三七皂甙单体Rg1对失血性休克大鼠肠上皮细胞线粒体功能影响的研究

目的观察三七皂甙单体Rg1对失血性休克大鼠肠上皮细胞线粒体细胞色素氧化酶(COX)活性及膜电位的影响。方法健康Wistar大鼠24只,随机等分为4组:正常对照组(N)、失血性休克5小时组(HS)、单纯复苏对照组(RE)、复苏加Rg1治疗组(Rg),每组6只。采用荧光分光光度法检测线粒体膜电位;采用紫外分光光度法检测COX活性。结果失血性休克5小时大鼠肠上皮细胞线粒体摄取Rhoda-mine123减少,即膜电位水平显著降低(P0.01),单纯复苏组膜电位有轻微提高,复苏加Rg1治疗组线粒体膜电位明显提高,恢复到正常组水平。失血性休克5小时大鼠肠上皮细胞线粒体COX活性显著降低,单纯复苏后其活性仍然较低。复苏加Rg1治疗组COX活性较休克组比较有明显升高,并显著高于单纯复苏组。结论复苏加Rg1可显著提高失血性休克大鼠肠上皮细胞线粒体COX活性及线粒体膜电位。Rg1提高COX活性可能和提高该酶的产量和质量有关。     

内毒素休克大鼠肠粘膜免疫功能的改变及意义

目的：探讨内毒素休克后大鼠肠粘膜免疫功能的改变及意义。方法：健康Wistar大鼠81只，随机取9只为实验前基础值组，余72只按腹腔注射的药物不同，分成对照组（生理盐水），休克组（精制内毒素5mg／kg），每组9只，各组于实验后0、2、6和24h分别检测肠粘膜及血浆中sIgA、TNF—α、IL-1β含量和肠粘膜上皮内淋巴细胞增殖活力。结果：内毒素休克组肠粘膜、血浆内sIgA含量较对照组显著下降；TNF-α、IL-1β含量较对照组显著升高，分别于注射后2h、6h达峰值（P〈0．05），上述指标在血浆中的变化滞后于肠粘膜的变化；同时肠粘膜上皮内淋巴细胞（T、B细胞）增殖活力较对照组显著下降（P〈0．05）。结论：内毒素休克后肠粘膜免疫功能呈双向性变化，肠粘膜局部免疫功能的紊乱可能是引起整个机体免疫功能的紊乱的原因之一。     

失血性休克及复苏后大鼠肠上皮UCP2变化及其线粒体功能损伤的研究

目的研究失血性休克及复苏后解偶联蛋白2(UCP2)在肠上皮线粒体功能损伤中的作用.方法复制大鼠失血性休克复苏模型, 分别于休克前、休克90分钟及复苏2小时、6小时、12小时、24小时取小肠上皮,用Western-blot法测线粒体UCP2的含量,用荧光分光光度法测UCP2对线粒体膜电位(MP)、线粒体内活性氧(ROS)产生的影响作用,用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测组织中三磷酸腺苷(ATP)的含量.结果 (1)失血性休克及复苏后肠上皮线粒体中UCP2含量增高 (P<0.05);(2)UCP2可降低MP并抑制线粒体内ROS产生,但UCP2对线粒体内ROS产生的调节作用受MP影响;(3)失血性休克后,肠上皮组织中ATP含量明显下降,是对照组的20.81%,复苏后24小时,其水平仍低于正常.结论 UCP2可能参与失血性休克及复苏后肠上皮线粒体功能的损伤.     

失血性休克时肠上皮细胞线粒体形态与功能变化研究

目的：定量分析大鼠失血性休克肠上皮细胞线粒体形态与功能的改变，探讨失血性休克缺血缺氧时肠上皮细胞线粒体结构和功能的改变。方法：Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、失血性休克2h和5h组，采用电镜观察、生物体视学测量线粒体形态，用Clark氧电极测线粒体呼吸功能。结果：失血性休克2h组线粒体平均截面周长、长径、平均直径及其面密度、体密度分别较对照组增加24％、27％、25％、26％、44％，失血性休克5h组则分别较对照组增加45％、45％、45％、47％、122％。休克5h组与对照组比较，平均截面积增加100％，比表面和数密度分别下降32％、24％，嵴和基质破坏明显。休克2h线粒体呼吸控制率(RCR)已下降，休克5h组线粒体呼吸控制率与对照组比较减少26．9％。P／O值三组无改变。结论：失血性休克时大鼠肠上皮细胞线粒体形态发生显著改变：表现为肿胀，嵴和基质破坏，数量减少。RCR值失血性休克2h开始降低。P／O值变化不明显。     

