葛根素对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后炎症反应的抑制作用

目的： 观察葛根素对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后炎症反应的抑制作用并探讨其作用机制。方法: 采用大鼠大脑中动脉内栓线阻断法（MCAO）复制大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤模型，于缺血开始及再灌注即刻由尾静脉注射葛根素18 mg·kg-1，缺血 2 h 再灌注 24 h 后取缺血侧脑组织，HE染色观察海马存活锥体细胞数，比色法测定脑组织MPO活性观察脑组织中性粒细胞浸润程度，Western blotting及RT-PCR法测定脑组织中ICAM-1 蛋白及mRNA表达情况及NF-κB p65亚基核转位情况。结果: 葛根素组缺血侧脑组织海马存活锥体细胞数明显高于缺血再灌注损伤组（P<0.01）， MPO活性明显低于缺血再灌注损伤组（P<0.01），ICAM-1 蛋白及mRNA表达较缺血再灌注损伤组明显减少（P<0.01），NF-κB p65蛋白亚基核转位明显少于缺血再灌注损伤组（P<0.01）。结论: 葛根素可减轻大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后炎症反应，这可能是其发挥脑保护作用的机制之一。     

胸腺素β4对局灶性大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的研究胸腺素β4对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用,并探讨其作用机制。方法线栓法制作大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型。于缺血再灌注前30min给予胸腺素β4,缺血再灌注24h后进行神经功能评分,测定脑含水量、梗死面积、脑组织匀浆Caspase-3活性。结果胸腺素β4能显著降低神经功能评分,降低脑组织含水量,缩小脑梗死面积,降低缺血脑组织Caspase-3活性。结论胸腺素β4对于大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,其作用机制可能与抑制Caspase-3活性有关。     

川芎嗪对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后大脑皮质Bc1-2表达的影响

目的:研究川芎嗪对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后Bcl-2表达的影响.方法:以线栓法制作大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞的局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,采用免疫印迹、2, 3, 5-氯化三苯四氮唑(TTC)、 H-E染色和神经行为相结合的方法,观测缺血再灌注侧大脑皮质内Bcl-2的表达、脑梗塞体积、脑组织结构及神经功能的变化.结果:与缺血再灌注组(I 2h/R24h)比较,川芎嗪组的Bcl-2表达明显增高,脑梗塞体明显缩小,脑组织的病理损伤和神经异常行为明显减轻.结论:川芎嗪可通过上调Bcl-2的表达,缩小脑梗塞的体积和减轻脑缺血区组织结构的损伤以及明显改善神经症状,对脑缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用.     

精胺对急性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠的保护作用

目的: 观察外源性精胺对急性脑缺血-再灌注损伤大鼠的作用,并初步探讨其可能机制。方法: 采用线栓法复制大鼠大脑中动脉缺血(2 h)-再灌注(2 h)模型。SD大鼠随机分为5组:假手术组、模型组和低、中、高剂量精胺组。检测指标有神经病学评分、脑梗死面积、皮层脑组织HE染色、电镜超微结构观察、超氧化物歧化酶活性(SOD)及丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果: 与模型组相比,不同浓度精胺均能降低大鼠急性脑缺血-再灌注后神经功能学评分、梗死面积、缺血脑组织MDA含量,减轻脑组织形态学和超微结构损伤,增加缺血区SOD活性。结论: 外源性精胺对大鼠局灶性急性脑缺血-再灌注损伤有保护作用,其机制可能与清除氧自由基有关。     

L-精氨酸对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注早期炎症损伤研究

目的 探讨一氧化氮（NO）前体L-精氨酸（L-Arg）对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注早期炎症损伤的影响.方法 建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,设立假手术组、缺血组（ischemia/reperfusion,IS组）,L-Arg治疗组（n=10）.L-Arg治疗组于缺血2h再灌注即刻给予L-Arg,缺血组给予生理盐水.将大鼠于缺血再灌注6h后断头取脑,检测脑组织中肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）和白细胞介素10（IL-10）的活性,测定脑组织含水量和脑梗死体积.结果 局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠给予L-Arg治疗组TNF-α和IL-6的表达下降,IL-10升高,脑组织含水量及脑梗死面积减少.结论 L-精氨酸可以通过抑制脑组织炎性因子TNF-α和IL-6的表达,上调IL-10的含量来发挥抗炎作用,从而对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤早期产生一定程度的保护作用.     

