土源性线虫病

土源性线虫指不需要中间宿主，其虫卵或幼虫在外界（主要指土壤）发育到感染期后直接感染人的线虫，包括蛔虫、鞭虫、钩虫、蛲虫等。蛲虫卵不需在土壤中发育，但其生活史和蛔虫、鞭虫、钩虫一样是直接型的，传播途径、诊断方法和治疗药物相同或相近，故一般把蛲虫也归为土源性线虫。我国土源性线虫感染率为19．56％，处于较高水平。     

1989和2002年定州市农村人群土源性线虫感染状况比较

目的了解定州市1989和2002年农村人群土源性线虫感染状况变化，为今后寄生虫病的防治提供科学依据。方法于1989和2002年2次按全国寄生虫调查方案对定州市4个村的人群进行土源性线虫感染状况调查。结果1989年发现土源性线虫有蛔虫、蛲虫、鞭虫、钩虫，感染率分别为33．53％、20．29％、0．18％、0．04％；2002年发现土源性线虫有蛔虫、蛲虫2种，感染率分别为1．09％和13．16％。在调查中未发现蛔虫中、重度感染者，感染率大幅度下降，差异有统计学意义（X^2=707．61，P〈0．01）。结论土源性线虫感染和感染度大幅度下降，但儿童蛲虫防治工作仍需加强。     

广西合山市2016年土源性线虫监测结果分析

目的 了解合山市土源性线虫感染情况及分布特点,为防治工作提供依据.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法确定调查点,用Kato-Katz法检查蛔虫、钩虫和鞭虫虫卵.结果 全市调查3个镇5个村共1 072人,查出感染土源性线虫6人,感染率0.56％.其中蛔虫感染5人,感染率0.47％,鞭虫感染1人,感染率0.09％,未发现钩虫感染.6例感染者年龄均在35岁以上;男性2例、女性4例.结论 合山市土源性线虫感染率已下降到较低水平.     

陕西省2006年土源性线虫感染现状分析

目的分析陕西省人群土源性线虫感染的分布现状,为制定防治对策提供依据。方法在陕南、陕北和关中采用分层整群抽样方法,对抽中的村（点）自然人群进行调查,分病种进行病原学检查,并进行统计分析。结果共调查7726人,土源性线虫感染率为18．86％,其中蛔虫、蛲虫、鞭虫、钩虫感染率依次为15．87％、11．46％、0．82％、0．04％;蛔虫感染度构成为轻度感染占97．74％、中度占1．60％、重度占0．66％;鞭虫感染度构成为轻度占88．89％、中度占7．41％、重度占3．70％。结论现陕西省人群土源性线虫感染率与1992年调查结果比较显著下降,感染病例主要分布在农村和中小学校并与文化程度高低关系密切,改善农村居民饮水环境及改变个人生活卫生习惯仍是预防控制人群寄生虫病感染的主要措施。     

湖北省京山县土源性线虫感染现状及防治效果分析

目的了解和分析京山县人体土源性线虫感染现状，评价多年来的防治效果。方法采用改良加藤氏厚片法检查肠道蠕虫卵和对12岁以下儿童进行肛拭法检查蛲虫卵，并对检查结果进行统计分析。结果共调查1531人，感染总人数为452人，总感染率为29．52％。其中蛔虫、鞭虫、钩虫和蛲虫的感染率分别为25．21％、4，18％、2．29％和13．36％。鞭虫感染率女性高于男性，钩虫感染偏高龄，其余没有差异。结论近年来卫生部门采取一系列防治措施。土源性线虫感染率出现大幅度下降。     

绍兴越城区儿童青少年土源性线虫感染状况

土源性线虫指不需要中间宿主,虫卵或幼虫在外界(主要是土壤)发育到感染后期直接感染人的线虫,包括钩虫、蛔虫、鞭虫、蛲虫等,是一种常见的严重危害人体健康的病原体.为了解在校学生土源性线虫感染现状,为制定防治对策提供科学依据,根据《浙江省土源性线虫监测方案》要求,笔者于2009年、2010年对越城区在校学生与在园幼儿进行调查,现将结果分析如下.     

