Cobb综合征的临床表现和比较影像学分析(附4例报告并文献复习)

目的:分析Cobb综合征的临床和影像学表现,并进行影像学方法比较。方法:4例患者临床表现为双下肢无力或瘫痪,查体主要见下肢肌力减退和皮肤血管瘤。4例均行64排螺旋CT和DSA检查,其中3例行MRI检查。结果:CT增强扫描可显示病变相应节段的髓内、髓外椎管内、椎旁及肌肉和皮下软组织内的血管畸形。多排螺旋CT血管造影可显示畸形血管团及其主要供血动脉和引流静脉,并可立体观察畸形血管与邻近结构的关系。MRI平扫可见髓内异常信号,T1WI呈低或等信号,T2WI呈高信号,椎管内外可见大量流空信号,呈迂曲状;肌肉和皮下软组织内可见相似病灶,增强后病变明显强化。DSA行选择性双侧椎动脉、甲状颈干和/或相应节段的肋间动脉及腰动脉造影,可清楚显示病变节段内畸形血管团、增粗扩张的供血动脉和粗大的引流静脉。结论:多排螺旋CT血管造影和MRI能无创、准确地显示Cobb综合征髓内、椎管内外、椎体和软组织内病变的形态及范围,结合皮肤表现可对该病做出确定诊断。     

CT、MRI与DSA在脑内型海绵状血管瘤诊断中的价值

目的探讨CT、MRI与DSA检查在脑内型海绵状血管瘤诊断中的价值。资料与方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的22例脑内型海绵状血管瘤患者资料,CT平扫22例,其中增强扫描17例。MRI检查22例,其中增强扫描13例。DSA检查5例。结果CT表现为高密度,略高密度,等密度。MRI表现为T1WI呈等或略低信号、T2WI呈高信号;T1WI与T2WI均呈高信号,病灶周围可见低信号环;T1WI与T2WI均呈低信号。病灶无占位效应或占位效应轻微,病灶多为不强化及轻微强化。DSA检查无肿瘤染色。结论脑内型海绵状血管瘤MRI表现典型,比CT表现更具特异性,与CT检查结合是诊断脑内型海绵状血管瘤的有效方法,参考DSA表现有利于脑内型海绵状血管瘤的诊断。     

请分析病变性质

患者女,65岁.反复发作腰痛10年,近3年加重,且伴左下肢麻木无力.体检:L3～S1棘突处叩压痛,直腿抬高试验:左侧10°( ),右侧45°( ).CT显示L4椎体变扁,局部骨质虫蚀样破坏,且病变累及椎旁软组织;MRI示L4椎体明显压缩变扁,外形似呈"蝴蝶结"状,而相邻椎间盘未见受累,病椎信号强度异常,T1WI呈低信号(图1),T2WI呈低于骨质信号而高于肌肉信号(图2),短时反转恢复序列(STIR)呈稍高信号(图3),病椎两侧可见软组织肿块形成,其后方椎管内亦见受累(图4),MR诊断纤维肉瘤可能性大.腹主动脉DSA:示双侧第4腰动脉明显增粗,左侧更明显,病变区见肿瘤血管及肿瘤染色;ECT示L4椎体呈团块状异常放射性浓聚区.     

眼眶肿瘤的CT、MRI诊断

目的:探讨眼眶肿瘤的CT、MRI表现及其诊断价值。材料和方法:回顾性分析38例经临床病理证实的眼眶肿瘤的CT、MRI表现。结果:视神经鞘脑膜瘤9例,表现为视神经增粗1例,梭形肿块6例和软组织肿块2例,CT为软组织密度;T1WI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI呈高信号。视神经胶质瘤6例,表现为视神经弥漫性增粗2例,椭圆形肿块4例;CT为软组织肿块;T1WI呈等信号,T2WI呈高信号。海绵状血管瘤12例,CT示类圆形稍高于脑组织密度影,T1WI呈稍低信号,T2WI明显高信号。恶性淋巴瘤4例,均为弥漫性病变,CT示长条状软组织肿块,T1WI呈等信号,T2WI呈高信号。神经鞘瘤3例;CT表现密度不均肿块,T1WI呈稍低信号,T2WI呈稍高信号,信号不均匀。转移瘤4例,其中转移性腺样囊性癌1例,乳腺癌眶内转移3例。结论:CT、MRI是发现和诊断眼眶肿瘤的重要检查手段,对大多数肿瘤可以做出明确诊断。     

