Antibody status to influenza A/Singapore/1/57(H2N2) in Finland during a period of outbreaks caused by H3N2 and H1N1 subtype viruses

The incidence of haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody (titre greater than or equal to 12) to influenza A/Singapore/1/57(H2N2) in sera collected from a Finnish population in the summer of 1981 was 58%. Subjects born after 1968 were essentially seronegative, and a comparable low HI antibody status was also recorded among the elderly, the lowest being in people born during the period 1901-10. A small increase in antibody titre to the H2N2 virus was observed in the different age groups after infections with the H3N2, but not the H1N1, subtype influenza A viruses. The heterotypic response, which could be due to HI or NA antibodies, was restricted almost exclusively to subjects already exhibiting this antibody in acute phase sera. Moreover, the anamnestic boosting was not as strong as that described in earlier studies from samples collected at the beginning of the present era of H3N2 viruses. At population level, the HI antibody status to H2N2 was about the same at the beginning and end of the follow-up period which covered eight epidemic seasons. The results are discussed with respect to the doctrine of 'original antigenic sin' and to the threat of re-emergence of the H2N2 viruses.     

Recycling of H1N1 influenza A virus in man--a haemagglutinin antibody study.

Sera from people born between 1883 and 1930 and collected in 1977 were tested for the presence of HI antibodies to A/FM/1/47 (H1N1) virus and three recently (1977 and 1978) isolated influenza A-H1N1 viruses. The highest frequency of high-titred antibody to the four H1N1 viruses was detected in sera from people born in 1903-4, i.e. 42, 54, 38, and 22% had antibody against A/FM/1/47, A/Hong Kong/117/77, A/Brazil/11/78, and A/Fukushima/103/78 respectively. The birthdate groups 1896-1907 showed a higher percentage of HI antibody titres greater than or equal to 18, greater than or equal to 50, greater than or equal to 100 or greater than or equal to 1600 against the four H1N1 viruses than the birthdate groups 1907-30. This indicates the existence of an era, 1908-18, in which, apart from the H3N2 virus (1900-18), the H1N1 virus was epidemic among the human population.     

Changes in the antibody status of a population following epidemic infection by influenza virus A2/Hong Kong/1/68

The haemagglutinin of influenza virus A2/Hong Kong/1/68 was shown to be markedly different from that of previously isolated A2 virus strains. No haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody to A2/Hong Kong/1/68 virus was detected in serum specimens collected in 1966 from persons aged 60 years or less. In contrast, HI antibody tests with 270 sera collected in 1968 indicated that 9·6% had demonstrable HI antibody at low titres, and 35·2% of 454 postepidemic (1969) sera had demonstrable HI antibody at relatively high titres. Most sera from persons aged 80 years and more collected in 1968 and 1969 had demonstrable HI antibody to influenza virus A2/Hong Kong/1/68. No HI antibody to the Hong Kong virus was detected in pre-epidemic sera from children aged 6 months to 3 years, whereas 32% of postepidemic sera had HI antibody. The acquisition of HI antibody to A2/Hong Kong/1/68 was not accompanied by an increase in the incidence or titres of HI antibody to heterotypic A2 influenza viruses. For sera from children aged 4-11 years, an increase of HI titre to heterotypic A2 influenza was found.     

一起甲型H1N1和H3N2流感病毒混合感染调查研究

目的 从病例临床特征、抗体变化规律及病原学检测等多角度分析一起由甲型H1N1和H3N2流感病毒混合感染引起暴发疫情的流行特征,为有效控制疾病的发生与蔓延提供科学依据.方法 采用回顾性调查和现场流行病学调查方法进行问卷调查,利用RT-PCR和血凝抑制试验分别进行流感病毒和血清抗体检测.结果 45例流感样病例中,确诊40例,其中22例为甲型H1N1流感、12例为季节性H3N2型流感、6例为H1N1和H3N2病毒混合感染.不同病毒感染病例的临床表现差异无统计学意义.序列比对分析显示,混合病毒感染和单一病毒感染者的甲型H1N1和季节性H3N2病毒基因序列没有差异.同时分析表明,所有流感病例的病毒株均对金刚烷胺耐药,对奥司他韦(达菲)有效.患者的双份血清血凝抑制试验检测表明,暴发由甲型H1N1和H3N2流感病毒混合感染引起.结论 这是一起由甲型H1N1和H3N2流感病毒混合感染引起的疫情,甲型H1N1病毒在传播过程中可能较H3N2更具有优势.     