缺血预处置对大鼠肢体缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的和方法在大鼠肢体缺血再灌注（ＩＲ）损伤模型上观察了缺血预处置（ｐｒｅｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇ，ＰＣ）的影响。结果：发现ＰＣ可以明显减轻ＩＲ引起的血压降低，血浆乳酸脱氢酶、组织蛋白酶Ｄ活性及脂质过氧化产物丙二醛含量的升高；并抑制骨骼肌组织水肿及骨骼肌细胞线粒体钙超载的发生。同时还观察到，ＰＣ对ＩＲ时肢体微血管通透性升高、中性粒细胞浸润及血浆内皮素水平增高均有抑制作用。结论：ＰＣ对大鼠ＩＲ肢体有保护作用，其保护机理之一与其对血管床的保护作用有关。     

大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤时中性粒细胞趋化因子的基因表达

目的：探讨中性粒细胞趋化因子（CINC）在脑缺血-再灌注损伤病理生理过程中的重要作用。方法：线栓法制备大鼠短暂性大脑中动脉栓塞（MCAO）模型，RT-PCR检测缺血再灌区脑组织CINC mRNA的表达，并同时测定髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活性。结果：缺血90 min再灌注6 h至24 h，缺血区脑组织CINC mRNA表达相较假手术组明显上调（分别为P<0.05、P<0.01），并呈时相变化，12 h达高峰。MPO活性在再灌注6 h时无明显变化，12 h-24 h呈明显的上升趋势（P<0.01）。结论：短暂性脑缺血时CINC mRNA表达上调，其时程早于中性粒细胞的浸润。提示CINC在脑缺血-再灌注损伤的炎症机制中发挥重要作用。     

TNF-α参与消炎痛诱导大鼠胃粘膜损伤机制的探讨

目的：探讨消炎痛诱导大鼠胃粘膜损伤与血浆TNF－α活性的关系。方法与结果：随着消炎痛灌胃剂量的加大,胃粘膜损伤程度、中性粒细胞浸润程度、脂质过氧化程度加重,血浆TNF-α活性升高。预先给予对TNF－α单克隆抗体在抑制20mg/kg消炎痛诱导的血浆TNF－α活性升高,同时胃粘膜损伤程度及中性粒细胞浸润程度下降,但粘膜脂质过氧化改变不明显。结论：在消炎痛损伤胃粘膜过程中血浆TNF－α活性升高,INF－α可能与中性粒细胞的激活、促进其浸润至冒粘膜组织有关。拮抗TNF－α可减轻由消炎痛诱导的实验性胃粘膜损伤。     

远隔缺血后处理对脑缺血模型大鼠再灌注损伤炎性反应相关信号的影响

背景：虽然目前已有一些研究表明远隔缺血后处理可以发挥神经保护作用,但是具体的机制尚不明了。 目的：探讨远隔缺血后处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。 方法：应用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,并进行远隔缺血后处理,同时设假手术组和缺血再灌注组作对照。于缺血再灌注24 h后进行神经功能评分,检测梗死体积及脑含水量;RT-PCR检测缺血周围区脑组织内白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α和单核细胞趋化蛋白1 mRNA表达情况;Western blot检测Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达情况。 结果与结论：与缺血再灌注组相比,远隔缺血后处理组神经功能评分有所降低,但差异无显著性意义,梗死范围和脑组织含水量显著降低(P < 0.05)。远隔缺血后处理组与缺血再灌注组相比,大鼠缺血周围区脑组织白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α、单核细胞趋化蛋白1 mRNA和Bax蛋白表达降低(P < 0.05),Bcl-2蛋白表达升高(P < 0.05)。结果证实,远隔缺血后处理可以减轻大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注产生的损伤,其机制可能与减轻炎性反应有关。  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程     