椎管内海绵状血管瘤的MRI诊断

目的：探讨椎管内海绵状血管瘤的MRI定性诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析9例经手术病理证实的椎管内海绵状血管瘤的MRI表现.9例均行MRT1WI和T2WI,7例行增强扫描。结果：9例椎管内海绵状血管瘤中,7例位于胸椎椎管,2例位于颈胸椎椎管;9例肿瘤均沿脊椎纵轴、呈梭形或长条形生长,主要位于椎管内硬膜外腔;横轴面图像上肿块呈钳状包绕、推压邻近脊髓,2例肿瘤侵犯、压迫相邻的椎间孔并使其扩大,且经椎间孔突入椎旁间隙呈哑铃状。9例肿瘤中7例信号均匀,于T1WI上呈低信号,于T2WI上呈高信号,增强扫描示病灶呈较均匀一致的明显强化;2例肿瘤合并出血,T1WI和T2WI上均呈不均匀混杂信号。9例中2例合并椎体血管瘤。结论：椎管内海绵状血管瘤的MRI表现有一定特征性。     

64层螺旋CT血管造影对Cobb综合征的诊断价值

目的 通过对比数字减影血管造影(DSA),分析评价64层螺旋CT血管造影(MDCTA)对Cobb综合征的诊断价值.资料与方法 4例临床症状为双下肢无力或瘫痪,体检主要见皮肤血管瘤和下肢肌力减退.4例均行MDCTA和DSA检查.结果 4例血管畸形,2例位于颈胸段,1例位于胸段,1例位于胸腰段,3例有皮肤和皮下病灶.椎体、椎管内、脊髓及软组织内的血管畸形MDCTA均可显示,供血动脉主要包括甲状颈干、肋颈干的分支及肋间动脉,增粗迂曲的引流静脉也在MDCTA的图像中清晰显示,且与DSA所见一致.结论 MDCTA可以快速、无创、全面地显示Cobb综合征几乎所有的病变,在诊断和协助制订治疗方案方面起到重要作用.     

椎管内恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的 探讨椎管内恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤(MPNST)的CT和MRI征象,进一步提高对本病的认识.方法 回顾性分析8例经手术病理证实的椎管内MPNST的CT和MRI征象.8例均行CT检查,6例同时行MRI平扫及增强检查.结果 病变发生于颈椎层面1例,腰椎层面5例,腰-骶椎层面2例.CT表现:8例均表现为椎管内软组织肿块影,密度不均匀,内含多发斑片状低密度影,肿瘤跨2个以上椎体层面且与脊髓分界不清;8例椎管周围骨质皆有不同程度浸润性破坏,其中6例软组织肿块形态不规则,骨质破坏区边缘不规整,骨质破坏较为明显,局部亦可见骨质硬化;2例软组织肿块形态较规则,边缘呈浅分叶状,骨质破坏以压迫吸收为主,但可见局部浸润,破坏区边缘较规整;8例均合并椎间孔扩大.MRI表现:6例平扫均表现为椎管内T1WI等、低信号和T2WI高、低混杂信号,病变内部见不均匀分布的斑片样T1WI低信号和T2WI高信号,病变破坏椎管向周围肌肉、脂肪间隙浸润;增强扫描呈明显不均匀强化.结论 不规则或浅分叶状肿块跨越两个椎体以上、包绕脊神经并椎间孔扩大、浸润性骨质破坏并周围肌肉脂肪浸润、CT密度及MRI信号不均匀,以及明显不均匀强化是椎管内MPNST较典型的影像学征象.     

脑内海绵状血管瘤影像诊断

目的：探讨脑内海绵状血管瘤的CT、MRI影像表现特点及诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析28例脑内海绵状血管瘤的影像资料,经CT检查18例,6例增强扫描,MR检查28例,10例增强扫描,11例经手术病理证实,3例做伽马刀治疗,14例随诊证实。结果：脑内海绵状血管瘤CT平扫表现为稍高或混杂密度影,边界清晰,病灶内可见单发或多发点状或斑片状钙化,少数可表现为血肿密度,增强扫描轻度不均匀强化或无强化。MR典型表现为T2WI及T1WI高低不均匀信号,呈＂爆米花＂样,周边可见低信号环,部分病灶为T2WI中央高、周边低信号,T1WI略低信号,边界模糊;T2WI为高信号,T1WI中央高、周边低信号;少数病灶表现为T2WI、T1WI均为高信号且信号均匀。DWI呈中间混有高信号的不均匀黑色低信号或均匀黑色低信号且较T1WI及T2WI范围加大,增强扫描表现为不均匀强化或无明显强化。结论：脑内海绵状血管瘤以MRI表现更典型,MRI检查T2WI及DWI序列是诊断及随访脑内海绵状血管瘤的最佳方法。     

