原位肝移植治疗原发性肝癌

本文报告了３例原发性肝细胞性肝癌病人肝移植的临床资料和初步经验。３例存活时间均超过３个月，其中１例于移植术后９２天死于巨细胞病毒感染，另２例仍存活。作者结合国内外文献复习，对肝移植术在治疗原发性肝癌中的地位，手术适应证，手术中体外静脉转流牟增加手术安全性的重要意义及其术后防治巨细胞病毒感染和肝炎复发等问题作了讨论。     

原位肝移植治疗原发性肝癌的初步体会（附3例报告）

报告3例原发性肝细胞瘟病人肝移植的临床资料和初步经验，作者结台国内外文献复习对肝移植术在治疗原发性肝癌中的地位，手术适应证，手术中体外静脉转流对增加手术安全性的重要意义及其术后防治巨细胞病毒感染和肝炎复发等问题作了讨论。     

原发性肝癌肝移植11例临床资料小结

目的探讨肝移植在原发性肝癌治疗中的意义。方法回顾分析2004年3月-2006年7月11例肝癌肝移植的临床资料。结果11例手术全部成功,围手术期无死亡。随访时间最长40个月,最短12个月,其中1例因乙肝复发,爆发性肝功能衰竭、肝肾综合症,于术后16个月死亡。1例在术后2个月因肺部巨细胞病毒感染,呼吸衰竭死亡。其余健康成活,1-3个月复查一次,无肿瘤复发,肝脏功能正常,α-FP<8ng/ml,HBV-DNA<103拷贝/毫升。结论肝移植治疗原发性肝癌仍要严格控制适应症;早期预防感染和长期治疗乙肝也是提高成功率的一个重要环节。     

肝移植术治疗原发性肝癌

由于肝移植术治疗原发性肝癌（下称肝癌）在大肝癌或多中心病灶的病人中，术后２年内肝癌复发率高于６０％［１］，所以其实际应用一直有争议。我院八十年代末为三例晚期肝癌患者施行肝移植手术治疗，其中２例术后３个月死亡时，尸检发现移植肝已有肝癌复发。因而近年来一...     

肝移植术后巨细胞病毒感染(附31例临床分析)

目的 探讨肝移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的诊断和防治。方法 回顾分析１９９３年４月至１９９９年６月我科所进行的３１例肝移植病人临床资料,并结合文献进行讨论。结果 共有５例病人发生活动巨细胞病毒感染,发生率为１６．１％,其中１例发生巨细胞病毒性肺炎,其余４例为无临床症状的活动性巨细胞病毒感染。４例治愈,１例死亡。与巨细胞病毒感染相关的病死率为３．２％。结论 外周血巨细胞病毒抗原血症测试是诊断巨细胞病毒感染     

原发性肝癌的肝移植适应证探讨

采用静脉─静脉转流和驼背式方法，对36例肝脏肿瘤病人行同种异体肝移植，所有病人均获随访，最短存活1个月，最长存活26个月。16例术前术后诊断为原发性肝癌患者，均于一年内复发，一年生存率31％，三年生存率为零。认为，肿瘤体积与复发密切相关，对手术不能切除的肝癌，不应作为肝移植的适应证。     

同种异体原位肝脏移植术治疗终末期肝病43例

目的：总结同种异体肝脏移植手术的临床经验。方法：43例44次手术（再次肝移植1例）中，原发性肝癌19例，终末期乙型肝炎肝硬化16例，终未期丙型肝炎肝硬化1例，终末期酒精性肝硬化2例，原发性胆汁性肝硬化3例，Wilson综合症2例，二次肝移植1例。结果：行改良背驮式9例，经典非转流术式35例次，其中1例行减体积肝移植（左肝外叶切除）。手术移植成活率100％，无原发性移植肝无功能和功能延迟恢复发生。手术成功率88．4％（38／43），其中良性终末期肝病和肝癌97．1％（33／34），重症肝炎为55．6％（5／9）；围手术期病死率：11．6％（5／43）。存活2年以上5例，1年以上3例，目前存活32例。结论：良性终末期肝病和早期肝癌肝移植手术效果良好，合理的手术方式，良好的供体质量，科学的围手术期管理是保证手术成功的重要条件。乙肝和肝癌等移植后易复发疾病的控制对于提高肝移植术后的长期存活率非常重要。     