内大鼠毒素休克肠粘膜免疫功能的改变及意义

目的:探讨内毒素休克后大鼠肠粘膜免疫功能的改变及意义.方法:健康Wistar大鼠81只,随机取9只为实验前基础值组,余72只按腹腔注射的药物不同,分成对照组(生理盐水),休克组(精制内毒素 5mg/kg),每组9只,各组于实验后0、2、6和24 h分别检测肠粘膜及血浆中sIgA、TNF-α、IL-1β含量和肠粘膜上皮内淋巴细胞增殖活力.结果:内毒素休克组肠粘膜、血浆内sIgA含量较对照组显著下降;TNF-α、IL-1β含量较对照组显著升高,分别于注射后2 h、6 h达峰值(P＜0.05),上述指标在血浆中的变化滞后于肠粘膜的变化;同时肠粘膜上皮内淋巴细胞(T、B细胞)增殖活力较对照组显著下降(P＜0.05).结论:内毒素休克后肠粘膜免疫功能呈双向性变化,肠粘膜局部免疫功能的紊乱可能是引起整个机体免疫功能的紊乱的原因之一.     

不同海拔高度严重烧伤延迟复苏大鼠脑组织中能量负荷的变化及其意义

目的：探讨不同海拔高度严重烧伤延迟复苏大鼠脑组织能量负荷变化及其意义。方法：以120只雄性Wistar大鼠建立高原（海拔3800m）实验模型（TBSA30％，Ⅲ度），随机分为延迟、即时复苏组和正常对照组，分别于伤后1、6、12、24、72h及7d取材。兰州地区取相等数量动物重复实验。应用高效液相色谱法检测脑组织中AMP、ADP、ATP的含量，并计算能量负荷。结果：能量负荷在高原正常对照组与兰州地区正常对照组差异显著（P〈0．01）。高原烧伤后脑组织能量负荷与对照组相比均降低，即时复苏组伤后早期即出现显著变化（P〈0．01），伤后72h开始恢复，伤后7d差异无显著，延迟复苏组伤后7d仍星显著差异（P〈0．01）。与即时复苏组比较伤后6～24h无显著差异，伤后72h～7d呈显著性差异（P〈0．01）。高原地区各时相点与兰州地区比较，EC值均降低，除即时复苏组6h外，具有统计学意义。结论：不同海拔高度严重烧伤延迟复苏大鼠脑组织能量负荷的改变一定程度上反映了脑损伤的严重程度。     

中度失血性休克对大鼠重型脑损伤后S-100β表达的影响

目的：观察伴有休克大鼠重型颅脑损伤后颈静脉血清S-100β蛋白水平的变化。方法：雄性Wistar大鼠70只，采用Feeney法制作颅脑损伤模型，股动脉放血造成休克模型。随机分为7组。采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫分析单纯重型颅脑损伤组（SBI）及重型颅脑损伤伴休克组（SBIS）S-100β蛋白水平变化。结果：单纯颅脑损伤组及损伤加休克组均在伤后6h，S-100表达达到高峰，其余各时间点损伤加休克组均比单纯颅脑损伤组表达高，而且具有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论：失血性休克能引起重型颅脑损伤后严重继发性损伤，积极纠正休克对减轻脑伤后继发性病理损害意义重大。     

Rg1对失血性休克大鼠肠上皮细胞保护作用的实验研究

目的观察失血性休克对大鼠肠黏膜组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、细胞线粒体膜电位、大鼠存活情况、肠上皮黏膜组织病理改变的影响，探讨人参皂苷单体Rg1对大鼠肠道损伤的保护作用及机制。方法采用失血性休克大鼠模型，紫外分光法测定各组动物处理后肠黏膜组织中SOD活性、MDA含量、LDH活力；以激光共聚焦显微镜检测肠上皮细胞线粒体膜电位的变化；观察各组动物存活情况及肠黏膜组织病理形态改变。结果失血性休克导致实验大鼠肠黏膜组织SOD活性显著降低、MDA含量显著升高、LDH活力显著降低、线粒体膜电位显著降低（P〈0．01）。Rg1治疗显著提高肠黏膜组织中SOD活性、降低MDA含量、提高LDH活力；稳定肠上皮细胞线粒体膜电位（P〈0．01），显著改善动物存活情况及病理形态改变。结论Rg1对失血性休克大鼠肠道上皮细胞损伤具有保护作用，其机制可能与抑制异常凋亡、抗脂质过氧化、保护线粒体功能及结构完整有关。     

