Evaluation of a Multicomponent Workplace Health Promotion Program Conducted in Japan for Improving Employees' Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors

BACKGROUND: The long-term effectiveness of multicomponent worksite health promotion programs targeting cardiovascular disease risk factors remains unclear in Japan. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of such a health promotion program consisting of a main program provided over 4 days and a follow-up program provided over 1 year. METHODS: The subjects of this randomized controlled trial were male employees working for a building maintenance company in Japan. The intervention group (n = 152) and the control group (n = 150) consisted of employees having abnormal findings in at least one of the following items at baseline health examination: body mass index (BMI), systolic (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting blood glucose. Evaluation was conducted at 18 months after the main program. RESULTS: BMI, SBP, total cholesterol, and triglycerides improved significantly in the intervention group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). When comparisons were limited to those who showed abnormality at baseline, BMI, total cholesterol, and triglycerides improved significantly in the intervention group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The multicomponent health promotion program provided to employees was shown to be effective in improving obesity, high blood pressure, and hyperlipidemia when evaluated 18 months after the main intervention program.     

北京市昌平区食品与公共场所从业人员吸烟及对吸烟危害认知情况

目的了解北京市昌平区食品与公共场所从业入员吸烟和被动吸烟现状以及对控烟和禁烟的态度。方法制定统一调查表,随机抽取2009年到昌平区疾病预防控制中心进行健康检查的食品与公共场所从业人员,采取一对一问卷调查。结果共调查1450人,食品与公共场所从业人员现在吸烟率为28.00%（男性24.21%,女性3.79%）,戒烟率为10.20%。在过去的7个工作日,26.00%的食品与公共场所从业人员曾被动吸烟,其中5.10%的从业人员则是天天被动吸烟;对单位的禁烟支持率达到97.66%;食品与公共场所从业人员对控烟和戒烟知识的了解情况女性高于男性。结论昌平区食品与公共场所从业人员吸烟及被动吸烟率偏高,需进一步加强对该人群＂吸烟有害健康＂的宣教工作,以降低昌平区公共场所的吸烟率。     

成都市某区青年警察吸烟现状及健康教育调查

目的了解成都市某区青年警察的吸烟现状及健康教育方式,为决策部门制定相关控烟政策提供依据。方法2013-03-16/05-07,调查对象为成都市某区178位青年警察,调查内容主要包括调查对象的人口学特征、对吸烟危害的知晓情况、家庭、单位控烟状况等。运用χ2检验和秩和检验等方法进行统计分析。所有数据采用SPSS 13.0软件处理。结果吸烟人数113人,吸烟率为63.48%。吸烟和不吸烟人群在年龄（χ2=3.50,P〉0.05）、文化程度（χ2=4.74,P〉0.05）、婚姻状况（χ2=3.60,P〉0.05）等方面差异均无统计学意义。吸烟与不吸烟人群相比,关于用过滤嘴抽烟能否降低危害（z=-2.39,P〉0.05）、被动吸烟对健康有无危害（z=-8.68,P〈0.01）、世界卫生组织提倡的健康生活方式（z=-5.75,P〈0.01）回答正确率差异有统计学意义。吸烟和不吸烟人群家庭控烟（χ2=0.79,P〉0.05）、单位控烟（χ2=0.36,P〉0.05）差异均无统计学意义。结论成都市某区青年警察对吸烟危害的认识不足,建议从宏观和微观两个层面,对其开展烟草健康危害教育。     

Workplace Lactation Support: A Cross-Sectional Study in a University Hospital and a Perinatal Network

Return to work negatively affects the initiation and duration of breastfeeding. Our study’s objective was to assess the percentage of departments in Auvergne with an appropriate space for pumping milk at work. Our cross-sectional survey investigated the arrangements for facilitating the continuation of breastfeeding on return to work at all departments at the Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital Center and perinatal (obstetric and pediatric) departments in this region. Our principal endpoint was the percentage of departments reporting that they had a lactation room—a room where nursing mothers can express milk—and whether it met the criteria defined by the French Labor Code. Among 98 respondents, 44 departments (44.9%) did not offer lactation rooms; of the remaining 54 departments, only 11 rooms met the legal requirements. All perinatal departments offered lactation rooms. The availability of a lactation room was associated with other breastfeeding support, such as a break period for expressing milk (p < 0.0001) and the availability of a refrigerator to store it (p = 0.01). Almost half the responding departments did not offer a lactation room where mothers could breastfeed or pump their milk. Measures must be envisioned to facilitate the pumping of breast milk by French women returning to work.     

