动脉瘤蛛网膜下腔出血高钠和低钠血症的预后意义

分析62例动脉瘤破裂蛛网膜下腔出血患者的血清钠水平，分别观察其在入院时，第3、6、9天的血钠浓度，分析高钠和低钠血症对症状性脑血管痉挛和临床预后的影响。结果：62例中，6（9．6％）例出现高钠血症，10（16％）例出现低钠血症，高钠血症和预后不良有明显关系（P〈0．001），而低钠血症和预后无明显关系（P〉0．05）。但无论高钠血症和低钠血症都和症状性脑血管痉挛无关。表明低钠血症在动脉瘤蛛网膜下腔出血后较高钠血症发生率高，但高钠血症和预后有明确的关系，而且这种关系是和以前明确的预后影响因素，包括年龄、入院时GCS评分等不相关联，具体的联系机制尚需进一步研究。     

慢性充血性心力衰竭合并低钠血症的预后

目的探讨慢性充血性心力衰竭（CHF）合并低钠血症不同血清钠水平患者的预后。方法对CHF合并低钠血症的128例患者行回顾性研究,按血清钠水平分为≥130mmol/L及≤129mmol/L2组,比较血清钠水平与预后的关系。结果利尿剂应用前后血清钠的变化与远期预后差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,应用利尿剂后血清钠≥130mmol/L64例,死亡4例,病死率6.25%;血清钠≤129mmol/L64例,死亡28例,病死率43.75%,2组病死率比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论 CHF合并低钠血症严重影响CHF患者的预后。     

慢性重症肝炎低钠血症的临床分析

目的：了解慢性重症肝炎并发低钠血症后与其他并发症及预后的关系。探讨其发生的原因以及防治措施。方法：采用日立7170A全自动生化分析仪测定72例慢性重症肝炎患者的血清钠浓度，其中45例合并低钠血症（占62．5％），比较其与并发症及预后的关系。结果：重度低钠血症患者的并发症发生率及病死率均显著高于轻度低钠者（P＜0．05）；低钠血症多发生于重症肝炎中晚期，以晚期为著（26例，占57．78％），病死27例（占60％）。结论：低钠血症的发生和严重程度与慢性重症肝炎患者的预后呈正相关，积极纠正低钠血症有利于改善慢重肝患者的预后。     

脑出血急性期周围血白细胞计数与临床关系的探讨

目的探讨脑出血患者急性期周围血白细胞计数与临床之间的关系。方法脑出血患者入院后24小时内采指尖血做白细胞计数,观察不同出血量、出血部位、病情危重度和死亡患者的白细胞增高率。结果白细胞增高组病死率高于白细胞正常组,脑叶出血白细胞增高率低于其他部位出血（P〈0．05）,基底节大面积脑出血白细胞增高率高于其他部位（P〈0．05）,50ml以上出血患者白细胞增高率显著增加（P〈0．01）。结论脑出血急性期周围血白细胞增高提示病情重、死亡率高,可作为预后判断的临床指标之一。     

老年人重症肺炎与电解质紊乱的临床分析

目的探讨老年人重症肺部感染与低钠血症、酸巾毒之间的关系。方法分析60例老人肺部感染的病情、病程、预后与电解质的关系。结果重症肺炎组患者血清钠均值为（122．2±2．3）mmo1／L，对照组患者血清钠均值为（135.3±3．3）mmol／L，两组患儿间血清钠均值有非常显著性差异（t=10．6，P〈0．01）。两组患者pH均值间有显著性差异（t=5．4，P〈0．05）。混合性酸碱失衡38例（占63．3％），其中以呼吸性酸中毒合并代谢性酸中毒为主32例（53．3％），三重型酸碱失衡6例（10．0％）；其次为呼吸性酸中毒14例（23.3％），代谢性酸中毒8例（13．3％）。60例轻症肺炎患者以单纯性代谢性酸中毒为主10例（16．7％），呼吸性酸中毒7例（11．6％），代谢性酸中毒合并呼吸性酸巾毒1例（1．7％）。重症肺炎组高AG代谢性酸中毒31例（51．7％），正常AG代谢性酸中毒15例（25．0％）；对照组高AG代谢性酸中毒7例（11．7％），正常AG代谢性酸中毒4例（6．7％）。轻、重症肺炎组患者高AG代谢性酸中毒发生率间有非常显著性差异（x^2=12．9，P〈0．01）。结论重症肺炎出现低钠血症、混合性酸中毒、伴高AG代谢性酸中毒的比例高。     

