改良胰液空肠引流式胰肾同期联合移植35例报告

目的报告应用改良胰液空肠引流式胰、十二指肠及肾同期联合移植(SPK)的外科技术治疗35例胰岛素依赖型糖尿病并发尿毒症的近期效果。方法2000年6月-2006年1月,35例胰岛素依赖的糖尿病合并尿毒症患者接受SPK,移植胰的外分泌采用空肠内引流,不作Roux-en-Y型吻合。移植肾平均冷缺血时间为(6．92±2．17)h,移植胰平均冷缺血时间为(9．65±2．02)h。术后早期采用他克莫司、霉酚酸酯及皮质激素预防排斥反应,同时以抗淋巴细胞球蛋白或抗CD25单克隆抗体诱导治疗。结果围手术期患者存活率达97．1％(34／35),存活病例全部停用胰岛素,平均停用胰岛素时间为(8．3±4．5)d,空腹血糖恢复正常时间为(13．4±8．9)d。术后3周口服糖耐量试验、胰岛素和C肽释放试验显示移植胰功能完全正常。血淀粉酶恢复正常时间平均为(9．3±7．0)d。肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)5例,血肌酐恢复正常时间平均为(58．2±16．8)d,其余30例血肌酐恢复正常时间平均为(7．7±5．4)d。术后主要外科并发症为移植胰伤口感染、胰十二指肠-空肠出血和移植肾周围出血。3例(8．6％)因并发症再次手术,未发生与胰液引流术式相关的并发症如胰漏、肠漏、腹腔脓肿及肠梗阻等。结论SPK是治疗1型和部分2型糖尿病并发尿毒症的有效方法;改进的胰液空肠引流术式(不作Roux-en-Y吻合)有助于降低胰液空肠引流术式的术后早期并发症发生率。     

改良肠引流式胰肾联合移植的外科技术及临床应用

目的报道改良胰液空肠引流式胰肾联合移植的外科技术和其治疗糖尿病合并尿毒症的近期效果。方法2000年6月至2006年8月,共有38例糖尿病合并尿毒症患者在华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院接受胰肾联合移植,移植胰腺的外分泌液用空肠内引流,不作Roux-en-Y吻合。移植胰腺及肾脏的平均冷缺血时间分别为（10±2．0）h和（7±2．0）h。除1例外,术后早期均采用他克莫司、霉酚酸酯及皮质激素预防排斥反应,同时以抗淋巴细胞球蛋白或抗CD25单克隆抗体诱导治疗。结果受者、移植肾脏和胰腺的6个月存活率均为97．4％,平均停用胰岛素时间为（7±6．9）d,空腹血糖恢复正常的平均时间为（14±9．1）d。术后3周口服糖耐量试验、胰岛素和C肽释放试验显示移植胰腺功能完全正常。血淀粉酶恢复正常的平均时间为（10±7．7）d。肾功能延迟恢复8例,其血肌酐恢复正常的平均时间为（53±20．0）d;其余30例血肌酐恢复正常的平均时间为（8±7．4）d。术后主要外科并发症为移植胰腺伤口感染、胰十二指肠-空肠吻合口出血和移植肾脏周围出血,3例（7．9％）因并发症再次手术,未发生与胰液引流术式相关的并发症如胰漏、肠漏、腹腔脓肿及肠梗阻等。结论胰肾联合移植是治疗1型和部分2型糖尿病合并尿毒症的有效方法;改进的胰液空肠引流术式（不作Roux-en-Y吻合）有助于降低胰液空肠引流术式的术后早期并发症发生率,提高受者和移植物的存活率。     

胰液肠腔引流式胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植一例报告

目的 总结胰液肠腔引流式胰肾联合移植的经验，探讨联合移植用药量，减少并发症。方法 对1例I型糖尿病并发尿毒症患者施行胰液肠腔引流式一期联合移植，术后早期应用他克莫司（FK506）、霉酚酸酯（MMF）、皮质激素和抗胸腺细胞球蛋白（ATG）进行免疫抑制治疗。监测胰腺、肾的功能恢复情况。结果 术后第3d，受者血肌酐、尿素氮恢复正常，术后第4d出现FK506中毒，致尿量减少，经调整FK506用量及进行血液透析过度无尿期，术后第10d，肾功能恢复正常；术后第5d停用胰岛素，移植胰内外分泌功能正常，术后第20d并发消化道出血，使用善得定及施他宁治疗痊愈。无其它外科并发症。结论 （1）胰液肠腔引流术式优于胰液膀胱引流术式；（2）胰液肠腔引流式胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植是治疗胰岛素依赖型糖尿病并发尿毒症的有效方法；93）优质的供者及良好的配型可减少并发症的发生。     

