重症急性胰腺炎并发ARDS的诊断和处理

重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）所致的全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）能够引起远隔脏器功能发生障碍，其中急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）为最常见的严重并发症之一，也是早期引起病人死亡和导致多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS），甚至多器官功能衰竭（MOF）的重要原因，其病死率超过40％。因此如何防治SAP病人并发ARDS，对提高SAP疗效具有重要意义。     

重症急性胰腺炎相关肺损伤机制与治疗的研究进展

重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）是指因胰酶异常激活对胰腺自身及周围器官产生消化作用而引起的、以胰腺局部炎性反应为主要特征,甚至可导致器官功能障碍的临床常见急腹症。SAP常并发急性肺损伤（ALI）和急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）,是目前导致SAP病死率较高的主要原因之一。SAP相关ALI的发生率从15%~55%不等,其临床表现也从轻度低氧血症到ARDS各有不同。并且,ALI和ARDS是SAP腹外功能障碍最显著的表现,发病第1周病死率高达60%。近年来众多研究发现,一方面,SAP相关ALI与多种信号通路的激活密不可分;另一方面,各种炎症因子的刺激、氧化应激、细胞焦亡等也是导致SAP相关ALI的重要原因。笔者就有关SAP相关ALI的机制及治疗的最新研究进展作一综述。     

重症急性胰腺炎并发急性肺损伤危险因素的临床研究

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)患者急性期急性肺损伤(ALI)的危险因素。方法对2008年1月至2011年12月107例SAP患者进行回顾性分析,观察其不同CT分级、入院24 h内生理学指标、急性生理学与慢性健康状况Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分以及全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)持续时间与肺损伤的相关性,并采用单因素x2检验及非条件多因素Logistic回归分析导致肺损伤的危险因素。结果 107例SAP患者并发ALI 39例,其中发生ARDS 16例。ALI/ARDS的发生与SAP的病因、病史时间、CT分级、SIRS、APACHEⅡ分值、Ca2+浓度、白蛋白浓度(ALB)、血糖浓度(GLU)、白细胞计数(WBC)及中性粒细胞计数(PMN)明显相关。进入非条件多因素Logistic回归分析的因素有白蛋白浓度、Ca2+浓度以及SIRS。结论本组资料SAP的ALI/ARDS发病率为36.45%,白蛋白浓度、Ca2+浓度及SIRS是SAP并发ALI的独立危险因素。     

早期持续性高容量血液滤过对重症急性胰腺炎急性肺损伤影响研究

目的研究早期持续性高容量血液滤过（HVHF）对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）急性肺损伤（ALI）的影响。方法自2006年1月到2007年12月间,前瞻性随机将南京军区南京总医院普通外科研究所ICU 收治的59例入院时合并ALI/ARDS的SAP病人分为HVHF组和对照组,比较两组病人的氧合指数、ALI/ARDS的发生率、机械通气的例数及时间。结果（1）氧合指数：HVHF组入院第3、10天均较入院时明显改善（P<005）,而对照组至入院第10天才较入院时有所改善（P<005）;并且在入院第3、10天,HVHF组均优于对照组病人（P<005）。（2）ALI、ARDS的发生率：HVHF组入院第10天较入院时明显降低（P<005）;对照组入院第10天较入院时降低不明显（P＞005）;入院第10天HVHF组均明显低于对照组（P<005）。（3）机械通气：两组病人急性期机械通气的例数差异无统计学意义（P＞005）,但HVHF组机械通气时间明显较对照组缩短（P<005）。结论早期持续性HVHF治疗能有效促进合并ALI/ARDS的SAP病人肺功能的恢复,是一项重要的辅助治疗措施。     

重症急性胰腺炎并发ALI/ARDS24例临床分析

目的：探讨重症急性胰腺炎并发急性肺损伤（ALI）／急性呼吸窘迫综合征（APDS）的证断与治疗。方法：回顾性分析本院1997年1月至2000年12月收治的28例重症急性胰腺炎中并发的24例ALI／ARDS患者。结果：重症急性胰腺并发ALI／ARDS的发病率高达85．7％,20例为ALI,4例为ARDS,均治愈。结论：在重症急性胰腺炎的急性反应期,应反复测定血气分析,不应拘泥于动脉氧分压数值,当氧合指数（PaO2/FiO2）≤300mmHg,可早期证断出ALI,经积极处理,可避免向ARDS转化。     