职业暴露人群A(H5N1)和甲型H1N1流感血清抗体分析

目的:了解人禽流感A(H5N1)和甲型H1N1流感职业暴露人群中的感染状况。方法:对职业暴露人群进行个案调查,采用血凝抑制法(HI)检测职业暴露人群血清中人禽流感A(H5N1)和甲型H1N1流感抗体。结果:2009年-2010年采集的624份职业暴露人群血清中未检测出人禽流感A(H5N1)抗体,而在2009年采集的血清中有5份检测出甲型H1N1流感抗体,抗体阳性率为1.55%,2010年采集的血清中抗体阳性率为11.96%,其中<29岁阳性率为17.19%,30岁～59岁阳性率为10.87%。结论:职业暴露人群中未检测出A(H5N1)流感抗体,但仍需加强职业暴露人群监测。同时甲型H1N1流感抗体水平较低,缺乏相应的抗体水平保护。     

Protection by a polyvalent influenza vaccine and persistence of homologous and heterologous HI antibodies during a period of two epidemic seasons.

A split-product influenza A vaccine which contained an influenza B strain (B/Hong Kong/8/73) and two influenza A strains, antigenically identical with A/Fort Dix/741/76 (Hsw1N1) and A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2), was offered to personnel of the CPHL. Changes in the antibody status were followed with serum samples collected from 153 participants on the day of vaccination and 1, 13 and 18 months thereafter. During the two epidemic seasons in the trial period there were only four serological influenza A infections (2.6%) among the vaccinees. This is one eighth of the corresponding infection rate (22%) in the general population estimated on the basis of other indices. The vaccinees'' antibody response was strongly influenced by the age of the individual subjects. During the trial period the decrease in the antibody titres slowed down. The geometric mean titres of homologous HI antibodies were still substantially higher at the end of the period than at the beginning. This also applied to heterologous antibodies against H1N1 viruses in persons born between 1926 and 1952. In participants born after 1952, the vaccine was not able to evoke these antibodies, and in participants born in or before 1925 the boosting effect was poor.     

Serological studies with influenza A(H1N1) viruses cultivated in eggs or in a canine kidney cell line (MDCK)

Pairs of influenza A(H1N1) viruses cultivated from the same clinical specimen in canine kidney (MDCK) cells or in embryonated hens'' eggs can frequently be distinguished by their reactions with monoclonal antibodies to haemagglutinin and with antibodies in ferret or human sera. Egg-adapted virus, further passaged in MDCK cultures remained ”egg-like” in serological characteristics indicating that the differences in their serological reactions were not a direct result of host cell-dependent glycosylation of the haemagglutinin. Haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) or virus neutralizing antibodies in human sera can be detected more frequently, and to higher titre, in tests employing virus grown exclusively in MDCK cells than in tests with virus adapted to growth in embryonated eggs. Striking differences were detected in the serological reactions in HI tests when sera from ferrets infected with egg-grown virus were tested against a series of strains of influenza A(H1N1) virus isolated in 1983 and adapted to growth in eggs. In contrast, sera from ferrets infected with MDCK-derived virus failed to distinguish serologically between the same viruses that had been passaged exclusively in MDCK cells and also revealed relatively small differences between their egg-adapted counterparts.     

Cross-reactive antibody responses to the 2009 A/H1N1v influenza virus in the Italian population in the pre-pandemic period

To assess in Italy the pre-pandemic susceptibility of the general population to the 2009 A/H1N1v influenza virus, 587 serum samples collected in 2004 were analyzed using haemagglutination-inhibition (HI), single-radial-haemolysis (SRH) and microneutralisation (MN) assays. Serum samples were stratified by age group, gender, and geographic area. Overall, using HI assay, the proportion of subjects showing antibodies cross-reacting with 2009 A/H1N1v virus at seroprotection level (≥1:40) was estimated to be 6.7%, 12.4%, and 22.4% in individuals born between 2004 and 1949, 1948 and 1939, 1938 and 1909, respectively. With a HI antibody titre of ≥1:10, in the same birth cohort, the seroprotection levels were 13.5%, 19.2%, and 58.2%, respectively. The results suggest that the Italian population was not fully naïf to the current pandemic virus and that the possible previous exposure and immune response increases with age.     