32例胰、肾同期联合移植的近期疗效

目的报告32例胰、肾同期联合移植(SPK)的近期结果及经验。方法为合并尿毒症的27例1型糖尿病和5例2型糖尿病患者施行SPK,其中胰液膀胱引流(BD)术式2例,改进的胰液空肠引流(ED)术式30例。术后早期采用他克莫司、霉酚酸酯及皮质激素预防排斥反应,同时以抗淋巴细胞球蛋白或抗CD25单克隆抗体诱导治疗。结果32例手术均获得成功,术后随访2～12个月,1例术后9周死于肺部感染,死亡时肾功能正常,另1例术后6个月死于急性心肌梗死,死亡时移植胰、肾功能正常,其余患者目前仍存活;术后(12.7±8.1)d空腹血糖恢复正常,(8.3±4.5)d停用胰岛素,(8.4±7.8)d血肌酐恢复正常。术后发生手术相关并发症有出血、移植胰切口感染、上消化道出血、右股静脉血栓形成和淋巴漏;其它并发症有药物不良反应、肺部感染,采用BD术式者并发代谢性酸中毒和镜下血尿;4例发生移植肾急性排斥反应,均经活检证实。结论SPK治疗糖尿病并发尿毒症的近期疗效满意,ED术式更符合正常生理。     

胰肾联合移植的外科技术探讨

目的 探讨胰液空肠引流式胰肾联合移植的外科技巧和临床应用.方法 中山大学附属第一医院2005年1月-2009年6月共施行了10例胰肾同期联合移植术(SPK),供体胰、十二指肠和肾均采用腹部多器官联合切取方式获得,经腹主动脉、肠系膜上静脉对胰腺及十二指肠同时快速灌注降温.移植胰的外分泌采用胰十二指肠一空肠内引流吻合方式.术后早期均以抗CD25单克隆抗体进行免疫诱导治疗,采用他克莫司、霉酚酸酯及皮质激素预防排斥反应.结果 10例移植手术均获得成功.供体胰十二指肠和肾的热缺血时间为(5.9±2.6)min;移植肾平均冷缺血时间为(5.2±2.2)h,移植胰平均冷缺血时间为(9.3±3.6)h.术后3例出现移植胰伤口感染,经治疗后3～12周愈合.2例出现胰十二指肠一空肠吻合口出血,均经保守治疗止血而治愈.未发生与胰液引流相关的外科并发症.1年内3例发生了急性排斥反应,2例经激素冲击和抗淋巴细胞球蛋白治疗而被逆转;1例顽固性急排患者术后39 d在持续肾脏替代治疗过程中并发脑血管意外死亡.其余9例均痊愈,随访6～12个月,完全停用胰岛素.结论 获取质量良好的供体器官及合理血管整形,是保证胰肾联合移植成功的前提;改进的胰液空肠外分泌引流术式的方法是可靠的.     

改良的胰液空肠引流式胰、肾一期联合移植(附2例报道)

目的 报告2例改良的胰液空肠引流式胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植的外科技术和治疗胰岛素依赖型糖尿病并发尿毒平的效果。方法 2000年6-9月,2例胰岛素依赖型糖尿病并发尿毒症的患者接受胰、十二指肠及肾一期联合移植,移植胰的外分泌采用空肠内引流,不作Roux-en-Y型吻合,结果 移植后,立即停用胰岛素,肾功能1-5d恢复正常,无外科并发症,未发生排斥反应,患者目前已分别存活5个月和2个月,移植胰和移植肾功能均正常,一般情况良好。结论 改良的胰液空肠引流式胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植技术简单、安全,是治疗I型糖尿病并发尿毒症的较好术式。     

改良胰液空肠引流式胰肾一期联合移植一例

胰肾联合移植（SKPT）是治疗胰岛素依赖型糖尿病合并终末期尿毒症的理想方法。我院2004年7月6日成功地采用改良的胰液空肠引流术式行胰肾一期联合移植1例，取得了满意效果，报告如下。     

