Ⅰ型成人先天性胆管扩张症的外科治疗（附29例报告）

目的探讨Ⅰ型成人先天性胆管扩张症手术治疗体会。方法2005年1月至2009年12月我院收治的Ⅰ型成人先天性胆管扩张症29例患者,其中手术治疗32例次,囊肿外引流3例,胆囊切除、囊肿切除、肝总管空肠Roux-Y吻合术27例;合并胆管癌2例,均行胆囊切除、囊肿切除、肝十二指肠韧带淋巴结清扫、肝总管空肠Roux-Y吻合术。结果术后短期胆汁漏2例,无胰漏,急性胰腺炎1例,无死亡。23例经0．5～5年随访,随访率79．3％,2例表现轻度胆管炎,余均痊愈,无胆管炎及胆管狭窄表现。结论Ⅰ型成人先天性胆管扩张症的外科治疗首选是切除囊肿壁、胆管空肠Roux-Y吻合术。术中应注意勿损伤门静脉及胰管;囊肿近端在尽量切净囊肿的基础上行大口吻合,防止术后吻合口狭窄;对于囊肿切除困难者,不必强求全层切除囊肿,可行内层剥离切除。     

先天性胆管囊状扩张症26例手术治疗体会

先天性胆管囊状扩张症是指肝内或(和)肝外胆管的先天性囊状扩张,由于多发生在胆总管,早年文献称为先天性胆总管囊肿。其合理的治疗方法是彻底切除囊肿,行肝总管与空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术。1996年6月~2006年12月我院手术治疗26例,总结报告如下。1临床资料1·1一般资料:本组26例,男6     

成人先天性胆管囊性扩张症的治疗

目的总结53例成人先天性胆管囊性扩张症的治疗经验。方法对53例成人先天性胆管囊性扩张症患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果53例均经术前影像学检查诊断。Todanni分型Ⅰ型有39例，Ⅱ型1例，Ⅳa型7例，Ⅳb型2例，Ⅴ型(Caroli病)4例。行胆管囊肿全切除(或 肝叶切除) 胆管空肠Roux-Y吻合43例；其他术式10例。术后发生并发症27例。随访47例，随访时间5～94个月，34例胆总管囊肿切除和(或)肝叶切除 胆管空肠Roux-Y吻合者28例症状消失。7例恶变者术后中位生存期12.8个月。结论囊肿切除和(或)肝叶切除 胆管空肠Roux-Y吻合术应作为成人胆管囊性扩张症的首选术式。     

Ⅰ型先天性胆管扩张症的外科治疗(附49例分析)

目的总结10年来Ⅰ型先天性胆管扩张症的手术经验,探讨Ⅰ型先天性胆管扩张症较理想的手术方法。方法将近10年(1995~2005年)来收治的49例Ⅰ型先天性胆管扩张症患者根据发病年龄分为小儿组(<14岁,27例)和成人组(>14岁,22例)。小儿组采用空肠间置术加矩形瓣抗反流术6例,采用改良肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术加矩形瓣抗反流术21例。成人组采用改良肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术19例,采用肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术2例。比较不同手术方式对术后近、远期并发症的影响。结果获得随访48例,随访时间6个月~10年。随访结果是空肠间置加矩形瓣抗反流术6例中发生切口裂开1例;改良肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合加矩形瓣抗反流术21例中术后吻合口瘘1例;改良肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术19例中术后发生反流性胆管炎2例,肝内胆管结石5例;肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术2例术后发生反流性胆管炎2例,肝内胆管结石1例。结论囊肿切除,改良肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合加适当的抗反流措施是治疗Ⅰ型先天性胆管扩张症较理想的手术方法。     

小儿先天性胆管囊性扩张症的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨小儿先天性胆管囊性扩张症的诊断和治疗方法。方法 对1990年～1999年间共收治19例患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 临床表现为腹痛者15例(78.9％),发热11例(57.9％),黄疽4例(21.1％),右上腹包块2例(10.5％),具有腹痛、黄疽、腹部包块三联征者仅1例。术前通过各种检查,确诊或疑诊17例(89.5％)。其中,Ⅰ型17例,Ⅳ型2例,行囊肿切除、胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术11例;行囊肿大部切除、近肝端胆管与空肠Roux-en-Y吻合7例,1例先行T管引流术,后行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术。术后主要并发症为胆漏、胰漏。本组无感染,无死亡,均痊愈。结论 小儿先天性胆管囊性扩张症临床症状不典型,B超检查有较高确诊率。手术宜切除囊肿、行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术。     