肝移植治疗原发性肝癌切除术后肝内复发七例

目的 探讨对原发性肝癌切除术后肝内复发患者进行肝移植手术的适应证和围手术期的治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析2000年9月至2005年9月间7例原发性肝癌切除术后肝内复发的患者接受原位肝移植治疗的临床资料,其中男性6例,女性1例,平均年龄43.7岁,肝移植术前均经病理学检查确诊为原发性肝癌,肿瘤组织学分级为高、中分化,肝癌切除术后无瘤期为6～31个月,均未发生肿瘤细胞侵犯大血管和肝外转移.所有患者均采用改良背驮式肝移植术.术后采用他克莫司(或西罗莫司)+霉酚酸酯+激素的三联免疫抑制方案.观察肝移植术后受者并发症及存活率情况.总结肝移植治疗原发性肝癌切除术后肝内复发的经验.结果 所有受者肝移植手术过程顺利,围手术期无死亡.1例术后22 h发生腹腔出血,1例术后13 d发生腹腔感染,1例术后4个月发生门静脉血栓,其余未发生严重并发症,7例受者均顺利出院.有3例受者分别于移植术后9、13及19个月时,因肿瘤复发而死亡,其余4例均长期无瘤存活,最长已达52个月.受者的1、2年存活率分别为85.7%和57.1%.结论 肝移植能有效治疗原发性肝癌切除术后肝内复发,受者适应证的选择和围手术期的辅助治疗非常关键.     

肝移植治疗原发性肝癌的探讨

目的：探讨原位肝脏移植在原发性肝癌治疗中的意义。方法：回顾分析2000年1月至2001年12月9例原发性肝癌行原位肝移植的临床资料。结果：术后生存大于6个月有6例（66.6％），生存大于12个月有4例（44.4％），平均存活时间11.5个月。与肝癌相关的死亡率为66％。术后复发依次为肝癌复发3例、骨转移2例、盆腔转移1例。结论：严格选择肝癌病人行肝移植；对肝硬化肝癌，肝移植是有效的治疗。     

肝癌肝移植适应证标准的发展及展望

<正>肝移植是目前公认的治疗终末期肝病的有效措施之一。自1963年第1例人原位肝移植术成功实施以来,肝移植术已经历了50余年的发展历史,迄今全世界已累积实施肝移植手术超过10万例。随着外科技术的不断发展、新型免疫抑制剂的应用和临床经验的不断积累,肝移植围手术期并发症和死亡率显著下降,术后存活率不断提高、存活时间不断延长。因此,肝移植术的适应证亦逐步扩大。对于原发性肝癌(肝癌)患者,在合理掌握适应     

Impact of cytomegalovirus infection on long-term survival after orthotopic liver transplantation

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the most common and serious opportunistic infections in solid organ transplant patients. In different series the incidence of CMV infection ranges from 25% to 85%. An indirect effect of infection includes reduced long-term patient and allograft survival. Our objective was to determine the relationship between CMV infection and patient survival after orthotopic liver transplantation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January 1999 to December 2001, 163 orthotopic liver transplantations were performed in 154 patients. The inclusion criteria for this analysis were the absence of retransplantation and survival of more than 6 months. One hundred fifteen patients met the inclusion criteria. CMV infection was detected by positive antigenemia. RESULTS: CMV infection occurred in 65.8% of patients after orthotopic liver transplantation. Their 5-year survival was 85%, with no difference observed between patients with or without infection (P = .8). CONCLUSION: CMV infection did not interfere with patient survival after orthotopic liver transplantation.     

肝移植术后巨细胞病毒再感染的预防与治疗

目的　探讨肝移植术后巨细胞病毒(CMV)再感染的预防、诊断及治疗。方法　回顾性分析44例原位肝移植患者的临床资料。结果　44 例中,术前43 例(97.7 %)有CMV潜伏性感染,其中6例(14.0 %)术后发生CMV再感染。6例CMV再感染患者的CMV pp65抗原均为阳性,3例CMV IgM阳性,均为无临床症状的CMV活动性感染,其中5例治愈,无一例发展为CMV病,1 例因上消化道大出血死亡。43例中,仅有7例CMV再感染高危病例接受了抗CMV感染的预防性治疗,患者在生存期内未发生CMV再感染。结论　在我国,肝移植患者术前CMV潜伏性感染的发生率较高,测定CMV pp65抗原可以早期诊断CMV再感染;对CMV再感染的高危患者进行预防性治疗可以降低术后CMV再感染的发生率;对无临床症状的CMV再感染者进行及时、规范的治疗是防止CMV病发生的关键。     