两种胰液引流术式的胰肾联合移植临床效果比较

目的 分析53例糖尿病并终末期肾病患者行同期胰肾联合移植不同胰液引流术式的临床效果对比。方法 2010年5月至2019年12月广西医科大学第二附属医院移植医学中心完成了53例同期胰肾联合移植手术,其中胰液膀胱引流（bladder drainage,BD）术式22例,胰液空肠引流（enteric drainage,ED）术式组31例。对比两组不同胰液引流术式受者的移植肾功能延迟恢复发生率、术后移植胰腺功能延迟恢复发生率、胰腺冷缺血时间、移植胰腺1年生存率、手术时间、再手术率、术中总输血量、术后1个月血糖变化、其他并发症等。结果 53例胰肾联合移植手术成功,随访4～90个月,在22例BD术式中,有1例患者发生坏死性胰腺炎,切除胰腺。3例患者出现移植肾功能延迟恢复,有1例患者移植肾功能延迟恢复,恢复有尿后发生出血性膀胱炎,后并发肺部感染而死亡。移植后（14.2±5.1）d空腹血糖降至正常,（9.5±4.2）d停止使用胰岛素,（10.4±6.5）d肾功能恢复正常。平均住院时间为（21.4±7.3）d,术后出现并发症有移植胰腺静脉血栓2例,泌尿系感染1例,移植胰淋巴漏1例,切口感染1例,他克莫司...     

改良胰液引流方法行胰肾联合移植1例

胰肾联合移植已经成为治疗I型糖尿病合并尿毒症的首选方法。胰液外分泌的处理一直是胰腺移植的难点所在，我院于2006年1月采用改良胰液空肠引流术式为1例患者成功施行胰肾联合移植。目前患者／移植物存活良好，现报告如下：     

同期胰肾联合移植12例报告--德国埃森大学的经验

目的总结同期胰肾联合移植(SPK)术的治疗效果和经验。方法自2002年1月至2003年9月,以SPK术治疗胰岛素依赖型糖尿病(IDDM)合并终末期肾病(ESRD)患者12例。每例受者接受来自同一供者的胰腺和肾脏,移植肾以经典方法植入左侧盆腔,胰腺植于右下腹。1例移植胰腺静脉与受者门静脉系统吻合,11例与体静脉系统吻合。胰腺外分泌引流方法为:3例移植物十二指肠段与受者十二指肠吻合,9例与空肠上段吻合。术前应用甲泼尼龙及抗胸腺细胞球蛋白作为免疫诱导,术后以他克莫司、霉酚酸酯和泼尼松三联抗排斥药物维持。结果术后平均随访时间23个月,受者、移植胰腺和移植肾的存活率分别为100%、91.7%和91.7%。1例再次行SPK术的受者,术后出现了超急性排斥反应,且未能逆转,于术后13d切除移植物;其余11例首次行SPK术的受者中,3例(28.3%)出现急性排斥,均获成功纠治。2例受者术后移植肾功能延迟恢复,行过渡性透析。11例首次行SPK术的移植胰腺术后立即发挥了功能,分别于术后1~5d内停用胰岛素。结论同期胰肾联合移植是胰岛素依赖型糖尿病合并终末期肾病患者的一种安全而有效的治疗方法。     

高龄供肝对肝移植术后并发症的影响——148例受者预后分析及思考

目的研究高龄供肝对肝移植术后移植物功能及受者生存率的影响及其干预策略。方法根据供者年龄≥或<60岁1:1配对选取2016年1月—2017年6月期间行肝移植手术患者为研究对象,分为高龄供者(elderly donor,ED,n=74)组和非高龄供者(non-elderly donor,NED,n=74)组。比较分析受者肝功能恢复情况、并发症、移植物及受者生存率。结果ED组移植物早期功能不全发生率为47.3%,显著高于NED组的28.4%(P=0.018);ED组胆道并发症发生率为21.6%,显著高于NED组的9.5%(P=0.041);ED组移植物存活率显著低于NED组(P=0.023)。ED组冷缺血时间>12 h者移植物早期功能不全发生率显著高于<12 h者(70.6%比40.4%,P=0.003)。结论高龄供肝的使用会影响移植物早期功能恢复及其1年存活率,缩短冷缺血时间可以显著降低EAD的发生率,改善受者预后。     