高血压性脑出血的部位及出血量与预后的关系

目的：在头颅CT下观察高血压性脑出血的部位及出血量对预后的影响。方法回顾性分析90例高血压性脑出血患者的临床资料、头颅 CT及预后。结果本组死亡18例、存活72例;不同出血部位死亡率的差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。脑干出血的病死率最高,为87．5％,出血量≤30 mL病死率9．6％,出血量≥80 mL病死率80％,出血量不同的病死率有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。中线无移位的患者病死率为2．63％,中线位移＞10 mm者病死率高达85．7％,中线移位宽度不同的患者病死率有显著差异（P＜0．05）。结论高血压性脑出血患者的出血部位及出血量与预后密切相关。     

脑梗死患者高敏C反应蛋白检测的临床意义

目的 探讨脑梗死（CI）患者血清高敏C反应蛋白（hs．CRP）水平与病情严重程度及预后的关系。方法 采用胶乳增强免疫比浊法分别测定80例CI患者入院24h内（急性期组）和治疗2wk后（恢复期组）的血清hs-CRP水平，选择年龄、性别相匹配的同期健康体检者80例作对照。观察不同大小梗死灶和不同神经功能缺损程度的CI患者血清hs-CRP水平变化。结果急性期组和恢复期组的血清hs-CRP水平明显高于对照组，均p〈0．01（t=13．187，8．608），且急性期组血清hs-CRP水平明显高于和恢复期组p〈0．01（t=5．142）；大面积梗死CI患者hs-CRP水平明显高于小面积梗死者，均p〈0．01；神经功能缺损程度越严重，其hs-CRP水平越高，均p〈0．01。结论血清hs-CRP水平反映了CI患者的梗死面积和神经功能缺损程度，可用于CI患者病情的判断和预后的评估。     

血清电解质紊乱对急性脑出血患者预后的影响

目的探讨血清电解质紊乱对急性脑出血患者预后的影响。方法采用回顾性统计方法将同济大学附属第十人民医院2005年5月至2008年10月收治的急性脑出血患者（420例）的血清钠、钾水平分为高钠／钾血症组、正常钠／钾血症组、低钠／钾血症组,分别分析不同电解质水平与病死率之间的关系。结果低血钠组病死率明显高于正常血钠组（P=0．007）,高血钠组与正常血钠组比较无显著差异;低血钾组病死率与正常血钾组相比无显著差异,高血钾组病死率与正常血钾组相比有显著差异（P=0．008）。结论急性脑出血常出现血清电解质紊乱,患者的预后与脑出血部位、治疗方法等因素有关。低钠、高钾可以作为判断急性脑出血病情预后的指标之一。     

慢性重型肝炎50例患者预后分析

目的：探讨慢性重型肝炎患者死亡危险因素及预后。方法：回顾分析50例慢性重型肝炎患者的临床资料,根据患者预后情况分为好转组及死亡组,分析其死亡危险因素。结果：两组患者PA、PTA、血氨、Child—Pugh评分比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。两组患者ALB、血清钠比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。Child—Pugh评分增加、血氨增高及门A降低是慢性重型肝炎患者死亡的很好预测因素（P〈0．01）,PA及血清钠降低亦是患者死亡的预测因素（P＜0．05）。结论：Child—Pugh评分、血氨、PTA、PA、血清钠与患者预后相关,提示降低血氨、改善凝血状态、纠正低蛋白血症及低钠血症可以改善患者预后、降低死亡率。     

蛛网膜下腔出血低钠血症与脑利钠肽的相关性

目的 探讨蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）低钠血症与脑利钠肽（BNP）的相关性。方法 26例蛛网膜下腔出血患者设为A组（分低血钠组、血钠正常组两个亚组），设健康对照组20例为B组，分别于入院的第3天、第1周、2周、3周测定血浆BNP浓度同期比较，同时进行两个亚组预后比较。结果 SAH组血浆BNP质量浓度高于健康组（P〈0．01）；其中低血钠组与正常血钠组比较BNP浓度差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；且低血钠组BNP浓度在2周时明显高于3天（P〈0．01）；两个亚组死亡率比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论 蛛网膜下腔出血低钠血症与脑利钠肽有显著相关性。蛛网膜下腔出血低钠血症组较血钠正常组预后差。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.