Healthy and Unhealthy Food Consumption in Relation to Quality of Life among Finnish Female Municipal Employees: A Cross-Sectional Study

Aspects of good quality of life (QoL) have been found to motivate people to make lifestyle changes. There is also evidence that certain dietary patterns are associated with QoL. The aim of this work was to examine whether consumption frequencies of healthy and unhealthy food items are associated with QoL in female employees. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 631 Finnish female employees (mean age 49 years, SD = 10) from 10 municipal work units in 2015. Information about the participants was collected by physical examination, laboratory tests, self-administered questionnaires, including the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), and from medical history. QoL was assessed with the EUROHIS-Quality of Life 8-item index. A significant positive association was seen between consumption frequency of healthy foods and the EUROHIS-QOL mean score (p = 0.002). The association was small but comprehensive, also involving most dimensions of QoL. The consumption frequency of unhealthy foods was not associated with QoL. These findings are relevant when designing diet counselling, since QoL is an outcome that has been found to motivate people to change their health habits. Recommending abundant use of healthy foods could be a simple and convenient way of diet counselling at many health care appointments, where time consuming approaches are difficult to conduct.     

Effectiveness of a Lifestyle Intervention Program Among Persons at High Risk for Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes in a Rural Community

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of translating the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) lifestyle intervention into practice in a rural community. Methods: In 2008, the Montana Diabetes Control Program worked collaboratively with Holy Rosary Healthcare to implement an adapted group-based DPP lifestyle intervention. Adults at high risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease were recruited and enrolled (N = 101). Participants set targets to reduce fat intake and increase physical activity (≥150 mins/week) in order to achieve a 7% weight loss goal. Findings: Eighty-three percent (n = 84) of participants completed the 16-session core program and 65 (64%) participated in 1 or more after-core sessions. Of those completing the core program, the mean participation was 14.4 ± 1.6 and 3.9 ± 1.6 sessions during the core and after core, respectively. Sixty-five percent of participants met the 150-min-per-week physical activity goal during the core program. Sixty-two percent achieved the 7% weight loss goal and 78% achieved at least a 5% weight loss during the core program. The average weight loss per participant was 7.5 kg (range, 0 to 19.7 kg), which was 7.5% of initial body weight. At the last recorded weight in the after core, 52% of participants had met the 7% weight loss goal and 66% had achieved at least a 5% weight loss. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that it is feasible to implement a group-based DPP in a rural community and achieve weight loss and physical goals that are comparable to those achieved in the DPP.     

A Study of Smoking Disparity and Factors Associated With Children Smoking Behavior in the Mountain and City Schools in Taiwan

BACKGROUND:  While higher smoking prevalences have been better described for adults and adolescents in the mountainous areas than in the plain area in Taiwan, no studies have previously examined whether this disparity begins with children in elementary schools. The purpose of this study was thus designed to explore clustering in smoking behavior among elementary school children attending mountain schools compared to those attending city schools.
METHODS:  This study analyzed data obtained by a survey on smoking behavior collected during the School Smoking Survey Project performed in 13 elementary schools of Taoyuan County, Taiwan. Overall, 1585 third and fourth graders (mean age 8.9 years) participated in the study. A multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the effects of school location on individual smoking behavior among elementary school children while controlling for individual-level characteristics.
RESULTS:  Overall, 34.9% of the elementary school students in the mountain schools reported having tried cigarette smoking compared to only 9.6% of students from city schools. Students attending mountain schools had a greater likelihood of reporting smoking than students attending city schools after controlling for individual-level characteristics (OR = 2.57, 95% CI = 1.10-5.99).
CONCLUSIONS:  A significant individual clustering in smoking behavior was found among third- and fourth-grade children attending mountain schools. The new findings suggest that the adult geographic smoking disparity begins in elementary school. Interventions aimed at reducing smoking disparity in adults need to target elementary schools in high-risk locations.     