老年重症急性胰腺炎病人急性肺损伤的危险因素分析

目的探讨老年重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)病人急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)的危险因素。方法将安徽省立医院普外科收治的95例老年SAP病人根据SAP急性反应期是否发生ALI分为两组:发生者为APALI组,未发生者为N-APALI组。整理SAP急性反应期(入院24h)两组病人的各项临床资料,分别进行单因素及多因素分析,探寻SAP急性反应期导致ALI的独立危险因素。结果 95例SAP病人中并发ALI 39例(发生急性呼吸窘迫综合征16例),N-APALI组56例。老年SAP病人ALI的发生与年龄、胸腔积液、腹腔感染、体质量指数(BMI)、基础病个数、急性胰腺炎的CT严重度指数(CTIS)、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(acute physiology and chronic health evaluation,APACHEⅡ)分值、严重度床边指数(BISAP)评分、中心静脉压、红细胞压积、血肌酐、C反应蛋白(CRP)、血渗透压、降钙素原、血Ca~(2+)、血白蛋白、血糖(GLU)具有明显相关性,两组比较差异均具有统计学意义(P均0.05)。进行多因素Logistic分析,CRP、Ca~(2+)浓度、GLU为独立危险因素。CRP153.0 mg/L、Ca~(2+)1.81 mmol/L、GLU9.15mmol/L的RR值分别为:7.250、22.500、7.636。结论 CRP、Ca~(2+)浓度、血糖是老年SAP并发ALI的独立危险因素,需引起临床重视。     

重症急性胰腺炎合并急性肾功能衰竭54例临床分析

目的分析重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）合并急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）的临床特点及其预防和治疗。方法回顾分析南京军区南京总医院1997年1月至2005年4月收治的503例SAP中合并ARF的54例病人的临床资料，并用直线回归（逐步回归）方法，对影响SAP合并ARF的发生率及病死率的相关因素进行分析。结果SAP合并ARF的发生率为10．7％，病人的年龄、SIRS（全身炎症反应综合征）持续时间、病情严重程度（APACHEⅡ评分、CT评分）、ARDS（急性呼吸窘迫综合征）、MODS（多器官功能障碍综合征）、ACS（腹腔间室综合征）、感染及局部并发症等因素对ARF的发生有显著的影响；54例中，死亡18例（33．3％），同时合并ARDS和MODS是增加病人病死率的重要原因。是否伴有胰周感染对病人的病死率影响不显著。结论早期液体复苏、控制病情发展、维护重要脏器功能及积极有效的引流是预防SAP并发ARF，改善预后的重要手段。     

重症急性胰腺炎合并肺损伤发病机制的研究

重症急性胰腺炎(sever acute pancreatitis,SAP)具有发病急、病程进展快、病死率高等特点。SAP除引起胰腺局部损伤外。尚可出现胰外多器官的损伤。急性肺损伤(acute lung injury。ALI)和急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome。ARDS)是最常见的一种早期并发症。ALI是一种肺泡毛细血管膜弥漫性损伤导致肺水肿和肺不张。临床表现为呼吸窘迫和顽固性低氧血症的综合征。进一步发展即为ARDS。SAP中有大约30～50％合并有ALI和ARDS。     

重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)合并肺损伤的预防性治疗

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)合并肺损伤的预防性治疗方法。方法回顾性分析我院1998年1月至2003年4月间诊治的42例SAP病例。按SAP治疗方法不同分为常规治疗组和改良治疗组;观察两组并发症及治疗效果。结果常规治疗组20例,5例并发ARDS(25%),死亡4例(20%);改良治疗组22例,2例并发ARDS(9.1%),死亡2例(9.1%)。两组在ARDS的发病率及死亡率均有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论用改良方法治疗SAP合并肺损伤可明显降低ARDS的并发率和患者的死亡率。     

