无症状低血糖和行急诊冠脉介入的ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者围手术期室性心律失常相关性研究

【】目的：评价对于行急诊冠脉介入治疗的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者无症状低血糖和室性心律失常的关系。方法：所有患者使用动态血糖监测系统(continuous glucose monitoring system ,CGMS)及动态心电监测(Holter)系统,进行动态血糖及心电的同步监测,观察无症状低血糖和室性心律失常的关系。结果：根据入选标准和排除标准,入选了237例行急诊冠脉介入治疗的STEMI患者,CGMS共记录了477次无症状低血糖(血糖<3.9mmol/l)发作,糖尿病组患者平均血糖(10.6±2.3mmol/l vs. 6.7±1.1 mmol/l)、血糖最高值(15.9±3.5mmol/l vs.10.9±3.1 mmol/l)、MAGE(3.9±1.1mmol/l vs.2.8±1.6 mmol/l)、SDBG(2.5±1.3mmol/l vs. 1.3±0.7 mmol/l)、平均低血糖发作次数(2.7±3.2mmol/l vs. 1.7±1.8mmol/l)均高于非糖尿病组患者(P<0.05)。此外,无论是糖尿病还是非糖尿病患者,低血糖发作均好发于夜间。与非低血糖组患者相比,无症状低血糖组患者室性早搏、室早二联律及非持续性室速发生次数更多(P<0.05)。结论：行急诊冠脉介入治疗的STEMI患者,无症状低血糖发作是普遍存在的,且好发于夜间。无症状性低血糖和室性心律失常相关。     

老年2型糖尿病患者动态血糖监测分析

目的 探讨老年2型糖尿病患者的动态血糖波动特点.方法 对老年2型糖尿病患者(老年组)92例和中青年2型糖尿病患者(中青年组)58例进行动态血糖监测,对比分析两组患者血糖谱特征及老年不同糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平糖尿病患者的血糖谱特征.结果 (1)老年组与中青年组比较,血糖波动系数(BGFC)增大[(2.68±1.00)mmol/L对(2.12±0.74) mmol/L,t=-3.691,P＜0.001];餐后血糖漂移幅度(PPGE)增大,早餐后分别为 ( 5.96±2.47) mmol/L对(5.11±2.44) mmol/L(t=-2.058,P＜0.05),晚餐后分别为(5.17±2.15) mmol/L对 (4.16±2.28) mmol/L(t=-2.730,P＜0.01);餐后血糖达峰时间延长,早餐后(112.5±29.7) min对(97.0±27.2) min(t=-3.225,P＜0.01),中餐后(140.0±39.7)min对 (118.1±42.6) min(t=-3.195,P＜0.01);低血糖发生频率增加(26.3%对5.5%,P＜0.05);最大血糖漂移幅度(LAGE)增大,分别为(9.66±2.48) mmol/L对(8.40±3.13) mmol/L(t=-2.720,P＜0.01);(2)老年组患者随HbA1c下降,低血糖发生率增加(P＜0.05);随 HbA1c升高,血糖波动幅度增大;(3)HbA1c与空腹血糖(FBG)、日平均血糖(MBG)、高血糖时间比(PT7.8、PT11.1)、最低血糖(LBG)、最高血糖(HBG)、BGFC、PPGE、LAGE均正相关(r=0.899～0.289,均P＜0.001);逐步回归分析显示,MBG、FBG、PT7.8与HbA1c独立相关(校正的R2=0.807,P＜0.05).结论 老年2型糖尿病患者血糖波动幅度大,易发生餐后高血糖和夜间低血糖,动态血糖监测能较详细地显示患者的血糖水平及波动特征.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the characteristics of the blood glucose fluctuation in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods The 92 elderly patients with T2DM (the elderly group) and 58 young and middle-aged patients with T2DM (the non-elderly group) were monitored using the continuous glucose monitoring system(CGMS). The characteristics of glucose profiles of the two different age groups, and of the different glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level groups in the elderly were comparatively analyzed. Results (1)There was no significant difference in HbA1c level between the elderly group and the non-elderly group. Compared with the non-elderly group, the elderly group showed the increases in blood glucose fluctuant coefficient [BGFC, (2.68±1.00) mmol/L vs. (2.12±0.74) mmol/L, t=-3.691, P＜0.001], in postprandial glucose excursion (PPGE) of breakfast and supper [(5.96±2.47) mmol/L vs. (5.11±2.44) mmol/L, t=-2.058, P＜0.05; (5.17±2.15) mmol/L vs. (4.16±2.28) mmol/L, t=-2.730, P＜0.01], in the time to postprandial glucose peak of breakfast and lunch [(112.5±29.7) min vs. (97.0±27.2) min, t=-3.225, P＜0.01; (140.0±39.7) min vs. (118.1±42.6) min, t=-3.195, P＜0.01], in the frequency of hypoglycemia (26.3% vs. 5.5%, P＜0.05), and showed the largest amplitude of glycemic excursions [LAGE, (9.66±2.48) mmol/L vs.(8.40±3.13) mmol/L, t=-2.720, P＜0.01]. (2)In the elderly, along with decreased HbA1c, the incidence of hypoglycaemia increased (P＜0.05); And along with increased HbA1c, the amplitude of blood glucose fluctuation increased. There were significant differences in BGFC, PPGE of breakfast and lunch, and LAGE among different HbA1c level groups (P＜0.01, P＜0.05, P＜0.05, P＜0.001). (3)HbA1c was positively correlated with FBG, mean blood glucose (MBG), percentage of time at glycemia (PT7.8, PT11.1), the lowest blood glucose (LBG), the highest blood glucose (HBG), BGFC, PPGE and LAGE (r=0.899-0.289, all P＜0.001). Multiple stepwise regression analysis indicated that MBG, FBG and PT7.8 was the independent influential factor of HbA1c (adjusted R2=0.807, P＜0.05). Conclusions The elderly patients with T2DM are at a particularly high risk for postprandial hyperglycemia and nocturnal hypoglycemic episodes, CGMS could show glucose fluctuation characters of T2DM patients diurnally, and provide a clinical basis for reasonable therapy.     

