillates associated with the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Restricted feeding schedules (RFS) induce anticipatory activity and impose daily oscillations of c-Fos and clock proteins in brain structures. Daily access to a palatable treat (chocolate) also elicits anticipatory activity and induces c-Fos expression mainly in corticolimbic structures. Here the influence of daily access to food or chocolate was explored by the analysis of the oscillatory patterns of PER1 in hypothalamic and corticolimbic structures. Wistar rats were exposed to RFS or to daily access to chocolate for 3 weeks. Persistence of food or chocolate entrained rhythms was determined 8 days after cessation of the feeding protocols. RFS and chocolate induced a phase shift in PER1 rhythmicity in corticolimbic structures with peak values at zeitgeber time 12 and a higher amplitude in the chocolate group. Both RFS and chocolate groups showed an upregulation of PER1 in the SCN. Food and chocolate entrained rhythms persisted for 8 days in behavior and in PER1 expression in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, accumbens, prefrontal cortex and central amygdala. The present data demonstrate the existence of different oscillatory systems in the brain that can be activated by entrainment to metabolic stimuli or to reward and suggest the participation of PER1 in both entraining pathways. Persistence and amplification of PER1 oscillations in structures associated with reward suggest that this oscillatory process is fundamental to food addictive behavior.     

Strategies for screening for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer

Germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes (MLH1, MSH2, PMS1, PMS2, and MSH6) predispose to hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). In the absence of pathognomonic clinical features, diagnosis of HNPCC is often based on family history. Microsatellite instability (MSI) analysis has successfully been used for screening colorectal cancer patients for HNPCC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a recently introduced logistical model based on family history data in detecting HNPCC patients with germline mutations. A series of 509 kindreds with a proband with colorectal cancer was studied. MSI analysis and subsequent germline mutation analysis (MLH1 and MSH2) in MSI positive patients had been performed previously. Of the 509 patients, 63 (12%) were MSI positive and 10 (2%) had a germline mutation in MLH1 or MSH2. The power of the logistical model was tested to determine its value in predicting the probability of a germline mutation. The model proposed a high probability in three out of 10 mutation positive cases when data on cancer in first degree relatives were considered (typically three generation pedigrees, consisting, on average, of eight people). Using extended pedigrees and family cancer data in the 10 mutation positive kindreds (an average of 38 family members available), the model suggested high probabilities in seven out of 10 mutation positive cases. We conclude that for the model to predict germline mutation cases, extensive pedigrees and family history data are required. When screening colorectal cancer patients for HNPCC, a model using a combination of family information and MSI has optimal specificity and sensitivity.     

Materials for phantoms for terahertz pulsed imaging

Phantoms are commonly used in medical imaging for quality assurance, calibration, research and teaching. They may include test patterns or simulations of organs, but in either case a tissue substitute medium is an important component of the phantom. The aim of this work was to identify materials suitable for use as tissue substitutes for the relatively new medical imaging modality terahertz pulsed imaging. Samples of different concentrations of the candidate materials TX151 and napthol green dye were prepared, and measurements made of the frequency-dependent absorption coefficient (0.5 to 1.5 THz) and refractive index (0.5 to 1.0 THz). These results were compared qualitatively with measurements made in a similar way on samples of excised human tissue (skin, adipose tissue and striated muscle). Both materials would be suitable for phantoms where the dominant mechanism to be simulated is absorption (approximately 100 cm(-1) at 1 THz) and where simulation of the strength of reflections from boundaries is not important; for example, test patterns for spatial resolution measurements. Only TX151 had a frequency-dependent refractive index close to that of tissue, and could therefore be used to simulate the layered structure of skin, the complexity of microvasculature or to investigate frequency-dependent interference effects that have been noted in terahertz images.     

Receptor editing for better or for worse

Receptor editing has emerged from its original identification as a minor secondary mechanism of B cell tolerance to be considered as a dominant mechanism by which autoreactive immature B cells are rendered tolerant. Clonal deletion, previously regarded as the major mechanism of central B cell tolerance, has been shown by recent studies to operate secondarily and only when receptor editing is unable to provide a non-autoreactive specificity. Receptor editing has also been shown to operate during the development of wild-type B lymphocytes, and ongoing investigations demonstrate the influence of particular signaling molecules in the induction and/or inhibition of receptor editing. Together, these studies begin to map the signaling pathways that regulate receptor editing in autoreactive and non-autoreactive immature B cells.     

Prospects for peptide-based immunotherapy for dog allergy

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Tolerance to ubiquitous environmental substances, allergens, can be accomplished with specific immunotherapy. Conducting therapy with allergen peptides helps to avoid immediate allergic reactions. Dogs are a source of important indoor allergens, which necessitates the development of effective modes of therapy against the allergy they cause. RECENT FINDINGS: The human T-cell epitopes of the major dog allergen Can f 1 were determined recently. They were found to be distributed in seven epitope regions along the molecule. For the peptide immunotherapy of dog allergy, using a pool of seven peptides, one from each of the epitope regions of Can f 1, seems at present to be the best approach. As Can f 1 is not as immunodominant as the main allergens of some other mammals, it remains to be seen whether peptides from other dog allergens should be included in the pool. SUMMARY: The use of a pool of seven peptides from the T-cell epitope regions of Can f 1 is likely to be feasible for treating dog allergy in a great majority of Caucasian populations. In the future, patient-tailored preparations of variants of the T-cell epitope-containing peptides may offer a way to enhance the efficacy of peptide-based immunotherapy.