胰肾联合移植的实验研究和临床应用

目的　建立胰肾联合移植(SPKT)大动物模型，进而应用于临床Ⅰ型糖尿病肾衰的病人。方法　选用杂种猪作SPKT的供受体，供体门静脉远端与左肾静脉吻合，近端及带腹腔、肠系膜上和左肾动脉的腹主动脉段分别与受体下腔静脉及肾以下腹主动脉端侧吻合，十二指肠吻合于膀胱，输尿管置管外引流，未作预防及抗排斥处理。此后取无心跳供体胰肾分别移植于Ⅰ型糖尿病肾衰患者的两侧髂窝，血管均分别吻合于两侧髂外动、静脉，输尿管及十二指肠吻合于膀胱左右侧。结果　13头移植猪中2头死于内环境紊乱及吻合口出血，其余11头平均存活(9.1±2.4)d。接受移植的病人胰肾功能恢复良好，已存活7个多月。结论　建立猪SPK模型是可行的，SPK对Ⅰ型糖尿病肾衰患者有确切疗效。     

Pancreas transplant results according to the technique of duct management: bladder versus enteric drainage

Between July 1978 and February 1987, 177 pancreas transplants were performed. The 1-year patient and graft survival rates for the first 100 transplants up to October 1984 were 88% and 27%, respectively. Since November 1984, duct drainage has been used for 74 of 77 transplants, bladder (BD) in 36 and enteric (ED) in 38, with 1-year patient survival rates of 89% and 92%, respectively, and graft survival rates of 58% and 42%. The technical failure rate was similar in both groups (31%). Immunosuppression was with antilymphocyte globulin, cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisone. Most recipients were nonuremic, without kidney transplants, and 1-year graft survival rates were 69% for BD (n = 21) and 42% for ED (n = 29). The diagnosis of rejection was based on a decline in urine amylase activity in the BD and on an increase in plasma glucose alone in the ED group. For technically successful (TS) grafts, the number of rejection episodes reversed per number diagnosed was 23 of 26 (18 patients) in BD (88%) and six of 15 (14 patients) (40%) in ED (p less than 0.05). The advantage of BD with monitoring of urine amylase activity is seen in TS cases; 1-year cadaveric graft survival rates were 90% for BD (n = 23) versus 47% for ED (n = 15) (p = 0.05). In recipients of segmental transplants with ED from living-related donors, 1-year graft survival rates were 57% overall (n = 18) and 88% for TS cases (n = 12), which is identical to cadaveric BD cases. A disadvantage of BD was metabolic acidosis induced by chronic bicarbonate loss in the urine from the pancreas graft. Nevertheless, we conclude that BD is the preferred technique for pancreas transplants from cadaver donors because of the ability to monitor exocrine and endocrine function continuously, thus leading to early diagnosis and treatment of rejection episodes.     

Outcomes After Simultaneous Pancreas and Kidney Transplantation and the Discriminative Ability of the C-peptide Measurement Pretransplant Among Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background

Earlier studies reporting outcomes after pancreas transplantation have included a combination of C-peptide cutoffs and clinical criteria to classify type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, because the kidney is the major site for C-peptide catabolism, C-peptide is unreliable to discriminate the type of diabetes in patients with kidney disease.

Methods

To improve the discriminative power and better classify the type of diabetes, we used a composite definition to identify T2DM: presence of C-peptide, negative glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody, absence of diabetic ketoacidosis, and use of oral hypoglycemics. Additionally among T2DM patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), body mass index of <30 kg/m² and use of <1 u/kg of insulin per day were selection criteria for suitablity for simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation (SPKT). We compared graft and patient survival between T1DM and T2DM after SPKT.

Results

Our study cohort consisted of 80 patients, 10 of whom were assigned as T2DM based on our study criteria. Approximately 15% of patients with T1DM had detectable C-peptide. Cox regression survival analyses found no significant differences in allograft (pancreas and kidney) or patient survival between the 2 groups. The mean creatinine clearance at 1 year estimated by the modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation was not significantly different between the 2 groups. Among those with 1 year of follow-up, all patients with T2DM had glycosylate hemoglobin of <6.0 at 1 year versus 92% of those with T1DM.