NFκB在大鼠局灶性脑缺血预处理抗细胞凋亡中作用的研究

目的：研究NFκB在大鼠局灶性脑缺血预处理抗细胞凋亡中作用。方法： 采用开颅方法阻断大鼠大脑中动脉（MCAO），通过脑梗塞体积分析及病理形态学变化，观察脑缺血预处理的保护作用。采用TUNEL的方法检测神经细胞的凋亡程度。免疫组化染色和细胞化学方法检测脑组织核转录因子NFκB p65蛋白的表达和超氧歧化酶 (SOD)活性、丙二醛（MDA）水平的变化。结果： 预处理未引起脑组织神经元的病理性损伤，相对于未经预处理的缺血组，经预处理的脑缺血组脑组织梗塞体积显著减小，半影区凋亡细胞数明显减少，且细胞核NFκB p65蛋白表达显著增加，脑组织SOD的活性亦明显增大，MDA值明显减小(均P<0.01)。结论： 缺血预处理能够减轻再次的缺血性损伤所诱导的神经细胞凋亡。NF-κB可能是缺血预处理保护中抗凋亡信号调节的关键步骤之一。     

亚低温对构建脑梗死模型大鼠梗死区神经再生微环境的影响

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have demonstrated that mild hypothermia has a better protective effect on neurons after cerebral infarction. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of mild hypothermia on nerve regeneration microenvironment of infarcted area in rat models of cerebral infarction and analyze its possible effects on neural functional recovery after cerebral infarction. METHODS:Twenty out of 65 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly selected as the sham group. The remaining 45 rats were subjected to carotid artery ligation to establish rat models of cerebral infarction. Five rats were rejected because of modeling failure or death, the remaining 40 rats were randomly and evenly divided into cerebral infarction and mild hypothermia groups. The head temperature of rats in the cerebral infarction group was downregulated to (37±1) ℃ using a semiconductor refrigeration instrument. The rats were transferred to the room with the temperature of 25 ℃ after the operation. Brain hypothermia was also induced in rats from the mild hypothermia group. At 13.0-14.0 minutes after establishing rat models of cerebral ischemia, the head on the side of cerebral ischemia was tightly connected with the probe of the semiconductor refrigeration instrument. The refrigerator temperature was adjusted to 6-8 ℃, so as to make the temperature of brain tissue on the lesion side at 32.0-33.0 ℃ for 4 hours. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the cerebral infarction group, the BBB scores of rats in the mild hypothermia group were distinctly increased, and the volume of infarcted area decreased. At 1 day after modeling, the expression level of growth associated protein 43 mRNA in brain tissue of rats in the mild hypothermia group was close to that in the cerebral infarction group. At 2 weeks after modeling, the expression level of growth associated protein 43 mRNA in brain tissue of rats in the mild hypothermia group was significantly increased compared with that in the cerebral infarction group. These results suggest that mild hypothermia therapy can protect nerve cells against injury caused by cerebral infarction and promote the recovery of neurological function. Its underlying mechanism may be related to the up-regulation of the expression of growth associated protein 43 in ischemic penumbra.     

Comparative effects of plant oils and trans-fat on blood lipid profiles and ischemic stroke in rats

Since plant oils are believed to be better than animal fats for cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases, the effects of various plant oils and trans-fat on blood lipid profiles and ischemic stroke were investigated. SpragueDawley rats were fed a diet containing the oils or trans-fat, and then body weights, blood lipids, and effects on brain infarction and physical dysfunction induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were analyzed. All the oils and trans-fat, except perilla oil, significantly increased body fats and body weight gain. Sesame oil and trans-fat specifically increased blood cholesterols and triglycerides, respectively, while perilla oil decreased both cholesterols and triglycerides. Perilla oil not only attenuated cerebral infarction, but also restored locomotor activity and rota-rod performances of MCAO rats. It is suggested that perilla oil among oils and fats could be the first choice to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome and ischemic stroke.     

Differential production of MCP-1 and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant in the ischemic brain after transient focal ischemia in rats.