胰岛素泵联合动态血糖监测治疗初诊重症2型糖尿病有效性和安全性

采用动态血糖监测(CGMS)及每日8次指血血糖监测两种方式指导胰岛素泵治疗重症初诊T2DM病人64例,发现CGMS组血糖达标平均天数明显短于指血组[(9.0±3.5)d vs(14.6±4.5)d,P＜0.01],且低血糖发生率明显低于指血组[(0.6±1.1)次/人vs(1.0±2.3)次/人,P＜0.05].     

老年2型糖尿病患者72小时动态血糖监测系统监测效果的中期评价

目的 观察动态血糖监测系统(CGMS)对老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血糖控制水平及健康教育效果的中期影响.方法 老年T2DM患者88例,随机分为CGMS组和对照组(多点血糖监测组)各44例,CGMS组应用CGMS监测血糖72 h,之后采用快速血糖仪常规测量指尖多点血糖7 d,对照组常规测量指尖多点血糖10 d.结果 CGMS组、对照组空腹血糖(FPG)[(5.89±0.97)vs(6.76±0.18)mmol/L]、早餐后2 h血糖[(8.27±0.29)vs(9.36±0.41)mmol/L]、晚餐后2 h血糖[(8.74±1.75) vs (9.98±2.56)mmol/L]、睡前血糖[(7.65±1.26) vs (9.04±2.07) mmol/L]、凌晨3点血糖[(6.20±0.71) vs (8.90±0.57) mmol/L],血糖达标时间[(4.62±1.32) vs (7.51±1.28)d],低血糖发生次数[(5.20±1.21) vs (8.52±2.34)次],平均住院天数[(19.25±20.34) vs (25.66±21.60) d],3个月后糖化血红蛋白[(6.41±2.13) vs (8.02±2.04)%],糖尿病知识问卷得分[(22.13±1.94) vs (16.90±2.93)]均有显著差异(P<0.05,P<0.01).结论 CGMS能更准确地提供血糖波动情况,对老年糖尿病患者中期的血糖控制和健康教育效果均具有重要的价值.     

实时动态血糖监测系统在不同时段检测的准确性变化特征及其与血糖波动的关系

目的 研究实时动态血糖监测系统(real-time continuous monitoring system,RT-CGMS)在不同时段检测的准确性及其与血糖波动的关系.方法 33例1型或2型糖尿病患者佩戴RT-CGMS5 d,每天测定7次毛细血管血糖值.应用相关分析、误差栅格分析(EGA)、Bland-Altman分析方法研究RT-CGMS在不同时段和总体水平与毛细血管血糖相关性、准确性和一致性;计算不同时段和总体水平的平均血糖波动幅度(MAGE)及血糖波动频率(FGE).结果 (1)RT-CGMS在空腹时段、餐后时段和总体水平与毛细血管血糖相关系数分别为0.94、0.92和0.93(均P＜0.01).(2)EGA显示,空腹时段、餐后时段和总体水平分别有98.82%、98.39%和98.64%的点落在A区和B区;1.18%、1.61%和1.36%的点在D区;没有点落在C区和E区.(3)RT-CGMS在空腹时段、餐后时段和总体水平与毛细血管血糖的一致性良好.(4)空腹时段、餐后时段和总体水平的MAGE分别为(3.57±2.66)、(4.07±3.09)和(4.02±3.04)mmol/L(P＞0.05);FGE分别为(0±0.5)、(3±1)和(1±3)次/d(P＜0.01).结论 RT-CGMS在空腹时段检测准确性高于餐后时段和总体水平;餐后时段血糖波动频率高于空腹时段和总体水平.