肝移植治疗肝豆状核变性的单中心疗效分析

目的探讨肝移植治疗肝豆状核变性的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2003年9月至2009年7月接受肝移植手术治疗的5例肝豆状核变性患者的临床资料。结果 采用附加腔静脉整形的改良背驮式肝移植3例,成人间活体部分肝移植2例。围手术期死亡1例,死于肺部真菌感染和多器官功能衰竭,另4例患者恢复良好且存活,其中生存时间≥1年4例,≥3年3例。3例伴有神经精神功能障碍的患者中,除1例死亡外,另2例症状得到不同程度的改善。存活的4例术后1个月肝功能较术前明显改善,血清铜蓝蛋白水平明显升高。结论 全肝移植或活体部分肝移植术能改善肝豆状核变性患者的铜代谢和神经精神症状,提高患者的生活质量和存活率。     

Recurrent cytomegalovirus disease, visceral leishmaniosis, and Legionella pneumonia after liver transplantation: a case report

PURPOSE: Recurrent cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is a frequent complication of liver transplantation. Visceral leishmaniosis in a transplant recipient is, on the other hand, extremely rare and only two cases of kala-azar have been described after liver transplantation. Immunosuppressed patients are known to be at risk of Legionella infection and the relationship between infection with this organism and hospital water supplies has been well described. These three diseases carry a high mortality rate. Our report examines the potential relationship between these complications. CLINICAL FEATURES: We describe the case of a liver transplant recipient who presented the three complications successively and survived. After reviewing the literature, we explore hypotheses linking these infections and discuss treatment strategies. CONCLUSIONS: In the patient described, infection with leishmania probably occurred months prior to the clinical presentation, a delay that matches the incubation period of kala-azar. The simultaneous onset of leishmaniosis and of a high CMV viremia may have been a coincidence. However, CMV infection has been shown to be an independent predictor of invasive fungal infection in liver transplant recipients. CMV does indeed have a suppressive effect on the humoral and cellular immune response in vitro as well as in vivo. The clinical manifestations of leishmaniosis may, therefore, have been precipitated in this patient by the additive immunosuppressive effect of antirejection drugs and CMV.     

肝移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的防治研究

目的 探讨肝移植术后患者巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染的诊治经验。方法回顾分析我科2001年1月至2002年12月期间进行的96例同种异体肝移植病例的临床资料。结果发生巨细胞病毒感染19例,均检测到CMV抗原IE-E和CMV抗原PP65,其中CMV-IgM( )8例。在CMV感染的患者中,出现呼吸窘迫3例,发热4例,黄疸2例,14例无明显症状。经更昔洛韦治疗后18例患者血CMV抗原IE．E和CMV抗原PP65转变为阴性,1例患者死于间质性肺炎。结论肝移植后CMV感染与多种因素有关,积极预防、早期治疗肝移植术后患者CMV感染至关重要,CMV抗原检测的应用能够对CMV感染患者作出早期诊断并且指导治疗,更昔洛韦能够有效治疗CMV感染。     

Risk Factors of Cytomegalovirus Infection After Pediatric Liver Transplantation

PurposeCytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is known to be the most frequently viral infection among patients after liver transplantation. This is especially true in pediatric living-donor liver transplantation because the recipients have often not been infected with CMV and postoperative primary infection with CMV frequently occurs.Patients and MethodsOf 93 patients who underwent pediatric liver transplantation at our department, 33 patients (36.3%) were diagnosed with CMV infection using the antigenemia method (C7-HRP). Retrospective review and statistical analysis were conducted to confirm risk factors of post-transplantation CMV infection.ResultPositive lymphocytes were diagnosed between postoperative days 8 and 111 after transplantation. Ganciclovir or foscavir were administrated to 21 patients. The other 10 patients who had one positive lymphocyte were observed and the cell disappeared on follow-up examination. We did not observe any cases of positive lymphocytes with C7-HRP in patients who received a graft from a CMV antibody?negative donor. Independent predictors associated with CMV infection in the multivariable analysis were administration of OKT3 and grafts from CMV antibody?positive donors.ConclusionIn CMV infection after pediatric liver transplantation, cases with CMV antibody?positive donors and with OKT3 administration for acute rejection are considered high risk, and cases with CMV antibody?negative donors are considered low risk.     