Conclusion

SPKT should be considered in the therapeutic armamentarium for renal replacement in selected patients with T2DM and ESRD. Use of C-peptide measurements for ESRD patients can be misleading as the sole criterion to determine the type of diabetes.     

Enteric conversion after bladder drained pancreas transplantation experience of 14 cases

The method of exocrine diversion in pancreas allograft continues to be controversial due to the advantages versus disadvantages of bladder versus enteric techniques. Bladder drainage (BD) exposes the patient to urological and metabolic problems that may require conversion to enteric drainage (ED). The purpose of this study was to review our initial experience of conversion from BD to ED for patients who underwent pancreas transplantation originally with bladder diversion. Among 114 pancreas transplantation performed with BD, from January 1996 to April 2003, 60 were simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPKT), 35 were pancreas transplantation alone (PA), and 19 were pancreas after kidney transplantations (PAK). Twenty-three (20.2%) cases were excluded due to early death of the patient or the graft, yielding an analyses of 91 patients. Enteric conversion (EC) was performed in 14 (15.4%) patients with a mean follow-up of 15.7 months (range, 3-51 months) after transplantation including 8 (8.8%) SPKT, 4 (4.4%) PAK, and 2 (2.2%) PA. No surgical morbidity or mortality was observed related to EC. All patients had complete resolution of the initial problem with preservation of pancreatic function. EC represents an easy, safe procedure with low morbidity and mortality rates, representing the option of choice for patients with persistent urological or metabolic disturbances.     