Abstract：

Objective To study the accuracy of real-time continuous monitoring system (RT-CGMS) at different stages and its association with glucose excursion. Methods Totally 33 patients with type 1 diabetes or type 2diabetes were under surveillance of RT-CGMS for 5 d. Capillary glucose values were measured 7 times daily.Correlation coefficient, error grid analysis (EGA), and Bland-Altman analysis methods were used to assess the correlation, accuracy and agreement of RT-CGMS at different stages and in general level; The mean amplitude of glucose excursion (MAGE) and the frequency of glucose excursion ( FGE ) were also calculated. Results ( 1 ) The correlation coefficient of RT-CGMS with capillary glucose values at fasting, postprandial stages, and in general level were 0.94,0.92, and 0.93 respectively( P＜0.01 ). (2) EGA showed that 98.82%, 98.39%, and 98.64% of the results fell in the A and B zones and 1. 18%, 1.61%, and 1.36% fell in the D zone respectively at fasting,postprandial stages, and in general level. There is no result fell in C and E zones. ( 3 ) The agreement analysis showed that RT-CGMS readings were in close agreement with capillary glucose values at fasting, postprandial periods, and in general level. (4)The MAGE at fasting, postprandial periods, and in general level were (3.57±2.66), (4.07±3.09), and (4. 02 ±3.04) mmol/L (P＞0. 05), (0±0. 5), (3± 1), and( 1 ±3) d for FGE (P＜0. 01 ).Conclusion RT-CGMS at fasting stage has higher accuracy than postprandial stage and general level, FGE at fasting stage is higher than postprandial stage and general level.     

动态血糖监测系统联合胰岛素泵治疗新诊断2型糖尿病患者的疗效观察

目的观察新诊断T2DM患者采用动态血糖监测系统(CGMS)联合胰岛素泵治疗对血糖控制的效果。方法将80例新诊断T2DM患者分为研究组41例,采用CGMS联合胰岛素泵治疗;对照组39例,采用胰岛素皮下注射结合指尖血糖监测治疗。结果研究组FPG、2 hPG和C—RP低于对照组,胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA—β)高于对照组(P0.05)。研究组血糖达标时间[(6.3±1.5)vs(9.6±1.8)d]、低血糖发生次数[(10.5±3.8)vs(28.6±5.8)次]、胰岛素用量[(38±4)vs(43±4)U/d]、血糖波动值[(3.17±1.53)vs(5.24±1.79)mmol/L]均低于对照组(P0.01)。结论采用CGMS联合胰岛素泵治疗新诊断T2DM患者,有利于进一步精细的调控胰岛素用量,尽快达到降血糖的目的,降糖效果更平稳。     

动态血糖监测对应激性高血糖患者处置的意义

目的：观察实时动态血糖监测（RT-CGMS）对应激性高血糖患者处理的意义.方法：APACHEⅡ评分＞15分的重症监护室患者148例,随机分为动态血糖监测组（CGMS组,n=69）和指尖血糖监测组（GM组,n=79）,比较2组患者的低血糖发生率、血糖变异度、ICU入住时间、多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）发生率、28 d病死率.结果：CGMS组的血糖变异度、低血糖发生率、MODS发生率、病死率明显低于GM组（均P＜0.05）,ICU入住时间明显短于GM组（P＜0.05）.结论：动态血糖监测能优化血糖控制,改善预后,降低病死率.     

应用动态血糖监测系统观察消化性溃疡对血糖的影响

目的应用动态血糖监测系统(CGMS)观察老年糖尿病合并消化性溃疡患者的血糖波动情况,观察消化性溃疡对血糖的影响。方法把56例伴或不伴消化性溃疡的老年2型糖尿病患者分为观察组和对照组,佩带CGMS监测血糖72 h后分析数据,包括平均血糖值、血糖水平标准差、血糖漂移次数/d及低血糖次数,并测定空腹及餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血红蛋白等指标,同时观察消化性溃疡治疗前后的血糖变化。结果2组监测空腹和餐后2 h血糖的指端毛细血管血糖值无差异,但CGMS结果显示观察组血糖波动比对照组大,2组的平均血糖值[(10.15±1.06)mmol/L比(8.6±0.99)mmol/L)]、血糖漂移次数/d(3.44±1.67比2.0±1.06)均有统计学差异(P0.05或P0.01)。观察组溃疡治疗前后的血红蛋白[(101.31±27.44)g/L比(140.85±17.87)g/L]及糖化血红蛋白[(8.82±3.62)%比(6.85±1.30)%],差异亦有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论消化性溃疡增加老年糖尿病人的临床风险,增大其血糖波动,在此特殊时期应用CGMS比监测指端毛细血管血糖优越。     