肝或肾移植术后受者再次行一期肝肾联合移植三例报告

目的 探讨肝或肾移植术后受者再次行一期肝肾联合移植的手术适应证、术后并发症及存活情况.方法 对2003年10月至2008年12月施行的3例肝或肾移植术后再次行一期肝肾联合移植的受者进行随访,并进行文献复习.对其围手术期死亡率、术后并发症及存活情况进行总结.结果 围手术期死亡率为33.3%(1/3).术后并发症:1例因腹腔出血术后第29天死于肺部感染、急性移植肾功能衰竭和多器官功能衰竭;3例患者均发生了肺部感染;无急性排斥反应发生.2例存活患者,从首次移植计算,已经分别存活56个月和228个月;从一期肝肾联合移植计算,已经分别存活40个月和48个月.结论 肝肾联合移植是治疗终末期肝肾疾病的有效方法.肝或肾移植术后受者再次行一期肝肾联合移植是可行的.     

Cytomegalovirus infection of the upper gastrointestinal tract following liver transplantation--incidence, location, and severity in cyclosporine- and FK506-treated patients.

One hundred and forty randomly selected liver transplant recipients were studied before and after primary orthotopic liver transplantation for the presence or absence of CMV enteritis. Following OLTx, 65 patients were treated with cyclosporine A and 75 were treated with FK506. The two groups were similar with regard to the incidence, location, and outcome of their upper gastrointestinal CMV infection. Prior to OLTx, only one patient had evidence of enteric CMV infection. The incidence of CMV enteritis post-OLTx was 27.7% in the CsA-treated group and 20% in the FK-treated group. During the first posttransplant month, no patient in the FK-treated group developed CMV enteritis, compared with 11.5% of the patients who were treated with CsA (P less than 0.05). Gastric CMV was found in over 80% of those positive for any organ in either group. In addition to CMV infection of the upper gastrointestinal tract, clinically evident CMV disease involved more nonenteric organs in the CsA-treated group than in the FK-treated group. In the CsA-treated group, CMV-negative patients had a statistically higher 1-year survival rate (100%) than CMV-positive patients (77.8%) (P less than 0.05). In the FK-treated group, no difference in survival was observed between CMV-positive or CMV-negative cases at 1 year. Of the patients on CsA, 20% received OKT3 for persistent rejection, as compared with 13% in the FK-treated group. The patients receiving both CsA and OKT3 had a higher rate of upper gastrointestinal CMV infection than did FK-treated patients who also received OKT3 therapy (38.5% versus 20%, respectively). Based upon these data, it can be concluded that (1) patients receiving FK have a lower incidence of enteric CMV infection; (2) following OLTx, upper gastrointestinal CMV infection presents later in FK-treated patients; (3) the stomach is the most frequently involved organ in the UGIT; (4) FK-treated liver recipients have less severe enteric CMV infection than do CsA-treated patients; (5) enteric CMV is not a major cause of mortality in liver transplant recipients; and (6) in patients receiving FK, those who require OKT3 therapy do not appear to be at a greater risk for the development of CMV enteritis than those who do not.     

肝移植受体感染的相关因素分析

目的观察肝移植后受体感染发生的机会、类型和相关因素,同时介绍作者处理这些感染的经验。方法对香港大学玛丽医院从１９９１年１０月到１９９８年８月７８例肝移植病人,发生肝移植后受体感染的所有病例进行回顾性分析。结果７８例病人做了８０次肝移植。４３例（５４％）病人共发生７９次感染,平均每例发生１８次。７９次感染中,有５６次为细菌感染,１３次为病毒感染,７次为真菌感染,３次为结核杆菌感染。７８％的感染发生于移植后１个月内。２例病人在移植后１年内死于严重感染。１例病人在移植后１３个月死于同ＥＢ病毒感染相关的恶性淋巴瘤。同感染直接相关的死亡率为４％。肝移植后细菌性感染同术中输血量及手术技术失误（术后胆漏、胆道狭窄、肠穿孔、腹腔内大出血）有明显相关性（Ｐ＜００５）。３０例肝移植采用ＦＫ５０６代替环孢霉素的免疫抑制治疗方案,发现本组病例未发生ＣＭＶ感染,用环孢霉素的５０例肝移植中６例发生巨细胞病毒（ＣＭＶ）感染,两组之间差异有显著性意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论感染是肝移植后主要的并发症。细菌性感染同术中输血量及手术技术失误有明显相关性。ＦＫＳ５０６代替环孢霉素的免疫抑制治疗方案的应用能减少ＣＭＶ感染。