Chemokines have been shown to play an important role in leukocyte infiltration into ischemic lesions. Recently, the increased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) was observed in experimental stroke models where infiltrated leukocytes were supposed to induce tissue injury, however, the protein level and time course of these chemokines have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we analyzed the time-dependent production of MCP-1 and CINC in the rat brain after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) by means of specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay systems. The MCP-1 levels in the ipsilateral hemispheres increased from 6 h, peaked at 2 days, and thereafter gradually decreased. The peak MCP-1 concentration was 89.2+/-28.2 ng/g tissue wet weight (mean +/- SEM, n = 5, 49.3-fold greater than the contralateral value at the same time, P < 0.05), which is supposed to be high enough to exert its biological effects. In contrast, the maximum CINC concentration that corresponded to 2.9+/-0.7 ng/g tissue wet weight (mean +/- SEM, n = 5, 55.0-fold greater than the contralateral value at the same time, P < 0.05), was observed at 6 h. In addition, we confirmed the temporal profile of leukocyte subtypes that infiltrated into the ischemic brain, thus, neutrophil infiltration occurred at early stages (1-3 days), followed by massive infiltration of macrophages at later stages (2-7 days). These studies suggest that MCP-1 in cerebral ischemia actually plays a significant role in the migration of macrophages into the lesion and that the differential temporal production of these chemokines contributes to the regulation of infiltrated leukocyte subtypes.     

川芎嗪对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后GFAP表达和脑组织水肿的影响

探讨川芎嗪对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后星形胶质细胞表达胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)以及对脑组织含水量的影响。将70只SD大鼠随机分为3组:脑缺血后1、3、5、7、10d模型组(n=30,每个时间点用6只)、川芎嗪预处理组(n=30,每个时间点用6只)和假手术组(n=10,每个时间点用2只)。采用线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型(MCAO),应用免疫组化法观察星形胶质细胞GFAP的表达,干湿重法测定脑组织的含水量。结果显示:川芎嗪预处理组大鼠各时间点海马CA1区的GFAP阳性细胞数量显著增多,与缺血模型组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。缺血再灌注后脑组织含水量持续性增加,到3d达到最高峰,5d时仍较高,以后逐渐降低;川芎嗪组各时间点的脑组织含水量均低于缺血模型组(P<0.05)。上述研究结果提示川芎嗪可引起星形胶质细胞活化、保护神经元、减轻脑水肿,具有防治脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用。     

依达拉奉对脑缺血大鼠内源性神经干细胞的影响

背景：依达拉奉 (MCI-186)是一种新型自由基清除剂,已证实其能减轻急性脑梗死后的脑组织水肿、具有神经保护作用。 目的：探讨自由基清除剂MCI-186对大鼠缺血脑组织内源性神经干细胞的作用。 方法：Longa法构建SD大鼠大脑中动脉缺血2 h再灌注模型,分两组在动脉阻塞后立即开始予MCI-186或磷酸盐缓冲液治疗,在术后1,3 d和7 d,动态测定缺血周边脑组织丙二醛的含量以及脑源性神经生长因子蛋白和mRNA的表达,以及缺血脑区域Nestin阳性细胞Caspase-3阳性细胞表达,同时进行神经功能测定。 结果与结论：与假手术组相比,磷酸盐缓冲液组脑组织丙二醛水平明显升高,MCI-186治疗后明显降低(P均< 0.01);磷酸盐缓冲液组缺血后1 d,MCI-186组缺血后1,3 d脑源性神经生长因子 mRNA和蛋白的表达明显升高(P < 0.01)。缺血后 3 d和7 d MCI-186组Nestin阳性细胞明显高于磷酸盐缓冲液组(P < 0.05),Caspase-3阳性细胞显著低于磷酸盐缓冲液组 (P < 0.05)。缺血后7 d MCI-186组神经功能明显优于磷酸盐缓冲液组。结果提示,MCI-186能抑制脂质过氧化,增加缺血脑组织的脑源性神经生长因子分泌,保护神经干细胞,减少细胞凋亡。     

脑淋巴引流障碍加重大脑中动脉阻塞大鼠缺血性脑水肿

目的：探讨脑淋巴引流阻滞对脑缺血性的影响。方法：将76只Wistar大鼠随机分为大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)组和。MCAO加脑淋巴引流阻断组(MCAO CLO)组，在术后24、48、72h分别检测缺血区脑组织水、电解质含量。结果在手术后各时间点，MCAO大鼠缺血区脑组织的含水率、Na^ 含量、Ca^2 含量均显著增加，而K^ 显著下降。MCAO CLO组大鼠的上述指标变化更为显著。结论：脑淋巴引流障碍能明显加重MCAO后缺血性脑水肿。     