我国地(市)、县级疾病预防控制机构艾滋病防制工作人力配置需求研究

目的明确我国地(市)、县级疾病预防控制机构艾滋病防制工作人力配置需求,为实施艾滋病防制项目管理提供人力配置参考。方法依据卫生部疾病控制司组织编写的2005年版艾滋病防制工作规范,选择艾滋病不同地区不同级别的11个疾病预防控制机构进行规范模拟运作,记录人时消耗,运用“标杆管理”思想来测算人力需求。结果全国地(市)、级疾病预防控制机构艾滋病防制工作人力配置需要1028人,目前缺口为29.3%,平均每市级机构需配置3.2人;县级机构需要4072人,目前缺口为18.6%,平均每县级机构需配置1.5人。     

Children's smoking habits in an agricultural community in Japan and the importance of a no smoking program integrating family, school and community health

The object of this study is to establish a model of integration of the health promotion projects which have been planned separately by schools and communities so far in an agricultural area in Japan, to solve the problem of children's smoking. The subjects of the study were 10–15 y old schoolchildren and their parents. The questionnaires were completed by the children themselves at school and also by their parents at home, in July 1995. One fourth of the junior high school boys had ever tried smoking, while most of their parents did not notice that their children were smoking. More than half of the children who had ever tried smoking mainly acquired tobacco from their homes. One tenth of them were prompted to smoke by their fathers or other relatives. To develop a health promotion project for children which includes prevention of smoking, the provision of a health education program and an environment which encourages health are important for children. The project should also be community-based because participation of local inhabitants in the project gives it additional impetus. In order to promote the comprehensive health of children, we emphasize the importance of setting up a healthy district plan based on the health policy of the general community.     

我国地(市)、县级疾病预防控制机构艾滋病防制任务及其工作内容研究

目的研制我国地(市)、县级疾病预防控制机构艾滋病防制任务及其工作内容,为实施艾滋病防制项目管理、人力、财力和物力的项目零基预算界定了工作范围。方法在系统文献查阅的基础上,运用头脑风暴法和焦点小组访谈相结合的方法,对102位专家进行了14轮540人次的咨询与论证,并经过全国180个被调查样本机构和11个模拟运作机构的意向调查加以完善。结果我国地(市)、县级疾病预防控制机构必须开展包括基线调查和制订防制规划、健康教育、艾滋病防制的行为干预、检测实验室网络建设及管理、综合监测、艾滋病自愿咨询检测等在内的11项防制任务及其工作内容,该11项任务及其工作内容得到了全国180个样本机构的高度一致认可(总体认可程度达到了99.0%)。     

Smoking practices in New York City: The use of a population-based survey to guide policy-making and programming

To inform New York City’s (NYC’s) tobacco control program, we identified the neighborhoods with the highest smoking rates, estimated the burden of second-band smoke exposure, assessed the early response to state taxation, and examined cessation practices. We used a stratified random design to conduct a digit-dialed telephone survey in 2002 among 9,674 New York City adults. Our main outcome measures included prevalence of cigarette smoking, exposure to second-hand smoke, the response of smokers to state tax increases, and cessation practices. Even after controlling for sociodemographic factors (age, racelethnicity, income, education, marital status, employment status, and foreign-born status) smoking rates were highest in Central Harlem and in the South Bronx. Sixteen percent of nonsmokers reported frequent exposure to second-hand smoke at home or in a workplace. Among smokers with a child with asthma, only 33% reported having a no-smoking policy in their homes. More than one fifth of smokers reported reducing the number of cigarettes they smoked in response to the state tax increase. Of current smokers who tried to quit, 65% used no cessation aid. These data were used to inform New York City’s smoke-free legislation, taxation, public education, and a free nicotine patch give-away program. In conclusion, large, local surveys can provide essential data to effectively advocate for, plan, implement, and evaluate a comprehensive tobacco control program. Dr. Mostashari (the guarantor) made substantial contributions to the conception, design, and supervision of this paper, the analysis and interpretation of data, the drafting of the paper, critical revisions of the paper for important intellectual content, and the acquisition of data and funding for this research. Dr. Kerker made substantial contributions to the analysis and interpretation of data, the drafting of the paper and critical revisions of the paper for important intellectual content. Ms. Hajat made substantial contributions to the acquisition of data and critical revisions of the paper for important intellectual content. Dr. Miller made substantial contributions to the conception of this paper and critical revisions of the paper for important intellectual content. Dr. Frieden made substantial contributions to the conception, design, and supervision of this paper and critical revisions of the paper for important intellectual content.     

Age of Initiation, Smoking Patterns, and Risk in a Population of Working Adults

Background. Early age of initiation is a significant risk factor for long-term dependent smoking and may also relate to other unhealthy behaviors and increased likelihood of illness, independent of duration of smoking.Methods. The current study assessed age of initiation in relation to cigarette dependence, interest in quit ting, social environment pertaining to smoking, behavioral risk factors, and current health problems. Subjects were 2120 current daily smokers in 24 worksites in the Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota, metropolitan area.Results. Findings were surprisingly consistent with early age of initiation predicting more dependent smoking, less interest and confidence in ability to quit, poorer diet, less use of seat belts, more illness and hospitalization, and greater likelihood of smoking among partner/spouse, friends, and co-workers.Conclusions. The overall strength of the findings was unexpected. Early initiation of regular smoking predicted a significant constellation of risk factors throughout adulthood. Interventions that significantly delay smoking onset, even in the absence of permanent prevention, could have important public health implications.     