胃旁路术对非肥胖型2型糖尿病疗效的前瞻性对照研究

目的 探讨胃旁路术对非肥胖型2型糖尿病(T2DM)的疗效.方法 前瞻性研究2008年11月至2009年8月第二军医大学附属长海医院收治的加例胃部疾病合并非肥胖型T2DM患者的临床资料,按实用性随机对照原则将患者分为4组,每组10例,分别接受毕Ⅰ式远端胃切除+胃十二指肠吻合术(BⅠ组)、近端胃大部切除+食管残胃吻合术(PG组)、全胃切除+Y型吻合术(RY组)、毕Ⅱ式胃空肠吻合术(BⅡ组),后2种术式为胃旁路术.比较4组患者住院时间、胃部疾病治疗情况、手术前后体质指数、腰围、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、空腹血清胰岛素和空腹C肽水平等指标.数据采用方差分析、LSD-t检验、配对t检验、x2检验进行分析.结果 4种术式对胃部疾病的疗效基本相同.RY组患者术前、术后6个月空腹血糖分别为(8.0 ±2.9)、(5.9±0.7)mmol/L,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(t=2.342,P<0.05).RY组患者术前糖化血红蛋白、空腹C肽分别为7.7%±1.1%、(1.30±0.54)μg/L,术后2、6个月分别为6.9%±0.6%、(1.95±0.86)μg/L和6.1%±0.4%、(2.18±0.63)μg/L,与术前比较,差异有统计学意义(t=4.920、6.063,3.012、4.651,P<0.05).RY组患者术前空腹血清胰岛素为(11±4)mU/L,术后1、2、6个月分别为(18±5)、(19±3)、(21±3)mU/L,与术前比较,差异有统计学意义(t=3.158,4.502,7.517,P<0.05).BⅡ组患者术前空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、空腹血清胰岛素和空腹血清C肽分别为(8.3±1.3)mmol/L、7.7%±0.9%、(13±4)mU/L、(1.34±0.48)μg/L,术后1、2、6个月分别为(6.7 ±1.2)mmol/L、6.8%±0.8%、(18±4)mU/L、(1.68±0.46)μg/L和(6.4±1.3)mmol/L、6.3%±0.6%、(18±4)mU/L、(1.96 ±0.67)μg/L及(5.6±0.7)mmol/L、6.0%±0.3%、(19±4)mU/L、(2.27±0.59)μg/L,与术前比较,差异有统计学意义(t=2.468、2.598、6.028,3.055、4.586、4.572,3.618、5.860、8.577,2.300、3.511、3.943,P<0.05).术后2、6个月4组患者空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、空腹C肽比较,差异有统计学意义(F=4.699、14.378,7.411、29.192,3.335、9.334,P<0.05).术后各时相点4组患者空腹血清胰岛素比较,差异有统计学意义(F=2.896,7.012,11.998,P<0.05).结论 胃旁路术对非肥胖型T2DM具有较好疗效.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the efficacy of gastric bypass surgery for the treatment of nonobese type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods From November 2008 to August 2009, 40 patients with gastric diseases and nonobese type 2 diabetes mellitus were admitted to the Changhai Hospital, and their clinical data were prospectively studied. All patients were randomly divided into 4 groups; 10 patients received Billroth I distal gastrectomy +gastroduodenal anastomosis (BⅠ group) , 10 received proximal gastrectomy + remanant gastric esophageal anastomosis ( PG group), 10 received total gastrectomy + esophagoduodenal Y-anastomosis ( RY group) and 10received subtotal gastrectomy Billroth Ⅱ gastro-jejunostomy (BⅡ group). The length of hospital stay, pre- and postoperative body mass indexes (BMIs) , waist circumferences, levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG) , glycated hemoglobin ( GHbA1) , fasting serum insulin (FSI) and fasting C-peptide (FCP) of patients in the 4 groups were compared. All data were analyzed using analysis of variance, LSD-t test, paired t test or chi-square test. Results The clinical effects of the 4 different operative procedures on the gastric diseases were similar. The levels of FBG were (8.0 ±2.9)mmol/L before operation and (5.9 ±0.7)mmol/L after operation in the RY group, with a significant difference (t = 2. 342, P < 0. 05). The preoperative level of GHbA1 in the RY group was 7.7% ± 1.1%, which was significantly higher than 6. 9% ± 0. 6% at 2 months after the operation and 6. 1 % ± 0. 4% at 6 months after the operation (t = 4. 920, 3.012, P < 0.05). The preoperative level of FCP in the RY group was (1.30 ±0.54) μg/L, which was significantly lower than (1.95 ± 0.86) μg/L at 2 months after the operation and (2.18 ± 0.63)μg/L at 6 months after the operation (t =6. 063, 4. 651, P < 0.05). The levels of FSI in the RY group at postoperative month 1, 2 and 6 were (18 ±5) , (19 ±3) , (21 ±3) mU/L, which were significantly higher than the level of FSI [(11 ±4) mU/L]before operation (t =3. 158, 4. 502, 7. 517, P <0. 05). Preoperative levels of FBG, GHbA1, FSI and FCP in the B Ⅱ group were (8. 3 ± 1. 3) mmol/L, 7. 7% ±0. 9% , (13±4)mU/L and (1.34±0.48) μg/L, which were ignificantly different from (6.7 ± 1.2)mmol/L, 6.8%± 0.8%, (18±4)mU/L and ( 1.68 ±0.46) μg/L at postoperative month 1, (6.4 ± 1.3)mmol/L, 6.3% ±0.6% ,(18±4)mU/L and (1. 96 ± 0. 67) μg/L at postoperative month 2, and (5. 6 ±0. 7) mmol/L, 6.0%±0.3%, (19 ± 4) mU/L and (2.27 ± 0. 59) |μg/L at postoperative month 6 (t = 2. 468, 2. 598, 6. 028; 3. 055, 4. 586,4.572; 3.618, 5.860, 8.577; 2.300, 3.511, 3.943, P<0.05). The levels of FBG,GHbA1 and FCP in the 4 groups at 2 months after surgery were significantly different from those at 6 months after surgery (F = 4. 699,14. 378; 7.411, 29. 192; 3. 335, 9. 334, P < 0.05). The levels of FSI in the 4 groups at different time points were significantly different (F =2. 896, 7. 012, 11. 998, P < 0.05). Conclusion The efficacy of gastric bypass surgery for the treatment of nonobese type 2 diabetes mellitus is satisfactory.     