缺血后适应减轻树鼩缺血性脑水肿及脑梗死的机制

目的 观察缺血后适应对树鼩血栓性脑缺血时大脑皮层脑水含量、局部脑血流、梗塞面积及神经元超微结构的影响,探讨其对树鼩脑缺血时神经保护的可能机制。 方法 将88只健康成年树鼩随机分为对照组、脑缺血4 h组、脑缺血24 h组、后适应4 h组及后适应24 h组（每组n=8）,另取8只动物做HE染色（n=3）及电子显微镜观察（n=5）。本实验采用光化学反应诱导树鼩血栓性脑缺血而建立脑缺血动物模型,在脑缺血模型建成后4 h夹闭缺血侧颈总动脉5 min,再灌注5 min,如此交替进行3个循环以建立缺血后适应模型。测定大脑皮层局部脑血流,脑组织含水量,脑梗死范围,并观察皮层及海马CA1区神经元超微结构改变。 结果 脑缺血时神经元固缩,线粒体肿胀,嵴溶解或形成空泡,内质网肿胀,内质网池形成。缺血后适应能使海马CA1区神经元固缩减少,线粒体和内质网的病理改变减轻,细胞水肿改善。随着缺血时间的延长,缺血24h组脑水含量明显增加86.81%±1.08%,此时脑梗塞面积明显扩大33.00%±3.03%,局部脑血流明显降低（134.27±28.75）ml/min。缺血后适应24h组脑组织含水量明显减少（81.04%±1.04%,P＜0.01）;脑梗塞面积缩小（16.79%±1.29%,P＜0.01）;而局部脑血流明显增加［（195.25±21.18）ml/min,P＜0.01］。 结论 缺血后适应可缓解树鼩缺血性脑水肿并缩小梗死范围,其机制可能与改善局部脑血流有关。     

缺血后适应促进树鼩血栓性脑缺血时紧密连接occludin/ZO-1蛋白表达及抑制脑水肿的机制

 目的: 研究脑缺血及缺血后适应(postconditioning,PC)条件下,树鼩脑缺血时局部脑血流(regional cerebral blood flow,rCBF)、脑水肿及紧密连接(tight junction,TJ)的occludin和zonula occludins(ZO)-1蛋白表达的改变;探讨TJ表达对脑水肿及脑梗死的影响及其可能机制。方法: 将72只健康成年树鼩随机分为对照组、脑缺血组和脑缺血+PC组,其余3只动物用于磁共振成像(MRI)观察。通过光化学反应诱导树鼩局部血栓形成;缺血PC组于缺血后4 h夹闭患侧颈总动脉3次(每次5 min)实施PC处理。用电镜观察神经超微结构,用TUNEL法检测海马神经元的凋亡数量,用激光多普勒血流监测仪检测缺血区的rCBF,用免疫组化及Western blot法观察缺血海马occludin/ZO-1蛋白的表达,MRI技术监测脑梗死体积,组织干湿法检测脑含水量的改变。结果: 树鼩脑缺血后海马CA1区的正常神经元明显减少以及神经元超微结构明显异常。脑缺血组TUNEL阳性细胞数明显增加(P<0.01),rCBF明显降低,occludin/ZO-1表达减弱(P<0.01),脑含水量和脑梗死体积明显增加(P<0.01)。经PC处理的动物,缺血区rCBF增加,TJ表达增强,脑含水量降低,且TUNEL阳性细胞数和脑梗死体积明显减小(P<0.01)。结论: 缺血PC可增加树鼩缺血区rCBF但不增加局部含水量;提示缺血PC缩小脑梗死体积可能与occludin/ZO-1表达增强而抑制脑水肿有关。     

Neutrophil as a mediator of ischemic edema formation in the brain

We investigated the contribution of neutrophils to brain edema formation using a transient focal ischemia model in rats. Rats were given anti-neutrophil monoclonal antibody (RP3) intraperitoneally to deplete circulating neutrophils. In RP3-treated rats, ischemic brain edema formation 1 day after reperfusion was significantly decreased compared to that of saline-treated control rats. We speculate that chemical mediators released by infiltrating neutrophils alter vascular permeability and play an important role in post-ischemic brain edema formation.