某大学本科生吸烟情况及影响因素分析

目的 调查某大学本科生吸烟情况,分析影响因素,为进一步控制吸烟率和开展禁烟宣传提供科学依据.方法 2019年10月—11月应用自行设计调查问卷,采用分层整群抽样的方法 进行现场调查,获得某大学不同年级不同专业1000名学生问卷,用单因素 χ2检验和多因素logistic回归分析对影响因素进行分析.结果 本研究共调查了1...     

Adoption of preventive measures during and after the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus pandemic peak in Spain

Objective

This study describes the preventive measures adopted by the Spanish population towards 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus and their associated factors.

Method

An anonymous computer-assisted telephone interview survey was conducted in Spain in December 2009 and February 2010. Respondents were asked about their perceptions of influenza A (H1N1) virus and the preventive measures adopted. Factors associated with the adoption of preventive measures were assessed by logistic regression analyses.

Results

Out of 4892 households approached, 1627 valid responses were obtained (response rate of 33.3%). The most commonly adopted preventive measures were respiratory hygiene and hand washing. Factors independently associated with the adoption of the preventive measures recommended by the Spanish Ministry of Health were female gender, higher educational level, size of municipality of residence > 50,000 inhabitants, high perceived susceptibility to infection, high perceived effectiveness of the measures and high perceived usefulness of the information provided by the government. The presence of school-aged children in household was associated with purchasing masks and hand sanitizer.

Conclusion

In addition to demographic factors, modifiable factors such as personal beliefs and expectations play a role in the adoption of preventive measures.     

Smoking and Cancer Screening for Women Ages 42–75: Associations in the 1990–1994 National Health Interview Surveys

Background. Previous studies have found an association between current smoking and lower rates of mammography and Pap testing. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of smoking status with breast and cervical cancer screening across the 1990–1994 National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS). The NHIS provides a consistent set of independent and dependent variables across several surveys, with data collected by a similar in-person interview methodology from year to year. This report employs more databases than have been used in other analyses that have examined associations between smoking and cancer screening.Methods. Data were from the health promotion and cancer control supplements to the 1990–1994 NHIS. The target population was women ages 42–75. Associations were examined between smoking status (never, former, <1 pack/day, ≥1 pack/day) and three screening indicators: ever had a mammogram, mammogram in the past 2 years, and Pap test in the past 3 years. Sample sizes ranged from about 3000 to over 10,800 depending on the respective NHIS survey and dependent variable. Data analyses were conducted by bivariate and multiple logistic regression.Results. Women who smoked ≥1 pack of cigarettes per day were significantly less likely to have had mammography screening in all NHIS surveys, compared to women who never smoked. Adjusted odds ratios were 0.63 to 0.74 for ever had a mammogram, and 0.56 to 0.66 for mammography in the past 2 years. Women who smoked ≥1 pack per day also had lower Pap test rates than women who never smoked in 1992–1994 (adjusted odds ratios of 0.51–0.71). Results for lighter smokers were not as consistent. Former smokers often had significantly higher screening rates than never smokers.Conclusions. Research still needs to identify reasons for lower screening among women who smoke. Factors to explore include the social networks of smokers and broader health behavior patterns. Clinicians should consider heavier smoking as a marker for risk of not obtaining screening and make assessment of screening status a priority at each visit.     

疾病预防控制机构参与基本公共卫生服务模式研究

目的研究疾病预防控制机构参与基本公共卫生服务的模式。方法采用现况调查的研究方法,包括定性研究和定量研究。定性研究采用深入访谈,定量研究采用填写调查表的方式进行。结果共调查河南省4个城市的97个基层医疗卫生机构和11个疾病预防控制中心,深入访谈54人。2009年,16.49%和20.62%的基层医疗卫生机构未接受过疾控机构的指导或培训。城乡基层公共卫生医师不足,分别占机构人数的3.66%和6.12%。疾病预防控制机构人员具有业务指导能力,但是没有专项经费。结论应建立起符合自己省情的疾病预防控制机构参与基本公共卫生服务的模式,包括成立"公共卫生服务均等化实施办公室",明确资金来源,建立培训、考核制度,并做到信息互通,资源共享。