不同容量平衡盐液对初进高原失血性休克犬全身氧代谢及胃肠氧合功能的影响

目的：研究不同容量平衡盐液复苏对初进高原失血性休克犬DO2、VO2及pHi的影响，以评价不同容量平衡盐液的复苏效果。方法：初进高原犬18只，随机分为3组（n=6）。Ⅰ组为单纯休克组，Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别为输注1．5、3倍失血量的乳酸林格氏液（LR）组。于放血前、放血毕、休克1h和液体复苏20、60、120min，测定并计算DO2I、VO2I、O2ER和pHi。结果：DO2I在休克1h时降至基础值的30％左右，VO2I约为基础值的40％。复苏后DO2I和VO2I显著增加，但复苏2h时组Ⅲ的DO2I和VO2I值显著低于组Ⅱ（P〈0．05）。失血性休克后PgCO2逐渐升高，pHi逐渐降低。复苏20min时两复苏组PgCO2、pHi已接近休克前值，但复苏60、120min时两复苏组pHi较休克前显著降低，且以组Ⅲ降低显著（P〈0．05）。结论：在改善全身氧输送和内脏血流灌注方面，1．5倍容量平衡盐液复苏明显优于3倍容量复苏。     

复方高渗盐溶液对大鼠低血容量性休克心肌细胞膜泵功能的影响

目的 探讨低血容量性休克大鼠心肌细胞膜泵功能的变化及高渗盐溶液对其泵功能的影响。方法 成年Wistar大鼠96只，随机分成高渗盐溶液组（HSH组）和生理盐水组（NS组），每组48只。双阶段放血法制备大鼠休克模型，按休克不同时相分为休克前、休克及复苏后30、60、90、120min6个时相，分别测定心肌细胞膜ATP酶活性并行心肌细胞超微结构观察。结果 HSH组中休克时的心肌细胞膜ATP酶活性明显低于休克前及复苏后90、120min（P〈0．05），而NS组休克时和复苏后各时间点心肌细胞膜ATP酶活性均明显低于休克前（P〈0．05）。HSH组复苏后各时间点心肌细胞膜ATP酶活性均明显高于NS组（P〈0．01）。结论 低血容量性休克可导致心肌细胞膜ATP酶活性降低，能量消耗增加，细胞膜离子泵功能衰竭；复方高渗盐液不但能快速改善休克引起的血容量不足，而且能恢复心肌细胞膜离子泵功能。     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.     

幽门螺杆菌分泌与重组表达的VacA蛋白的分离纯化及其致细胞空泡效应与凋亡的对比研究

目的：分离纯化幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的细胞空泡毒素抗原（ VacA）蛋白,并评价其致细胞空泡效应及致细胞凋亡效应。方法分别从幽门螺杆菌ATCC26695菌株培养上清和重组表达VacA蛋白的pQE30-VacA-E．coliM15基因工程菌中分离纯化VacA蛋白,经酸化后,以不同终浓度（5,10 ng／ml）分别与人胃腺癌AGS细胞共孵24 h,观察致空泡效应,并通过流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。结果成功分离纯化出幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的VacA蛋白;幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白能显著引起AGS细胞的空泡样改变及凋亡（P＜0．01）,而重组表达的VacA蛋白致细胞空泡样改变及凋亡不显著（ P＞0．05）。结论幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白有良好的空泡毒性及致凋亡效应,而重组表达的VacA蛋白无致空泡及凋亡效应,幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白可用于VacA作用机制的研究。     

化学和生物学融合对国际武器公约履约的影响

化学武器公约（ CWC）和生物武器公约（ BWC）是为禁止生产、发展、储存和使用化学武器和生物武器而制定的国际公约。近年来,科学技术快速发展,知识交叉渗透,学科之间出现整合和融合,促进了科技进步和经济发展。其中化学和生物学融合在有力促进制药、健康卫生、绿色化学和环境保护等产业进步的同时,也对化学和生物武器公约的履约产生了重要的影响。该文综述了与化学武器和生物武器公约相关的化学和生物学融合进展,并分析其对公约履约的影响。     

Oxygen uptake and ventilation during rowing and running in females and males

This study evaluated if the ventilatory response to exercise is impaired by the cramp position of rowing. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal expiratory volume (VEmax), and maximal heart rate (HRmax) during rowing and running were compared in 55 males (age, mean +/- SD, 21 +/- 3 years; height 176 +/- 5 cm; body mass 72 +/- 6 kg) and 18 females (age 20 +/- 2 years; height 164 +/- 5 cm; body mass 61 +/- 4 kg). VEmax was larger during rowing than during running (males, 157 +/- 16 vs. 147 +/- 13 L min(-1); 114 +/- 9 vs. 105 +/- 11 L min(-1), P<0.01). Also VO2max was larger during rowing than during running (males, 4.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.4 L min(-1); females, 3.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.4 L min(-1), P<0.01). However, HRmax was lower during rowing than during running (males, 194 +/- 8 vs. 198 +/- 11 beats min(-1); females, 192 +/- 6 vs. 196 +/- 8 beats min(-1), P<0.05). VEmax was correlated to body mass and fat-free mass, as was VO2max. Thus, the oxygen pulse (VO2max/HRmax) was larger during rowing than during running, while the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VEmax/VO2max) was similar. We showed that bending the body during rowing does not seem to impair ventilation either in males or in females. The results indicate that VEmax and VO2max relate to body size and fat-free mass for both females and males. The findings indicate that the involvement of more muscles, the entrainment, and the body position during rowing facilitates ventilation and venous return and lowers maximal heart rate.     