老年人重症急性胰腺炎的临床特点与治疗对策探讨

目的 探讨老年人重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）的临床特点及其治疗对策。方法 回顾性分析老年人SAP33例的临床资料。结果 老年人SAP具有如下特点：（1）病理变化异常迅速，病情急剧恶化；（2）伴发病多（57.6%)，且多为心血管系统疾病；（3）休克出现早而多见（39.4%)，极易并发多器官功能衰竭（MOF）；（4）并发症发生率高，特别是器官功能不全发生率高（93.9%)；（5）死亡率高（本组保守治疗死亡率55.6%,手术治疗死亡率60%）。结论 老年SAP治疗效果差。死亡率高，确定老年SAP的治疗对策时必须充分重视其临床特点，尽可能采取非手术治疗；对确需手术治疗才能逆转病情的病例，应选择手术打击小，引流彻底的术式。     

Severe acute respiratory syndrome mimicking acute abdomen

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a novel epidemic disease. The clinical presentation can sometimes be very non-specific. The present study reports a case of SARS, which presented as acute abdomen, warranting laparotomy. The atypical presentation in the present case reminded us of the importance of strict infection control measures in all surgery-related specialist workplaces.     

False surgical acute abdomen with intermittent acute porphyria

This article presents a case of acute intermittent porphyria admitted to the Surgery Department of C.F. Craiova Hospital between 18.08.2003-26.08.2003 then transferred to the Colentina Hospital in Bucharest for diagnosis confirmation and adequate treatment. The purpose of this paper is to bring attention on a rare metabolic inherited disease that, due to its non-specific and often noisy symptoms and limited possibilities of biochemical, enzymatic and genetic diagnosis, could generate potential serious confusions. The presentes case illustrates the fact that sometimes the acute attack may be mistaken for an acute surgical affection which requires an emergency operation with all the aggravating consequences and delay in the real diagnosis. About 1% of acute attacks of porphyria may be fatal. Only the drugs known as safe should be prescribed. Basic treatment consists in oral and intravenous glucose and hematin administration.     

Erroneous diagnosis of acute appendicitis in acute gynecological diseases

On the basis of an analysis of 84 observations the authors describe special features of the clinical course and diagnosis of gynecological diseases simulating acute appendicitis (rupture of the ovary, extrauterine pregnancy, torsion or rupture of the ovarian cyst, adnexitis).     

Reversible acute tubular necrosis following severe acute renal rejection

The clinical observation of 6 out of 250 renal transplant patients showed that acute renal rejection may lead to reversible acute tubular necrosis (ATN) necessitating intermittent haemodialysis treatment. Despite missing early response to high-dose (methyl-) prednisolone therapy (during a mean period of 4.7 days) all 6 patients developed spontaneous diuresis 14.5 days on average after onset of rejection while on maintenance immunosuppressive therapy. From the clinical course the conclusion was drawn that in severe cases of renal rejection with arteriographic and histological findings consistent with acute tubular necrosis, prolonged therapy with high doses of (methyl-) prednisolone is not desirable, since after reversal of immunological rejection the onset of spontaneous diuresis will be determined mainly by the duration of the healing and recovery phase of acute tubular necrosis.     

Risk factors of acute kidney injury after acute myocardial infarction

Objectives: To study the risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI) in-patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

Methods: A total of 1371 cases of adult in-patients with AMI in the First People's Hospital of Changzhou from January 2008 to December 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. Based on the occurrence of AKI diagnosed according to the 2012 KDIGO AKI criteria, they were divided into AKI group and non-AKI group and further into conservative treatment groups, coronary angiography (CAG) groups, and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) groups based on the timing of AKI occurrence, respectively. Related risk factors of AKI were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regressions.

Results: 410 (29.9%) developed AKI. Patients with AKI had significantly increased in-hospital mortality than patients without AKI. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that decreased baseline eGFR, increased fasting plasma glucose (FPG), use of diuretics and Killip grade IV were independent risk factors of AKI, while increased DBP on admission was a protective factor for patients in conservative treatment group. Decreased baseline eGFR, increased FPG, use of diuretics, intraoperative hypotension and acute infection were independent risk factors of AKI for patients in the CAG group. Decreased baseline eGFR, increased FPG, use of diuretics and low cardiac output syndrome after operation were independent risk factors of AKI for patients in the CABG group.

Conclusions: AKI is a common complication and associated with increased mortality after AMI. Decreased baseline renal function, increased FPG and use of diuretics were common independent risk factors of AKI after AMI.