金莲花质量标准研究

对金莲花药材进行质量标准研究。采用性状鉴别、显微鉴别、化学反应鉴别金莲花药材;测定金莲花水分、总灰分、酸不溶灰分、重金属、砷盐的限度;采用标准曲线法以芦丁计,测定金莲花总黄酮的含量。结果：金莲花水分未超过15．0％,总灰分未超过10．0％,酸不溶灰分未超过6．0％,重金属未超过20／100万,砷盐未超过2／100万。总黄酮以芦丁计,每克不少于90．0mg。     

小果博落回的生药学研究

目的对小果博落回Macleaya microcarpa(Maxim.)Fedde进行显微鉴别和总生物碱含量测定。方法显微鉴别采用形态学和组织学鉴别方法,总生物碱含量测定采用分光光度法。结果小果博落回根、茎、叶薄壁细胞中均含草酸钙结晶;茎、叶的维管束内外均有乳汁管;粉末中可见不定式气孔和非腺毛,导管类型较多。小果博落回总生物碱含量为1.9%～2.7%。结论上述显微特征及总生物碱含量测定可用于小果博落回的药材质量鉴定。     

柿叶中总黄酮的鉴别与含量测定

目的对柿叶中总黄酮进行鉴别和含量测定。方法通过显微镜法对柿叶进行显微鉴别;通过理化法、薄层色谱法对柿叶黄酮进行定性鉴别;采用紫外-可见分光光度法测定柿叶中总黄酮的含量。结果柿叶的外观性状特征、显微特征明显,薄层色谱法斑点清晰,芦丁检测浓度在21.44~107.2μg/mL范围内与吸收度有良好的线性关系r=0.9997(n=5);回收率不低于96.0%,RSD≤1.7%。结论柿叶中总黄酮的鉴别、含量测定的研究为柿叶的开发提供了理论依据。     

新疆地产山楂总黄酮和多糖的含量测定

为进一步研究和开发山楂资源，采用微波技术辅助测定山楂中总黄酮和多糖的含量。经测定山楂总黄酮含量为8．41％多糖含量为9．13％。     

陕西产鬼针草药材质量标准研究

目的建立陕西产鬼针草药材的质量控制标准。方法结合文献进行实地调查,对8批药材采用显微和TLC法进行药材鉴定,考察了水分、灰分和浸出物,采用紫外分光光度法测定总黄酮的含量。结果确定了鬼针草药材的显微特征,建立了TLC鉴别和总黄酮的含量测定方法,总黄酮含量在1.31%~3.16%范围内。结论建立的方法操作简单、重复性好、准确可靠,可全面控制陕西产鬼针草药材的质量。     

火炭母的生药学研究

目的鉴定火炭母。方法采用显微鉴定和薄层色谱法研究。结果火炭母中腺毛、非腺毛、气孔、草酸钙簇晶等显微特征明显,薄层色谱图清晰,重复性好。结论纠正书中不妥之处,为该药的鉴别提供科学依据。     

福建产白花蛇舌草活性成分提取与含量测定

目的 研究福建产白花蛇舌革多糖和总黄酮的提取与含量测定。方法 采用苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖含量,采用亚硝酸钠-三氯化铝法测定总黄酮含量。结果 测得多糖含量为9．26％．总黄酮含量为10．33％。结论 与其它产地白花蛇舌草比较,福建产白花蛇舌草多糖和总黄酮的含量较高．适用于工业化制备。     

通脉颗粒中葛根素和总黄酮含量的测定

目的：建立通脉颗粒中葛根素及总黄酮含量的测定方法。方法：采用高效液相色谱法和紫外分光光度法对三个批号的通脉颗粒中葛根素及总黄酮的含量进行测定。结果：葛根素的含量分别为7．36±0．70％,9．68±0．27％,8．45±0．56％,总黄酮的含量分别为15．41±1．14％,20．23±0．94％,18．75±0．72％。结论：通脉颗粒中葛根素和总黄酮含量的测定方法操作简便快捷,可作为该制剂的质量控制方法。     

红花桑寄生叶、枝中总黄酮成分的含量制定

在红花桑寄生叶、枝中黄酮、蒽醌、香豆素等化学成分预试的基础上，采用聚酰胺吸附－硝酸铝显色法测定了叶、枝的3h水浴（60℃－70℃）抽提液中总黄酮的含量，结果表明：在料液比1：25，乙醇浓度60％，水浴3h以上的条件下，叶提取液总黄酮的含量为7．9％，而枝提取液为6．01％，在100min以内显色稳定性良好，平均回收率为96．25％，基本符合实验要求。     

感宁颗粒质量控制

目的：建立感宁颗粒的质量控制方法。方法：采用薄层色谱法对金银花、栀子进行定性鉴别，用紫外分光光度法测定总黄酮的含量。结果：总黄酮的含量在4．0-24．0μg·ml^-1范围内呈良好的线性关系（r=0．9997），平均回收率为98．1％，RSD=0．36％。结论：本法可用于感宁颗粒的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.