手术治疗成人先天性胆管扩张症的临床观察

目的观察手术治疗成人先天性胆管扩张症的临床疗效。方法选取41例成人先天性胆管扩张症患者,将其随机分为观察组21例和对照组20例,观察组采用囊肿切除、胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,对照组采用囊肿切除、胆总管-十二指肠吻合术,观察两组患者治疗后的并发症发生情况及痊愈率。结果对两组患者术后进行为期1~3年的随访,术后随访观察组4例患者出现并发症,痊愈率为85.71%;对照组16例患者出现并发症,痊愈率为30.00%,观察组术后疗效明显优于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论手术方式的选择是手术治疗成人先天性胆管扩张症的关键,囊肿切除、胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术是成人先天性胆管扩张症的首选手术治疗方法。     

小儿先天性胆管扩张症（Ⅰ型）分期手术治疗的疗效观察

目的通过分期手术治疗小儿先天性胆管扩张症，减少并发症，提高治愈率。方法对15例小儿先天性胆管扩张症（Ⅰ型）患者分期手术治疗情况进行回顾性分析。结果15例患者中4例在局麻下胆总管囊肿穿刺置管引流，二期行囊肿切除和胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术。11例患者一期局麻下行胆总管囊肿造瘘外引流术，二期行胆囊切除和胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术；15例均在4～6个月内治愈。结论分期手术治疗提高了患者手术耐受力，降低了手术风险，减少了术后并发症，提高了治愈率。     

成人先天性胆管扩张症诊治分析

目的探讨成人先天性胆管扩张症的诊断与治疗方法。方法回顾分析1993年1月-2008年3月诊治的32例成人先天性胆管扩张症的临床资料。结果30例行B超检查确诊率100%;15例CT检查、10例行MRCP检查均确诊。全组患者均手术治疗。囊肿切除胆管空肠吻合29例,疗效满意。2例恶变患者1年内死亡。结论成人先天性胆管扩张症症状不典型,结合影像学检查可确诊。本病应尽早手术治疗,囊肿切除胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术为首选术式。     

成人Ⅰ型先天性胆管扩张症31例诊治分析

目的探讨成人Ⅰ型先天性胆管扩张症的诊断和手术治疗。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2013年12月我院收治的Ⅰ型成人先天性胆管扩张症31例患者的临床资料。结果 31例均行B超检查,准确诊断24例;行CT检查26例,准确诊断22例;行磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）检查23例,均准确诊断。31例均行囊肿切除、肝总管空肠Roux-Y吻合术,术后短期胆漏3例,无胰漏,无死亡。25例经0.5~10年随访,3例表现轻度胆管炎,余均痊愈,无胆管结石及恶变发生。结论 MRCP是确诊成人Ⅰ型先天性胆管扩张症的重要检查手段;外科治疗首选囊肿切除、肝总管空肠Roux-Y吻合术。     

Ⅰ型先天性胆管扩张症的外科治疗

目的总结10年来Ⅰ型先天性胆管扩张症的手术经验，探讨Ⅰ型先天性胆管扩张症较理想的手术方法。方法将近10年（1995～2005年）来收治的49例Ⅰ型先天性胆管扩张症患者根据发病年龄分为小儿组（〈14岁，27例）和成人组（〉14岁，22例）。小儿组采用空肠间置术加矩形瓣抗反流术6例，采用改良肝总管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合术加矩形瓣抗反流术21例。成人组采用改良肝总管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合术19例，采用肝总管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合术2例。比较不同手术方式对术后近、远期并发症的影响。结果获得随访48例，随访时间6个月～10年。随访结果是空肠间置加矩形瓣抗反流术6例中发生切口裂开1例；改良肝总管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合加矩形瓣抗反流术21例中术后吻合口瘘1例；改良肝总管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合术19例中术后发生反流性胆管炎2例，肝内胆管结石5例；肝总管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合术2例术后发生反流性胆管炎2例，肝内胆管结石1例。结论囊肿切除，改良肝总管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合加适当的抗反流措施是治疗Ⅰ型先天性胆管扩张症较理想的手术方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.