听神经瘤CT、MRI诊断比较

目的：比较听神经瘤的CT、MRI诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析26例经手术和病理证实的听神经瘤的CT、MRI表现。结果：听神经瘤的MRI表现为桥小脑角区圆形或类圆形肿块,于T1WI呈低信号或等信号,T2WI呈高信号或混杂信号;增强扫描显示病灶实质部分及增粗的听神经明显强化,呈“苹果柄”样改变。CT表现为桥小脑角部低密度或等密度病灶,薄扫可见同侧内听道口扩大。结论：CT能直观地显示内听道口的扩大,但常规扫描易漏诊。／MRI多层面成像及无骨伪影的优点,对显示听神经瘤瘤体及病侧听神经增粗很有价值,增强后的“苹果柄”样改变是听神经瘤特征性的表现。     

鼻咽部血管纤维瘤的影像学诊断价值

目的：探讨鼻咽部血管纤维瘤影像学的价值。方法：回顾分析经手术病理证实的血管纤维瘤的CT、MRI、DSA特征，CT检查13例，MRI4例和DSA3例，同时完成2项或3项检查分别为4例和3例。结果：13例均显示出病变的部位及范围，CT平扫示软组织块为等密度或稍高密度。MRI示肿块T1WI呈等于或略高于肌肉信号，T2WI呈高信号。肿块增强扫描明显强化，CT强化密度曲线呈速升缓降型；MRI信号增强率升高。3例DSA显示供血情况以及营养血管的特征。结论：血管纤维瘤有特征性的CT和MRI表现，CT动态扫描、MRI增强率的表达及DSA有助于诊断和鉴别诊断。     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Die rechtsmedizinische Identifizierung — Bedeutung und Beweiswert —

Zusammenfassung Bei der rechtsmedizinischen Identifizierung kann die Identität im strengen Sinn allenfalls bei lebenden Personen festgestellt werden; sonst läßt sich nur von Teilen auf das Ganze (vom Untersuchungsobjekt auf die Person) schließen, wobei die verschiedenen Merkmale des Untersuchungsobjektes entsprechend der Hdufigkeit ihres Vorkommens eine unterschiedliche Beweiskraft haben. Bei der Schädelidentifizierung mit Hilfe moderner photographischer oder elektronischer Superprojektionsverfahren ergeben sich unter Berücksichtigung der Weichteildicken so viele (fiktive) Vergleichspunkte, daß bei geeignetem Vergleichsmaterial (Photographien) Identität wegen der Vielzahl übereinstimmender Bezugspunkte in den meisten Fällen evident ist.     

Imaging of abdominal nodal spread in malignant disease

This is a review of the role of imaging procedures for the assessment of abdominal and pelvic lymph nodes. The diagnosis of malignant lymphatic spread is rarely the sole purpose of imaging, because it is usually part of a general abdominal examination, most frequently with CT or US, or increasingly with MRI. These studies are often requested in order to obtain information about the situation to be encountered during surgery, or to alert the surgeon to irresectability or to unexpected metastases outside the initially planned area of exploration. In most surgically treated tumours the role of imaging for preoperative staging is limited, due either to its insufficient sensitivity or because the initial treatment is independent of the lymph node stage. Imaging is commonly used to verify treatment response to chemo- or radiotherapy and for follow-up.Correspondence to: S. Delorme     

改进的定位技术在胸部肿瘤穿刺活检中的应用

目的：探索CT-SIM三维定位系统、体模固定技术和PET-CT融合影像导引定位技术在胸部肿瘤经皮穿刺活检中的应用价值。方法：对380例胸部肿瘤患者行改进的CT定位技术下的经皮穿刺活检术。根据肿瘤的大小、深度、毗邻关系、活动度以及患者的心肺功能状态,综合运用CT-SIM系统、体模固定技术和PET-CT融合影像导引技术,为患者进行穿刺前定位。统计穿刺定位时间长度、成功率、确诊率、并发症发生情况,并与210例采用传统铅栅定位下胸部肿瘤穿刺活检的相应资料进行比较。结果：采用改进的CT定位技术的380例患者穿刺定位精确,平均定位时间（9.5 min）较传统方法（16.8 min）缩短7.3 min,活检成功率和确诊率分别是98.7%和95.3%,高于传统定位方法的93.3%和83.3%,两者差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。穿刺并发症发生率相似,气胸发生率分别为2.8%和2.9%,咯血发生率分别为11%和12.8%。结论：根据患者状态及肿瘤特点,在CT-SIM系统快速精确定位技术的基础上,综合运用体模固定技术和PET-CT融合影像导引技术,能显著缩短经皮穿刺活检的定位时间,提高活检成功率。