广西人体肠道线虫感染情况调查

１９８７￣１９８９年，采取分层整群随机抽样的方法，对我区２０个县、市１００个点，进行了人体肠道寄生虫分布调查，共粪检５１８８３人，发现线虫７种，其中蛔虫、鞭虫、钩虫（美洲钩虫和二十指肠钩虫）、蛲虫、粪类园线虫、东方毛园线虫的感染率分别为６５．９８％、４７．７１％、３７．８５％、３５．５０％、１．０９％和０．０２％。肠道线虫总感染率为８２．７４％。蛔虫感染者以中轻度为主，鞭虫、钩虫则以轻度感染为主。     

彭山县人体土源性线虫感染情况调查

摘要:目的　了解彭山县土源性线虫感染现状,为防治工作提供科学依据。方法　全县分东南西北中5个片区进行随机抽样,采用改良加藤厚涂片法检查土源性线虫卵。结果　共调查974人,检出3种土源性线虫,总感染率为12.63％;其中蛔虫、钩虫、鞭虫感染率分别为10.57％、1.33％、0.72％。地区分布低山丘陵地区感染率高于平坝地区,总感染率及蛔虫的感染率差异具有统计学意义（χ2总＝21.97,χ2蛔虫＝14.93,P值均小于0.05）。总感染率、蛔虫、钩虫、鞭虫感染率性别差异均无统计学意义（P值均＞0.05）。20岁以下和31～40岁组总感染率最高,分别为15.69％和19.50％,各年龄组总感染率及蛔虫的感染率差异有统计学意义（χ2总＝12.45,χ2蛔虫＝13.39,P值均小于0.05）。结论　与2002年调查相比,彭山县人体土源性线虫感染率呈明显下降趋势,以蛔虫感染为主,低山丘陵地区感染较严重,防治工作任重道远。今后防治工作重点地区为低山丘陵地区。     

重庆市学生土源性线虫感染现状

目的 了解重庆市学生土源性线虫感染现状,为制定科学的防治对策提供依据.方法 在重庆市38个区县,每个区县按东南西北4个方向,随机抽取4个村为调查点,共调查学生13107名.采用统一问卷调查学生基本情况,采用改良加藤厚涂片法查蛔虫、钩虫和鞭虫卵.结果 共查出土源性线虫感染者1338人,总感染率为10.21％;其中蛔虫、钩虫、鞭虫感染率分别为8.03％,2.47％和0.74％.低、中、高经济水平县学生感染率分别为14.68％,6.59％和2.14％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).总感染率、蛔虫、钩虫、鞭虫感染率性别间差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).总感染率以小学最高(10.69％),初中次之(9.44％),总感染率和蛔虫感染率均随学段升高而逐渐降低.结论 重庆市学生土源性线虫感染率地区差异较大,以蛔虫感染为主,经济落后地区的小学生感染严重,应作为防治重点人群.     

广西宜州市农村居民土源性线虫感染现状

目的了解广西宜州市农村居民土源性线虫感染现状,为制定防控策略和措施提供科学依据。方法采用改良加藤厚涂片法（Kato-Katz法）,检查居民粪便中的蛔虫、钩虫和鞭虫感染情况。对3-9岁儿童同时采用透明胶纸肛拭法检查蛲虫卵。用SPSS 16.0软件建立数据库作统计分析。结果宜州市农村居民土源性线虫人群总感染率为6.56%,其中钩虫感染率最高为5.41%,鞭虫感率为0.19%,蛔虫感染率为零,3-9岁儿童蛲虫感染率为6.25%。结论宜州市农村居民土源性线虫成人感染以钩虫为主,儿童感染以蛲虫为主。应采取积极有效的防控措施,降低土源性线虫感染率,保障人民群众的身体健康。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.