实时动态血糖监测系统在白族糖尿病合并老年多器官功能不全综合征患者中的临床应用优势

目的 探讨实时动态血糖监测系统(RT-CGMS)在白族糖尿病合并老年多器官功能不全综合征(MODSE)患者治疗中的临床应用价值。方法 纳入2018年1月至12月在大理白族自治州人民医院老年病科住院的白族糖尿病合并MODSE、急性生理和慢性健康状况APACHE Ⅱ评分>15分的患者112例。患者分为2组,RT-CGMS组和自我血糖监测(SMBG)组,每组56例。比较2组患者的一般临床资料、血糖波动指标、低血糖发生率、平均每日胰岛素用量、住院时间及28d病死率。采用SPSS 16.0软件进行统计分析,2组间比较采用t检验或χ²检验。结果 与观察第2天相比,SMBG组患者第3天的血糖水平标准差(SDBG)显著降低[(3.2±1.1)和(2.9±1.0)mmol/L;P<0.05],RT-CGMS组患者第3天的平均血糖水平[MBG,(10.8±2.5)和(8.8±1.9)mmol/L;SDBG,(2.8±0.8)和(1.8±0.7)mmol/L]、最大血糖波动幅度[LAGE,(8.9±3.6)和(7.2±1.6)mmol/L]、平均血糖波动幅度[MAGE,(6.3±1.0)和(5.0±0.4)mmol/L]均显著降低(P＜0.05)。观察第2天,与SMBG组患者相比,RT-CGMS组患者SDBG显著降低[(2.8±0.8)和(3.2±1.1)mmol/L;P<0.05];观察第3天,与SMBG组患者相比,RT-CGMS组患者MBG[(8.8±1.9)和(10.9±2.8)mmol/L]、SDBG[(1.8±0.7)和(2.9±1.0)mmol/L]、LAGE[(7.2±1.6)和(9.6±3.1)mmol/L]均显著降低(P＜0.05)。与SMBG组相比,RT-CGMS组患者的低血糖发生率(16.1%和3.6%)、平均每日胰岛素量[(38.2±6.8)和(32.1±5.4)IU/d]、住院时间[(14.6±4.2)和(12.1±4.0)d]均显著降低(P＜0.05)。结论 RT-CGMS的应用可降低糖尿病合并MODSE患者的血糖波动,对提高抢救成功率、延长生存期及减少平均住院日具有重要的临床意义。     

地特胰岛素联合利拉鲁肽治疗血糖控制不佳2型糖尿病患者的临床观察

目的 评价地特胰岛素联合利拉鲁肽治疗血糖控制不佳的T2DM患者疗效. 方法 选取预混胰岛素治疗血糖控制不佳的T2DM患者32例,采用地特胰岛素联合利拉鲁肽治疗方案,比较治疗前后各项指标,采用动态血糖监测系统(CGMS)评价血糖漂移水平、血糖曲线下面积(AUCPG)和低血糖发生率等情况. 结果 治疗后BMI[(27.25±2.32)vs(26.50±2.30)kg/m2]、SBP[(137.22±17.42)vs (126.55±10.08) mmHg]、DBP[(85.00±9.54)vs(78.22±6.45) mmHg]、FPG[(10.19±2.99)vs(6.52±1.24)mmol/L]、2 hPG[(15.61±4.37)vs(10.51±1.36) mmol/L]、HbA1c[(8.57±1.64)％vs(7.26±1.11)％]、TC[(5.11±1.51)vs(4.19±0.48) mmol/L]、LDL-C[(3.13±0.73)vs(2.55±0.64)mmol/L]和胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)[(3.79±1.98)vs(2.60±1.63)]较治疗前下降(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),FC-P[(2.72±1.57)vs(4.73±2.39) ng/ml]、2 hC-P[(6.93±2.20) vs(13.33±3.39) ng/ml]和HDL-C[(1.00±0.27)vs(1.21±0.19) mmol/L]较治疗前上升(P＜0.01).CGMS结果显示,治疗后血糖平均值[(7.90±0.33)vs(6.90±0.10) mmol/L]、血糖漂移系数[(1.87±0.25)vs(1.07±0.11)]、血糖漂移最大幅度[(8.22±1.69)vs(1.22±0.69)mmol/L]、血糖＞7.8 mmol/L AUCpG[(27.46±6.20)vs (17.46±2.30)]及血糖＞11.1 mmol/L AUCPG[(6.20±3.52)vs(2.02±0.25)]、低血糖发生率(45.45％vs3.12％)较治疗前降低(P＜0.01). 结论 地特胰岛素联合利拉鲁肽可有效降低患者BMI、血压、血糖、血脂、HOMA-IR和血糖漂移水平,且低血糖发生率低.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.