Islet transplantation is associated with improvement of renal function among uremic patients with type I diabetes mellitus and kidney transplants

The potential effects of islet transplantation on the renal function of 36 patients with type I diabetes mellitus and kidney transplants were studied with 4 yr of follow-up monitoring. Kidney-islet recipients were divided into two groups, i.e., patients with successful islet transplants (SI-K group) (n = 24, fasting C-peptide levels of >0.5 ng/ml for >1 yr) and patients with unsuccessful islet transplants (UI-K group) (n = 12, fasting C-peptide levels of <0.5 ng/ml). Kidney graft survival rates and function, urinary albumin excretion rates, and sodium handling were compared. Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity in protocol kidney biopsies and in red blood cells was cross-sectionally analyzed. The SI-K group demonstrated better kidney graft survival rates (100, 83, and 83% at 1, 4, and 7 yr, respectively) than did the UI-K group (83, 72, and 51% at 1, 4, and 7 yr, respectively; P = 0.02). The SI-K group demonstrated reductions in exogenous insulin requirements and higher C-peptide levels, compared with the UI-K group, whereas GFR values were similar. Microalbuminuria (urinary albumin index) increased significantly in the UI-K group only (UI-K, from 92.0 +/- 64.9 to 183.8 +/- 83.8, P = 0.05; SI-K, from 108.5 +/- 53.6 to 85.0 +/- 39.0, NS). In the SI-K group, but not in the UI-K group, natriuresis decreased at 2 and 4 yr (P < 0.01). The SI-K group demonstrated greater Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase immunoreactivity in renal tubular cells (P = 0.05) and higher activity in red blood cells (P = 0.03), compared with the UI-K group. The Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity in red blood cells was positively correlated with circulating C-peptide levels but not with glycated hemoglobin levels. Successful islet transplantation was associated with improvements in kidney graft survival rates and function among uremic patients with type I diabetes mellitus and kidney grafts.     

Multivariate analysis of factors affecting patient and graft survival after renal transplant

AIM: To evaluate factors affecting patient and kidney survival after renal transplant. PATIENT AND METHODS: Among 361 patients undergoing renal transplant: 52% (n = 189) were simultaneous with pancreas transplant (SPKT group) and 48% (n = 172), a kidney transplant alone (KT group). Out of 361 patients, 75% (n = 270) were diabetics. The patients were 220 (61%) men and 141 (39%) women of mean age 41 +/- 9 years. The mean time of dialysis was 42 +/- 21 months (range 0 to 126), and the mean duration of diabetes 24 +/- 7 years (range 5 to 51). A Cox regression analysis was done. RESULTS: The multivariate analysis revealed that in the final model diabetes and donor age were significant predictors of kidney graft survival; moreover, diabetes and recipient age were predictors of patient survival. Overall patient survival was significantly greater among nondiabetic patients (P = .002) or in diabetic patients who received SPKT, when compared with diabetics in whom only the kidney was transplanted (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes and donor age were independent prognostic factors affecting kidney graft survival after renal transplant, and recipient age and diabetes were prognostic factors affecting patient survival. Combined pancreas and kidney transplantation should be offered to patients with end-stage diabetic nephropathy.     

Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation: five-year results from a single center

We report the 5-year results of our simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPKT) program, started on May 2, 2000. Forty-two SPKT were performed on 42 type I diabetic patients with chronic renal failure. The procedure was performed with enteric diversion and vascular anastomosis to the iliac vessels. Immunosuppressive protocol included antithymocyte globulin, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroids. The 24 women and 18 men had a mean age of 33.5 +/- 6.3 years and mean 22.8 +/- 14.2 years time of diabetes evolution. Forty patients had been on dialysis for 34.3 +/- 24.1 months, and two were preemptive transplantations. Acute rejection episodes were treated in eight patients (19.1%): in three cases they affected both organs; in two only the kidney was affected; and the other three were pancreas graft rejections. The incidence of postoperative complications requiring re-operation was 42.9%, mostly pancreas graft related. Two patients died, one due to cardiovascular disease; the other was transplant related. Three kidney grafts were lost, and the causes were immunologic, thrombosis, and patient death. Pancreas graft loss occurred in seven patients: thrombosis (n = 3); infection (n = 3); immunologic (n = 1). The patients with surviving grafts were doing well, with normal kidney and pancreas function: serum creatinine = 0.89 +/- 0.15 mg/dL; fasting blood glucose = 79 +/- 16 mg/dL; HbA1c = 4.7 +/- 1.1%. The 1-year patient, kidney, and pancreas survival rates were 97.3%, 94.6%, and 83.8% and 5-year values, 91.7%, 89.2%, and 78.7%, respectively. In conclusion, these results are similar to the most recent UNOS/IPTR reports, leading us to consider our experience with SPKT very positive.