Coracoclavicular and coracoacromial ligament calcification and ossification

Thirty-six patients with calcification or ossification at or around the coracoclavicular and coracoacromial regions were analyzed with regard to type, location, and configuration of the deposits and related clinical history. Calcification or ossification in the coracoclavicular region resulted largely from trauma (36%) or renal failure (28%). Trauma patients may develop punctate calcification or ossification but do not develop the tumoral type of calcification. About 5% of the renal failure patients had coracoclavicular ligament calcifications, one-half of which were of the tumoral type. Renal failure patients may have punctate or tumoral calcifications but do not develop ossification.     

CLIP相关技术的研究进展

在真核生物基因表达的转录后调节中,RNA结合蛋白（ RBP）起着关键作用,很多RBP的异常与人类疾病的发生密切相关。自2000年的RNA免疫沉淀和芯片分析方法（ RNA immunoprecipitation with differential display or microarray analysis , RIP-ChIP）出现以来,人们开始就RBP与RNA相互作用进行了系统而广泛的研究。经过改良和发展,基于体内实时紫外交联免疫沉淀法（ ultraviolet crosslinking and immunoprecipitation , CLIP ）、交联免疫沉淀cDNA文库高通量测序法（ high-throughput sequencing of CLIP cDNA library , HITS-CLIP）、光催化核糖核苷增强交联和免疫沉淀法（ photoactivatable-ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking and immunprecipitation , PAR-CLIP）以及提高个别核苷酸分辨率交联和免疫共沉淀法（ individual nucleotide resolution CLIP , iCLIP）等RIP-ChIP衍生方法相继产生,使用这些方法,可以解析RBP的RNA识别特异性,而且通过与高通量测序技术结合,可以实现转录组尺度的RBP的靶序列的鉴定,分辨率也得到极大提高。该文就RNA与蛋白的相互作用的基本原理及其研究进展、相关技术存在的问题以及发展趋势进行简要综述。     

Cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of self-reported and device-assessed physical activity and sedentary behaviour

ObjectivesTo examine the longitudinal associations and differences between self-reported and device-assessed physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB), using a multifaceted statistical approach.DesignLongitudinal measurement burst.MethodsIn total, 52 university students (78% female) aged 18–38 years (mean = 21.94 ± 4.57 years) participated. The study consisted of three blocks of six days of measurement, during which participants wore an accelerometer on their wrist for the entire block, and self-reported their PA over the 6 days at the end of each block.ResultsMeaningful latent differences between methods were observed for moderate PA and SB across all three assessment periods, such that participants underreported the time spent in each activity. Bland–Altman plots revealed a positive mean difference for vigorous PA, with over-reporting increasing as mean levels increased. Negative mean differences were observed for all other intensities. Underreporting of moderate PA increased as the mean level increased, whereas for light PA and SB, underreporting decreased at high levels. Repeated measures correlations revealed a meaningful association for vigorous PA only, suggesting that as self-reported minutes increase so too do device-measured minutes.ConclusionsWe found evidence of cross-sectional and longitudinal differences and weak associations between self-reported and device-assessed PA and SB. Future work is needed to enhance the quality of self-reported methods to assess PA and SB (e.g., face and content validity), and consider improvements to the processing of device-based data.     

Old and dangerous: Prison and dementia

Older prisoners are the fastest growing group of prisoners in many countries. The purpose of this study is to explore the phenomenon of detention of persons suffering from dementia. Medline searches were conducted for relevant articles, chapters and books published until August 2016. Search terms included dementia, elderly, prison and criminal. Publications found through this indexed search were reviewed for further relevant references. As results, there is a lack of data about elderly with dementia in prisons. Given the rise in the average age, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the number of older prisoners is growing. Moreover, some elderly are imprisoned with a concomitant cognitive impairment or psychiatric disorder while others will develop such diseases once incarcerated. At the present time, legal and social systems seem unprepared to handle the phenomenon of dementia in prison. As proposal, health assessments for older first time offenders should become a practice inside the correctional facilities and include an evaluation for specific health issues, such as psychiatric comorbidity and cognitive impairment.