嘉兴市外环境禽流感病毒污染状况及职业暴露人群H5N6、H7N9和H9N2抗体水平调查

目的 了解嘉兴市外环境禽流感病毒分布情况及涉禽职业暴露人群禽流感病毒感染现状,为科学有效防控人感染禽流感疫情提供科学依据。 方法 实时荧光定量PCR检测2013年3月-2016年4月采集的嘉兴市3 115份外环境标本的A型流感病毒核酸,并对A型流感病毒核酸阳性的标本进一步进行H5、H7、H9亚型检测。采用马血红细胞凝集抑制试验检测2015年4月和2016年4月采集的嘉兴市140名涉禽职业暴露人群血清中的H5N6、H7N9和H9N2血凝素抗体。 结果 外环境标本中A型流感病毒核酸阳性率为18.11%,H5、H9、H7亚型阳性率分别为0.64%、3.21%、5.07%;同时,外环境标本中检出不同亚型混合污染标本74份,且H9/H7混合污染的阳性率达到1.86%。A型流感病毒及H7亚型阳性率在冬春季节出现高峰,且在城乡活禽市场的阳性率明显高于其他场所;宰杀或摆放禽肉案板表面和清洗禽类的污水标本中A型流感病毒及H7亚型的阳性率明显高于其他标本类型。140份人群血清标本共检出H9N2抗体阳性标本5份,阳性率为3.57%,未检出H5N6、H7N9抗体阳性标本。 结论 2013-2016年嘉兴市外环境中存在H5、H9、H7亚型污染,且涉禽职业暴露人群中少量的H9N2禽流感病毒无症状感染者,提示禽类接触、活禽交易市场暴露有感染禽流感病毒风险,因此应做好重点人群的健康教育及重点区域的禽流感病毒监测,防止人感染禽流感疫情的发生。     

Co-circulation of pandemic 2009 H1N1, classical swine H1N1 and avian-like swine H1N1 influenza viruses in pigs in China

The pandemic A/H1N1 influenza viruses emerged in both Mexico and the United States in March 2009, and were transmitted efficiently in the human population. They were transmitted occasionally from humans to other mammals including pigs, dogs and cats. In this study, we report the isolation and genetic analysis of novel viruses in pigs in China. These viruses were related phylogenetically to the pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza viruses isolated from humans and pigs, which indicates that the pandemic virus is currently circulating in swine populations, and this hypothesis was further supported by serological surveillance of pig sera collected within the same period. Furthermore, we isolated another two H1N1 viruses belonging to the lineages of classical swine H1N1 virus and avian-like swine H1N1 virus, respectively. Multiple genetic lineages of H1N1 viruses are co-circulating in the swine population, which highlights the importance of intensive surveillance for swine influenza in China.     

2000-2003年广东省流感监测结果分析

[目的]了解广东省流感流行情况,为预防和控制提供科学依据.[方法]在8个流感监测点采集疑似流感病人的咽拭子,一般人群及职业人群采集血清,用9～11 d鸡胚和(或)MDCK细胞分离病毒,用常量红细胞凝集抑制法(HI)鉴定病毒;用微量半加敏红细胞凝集抑制法(micro-HI)检测流感抗体.[结果]2000、2001年流感疫情较平静,2002、2003年由A(H3N2)引起的局部暴发增多,未发生大流行.4年共分离流感病毒1 425株,A(H3N2)占61. 2%、B型占27.0%、A(H1N1)占11.8%;从鸡标本分离A(H9N2)型禽流感病毒17株.一般人群血清A(H3N2)抗体阳性率较高,B(Yamagata)型较低;职业人群部分A(H9N2)禽流感抗体阳性.[结论]除2003年未分离到A(H1N1)外,2000-2002年都能同时分离到A(H1N1),A(H3N2)亚型和B型.做好流感监测对控制流行与预测有重要意义.     

Serological evaluation of an influenza A virus cold-adapted reassortant live vaccine, CR-37 (H1N1), in Japanese adult volunteers

A cold-adapted influenza A virus, CR-37 (H1N1), derived from genetic reassortment between A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (H2N2) cold-adapted variant virus and A/California/10/78 (H1N1) wild-type virus, was tested in Japanese adult volunteer. The CR-37 live virus preparation induced only low-grade clinical reactions in volunteers for the first 3-4 days after inoculation. Two vaccinees who did not show any antibody changes became febrile (over 38.0 degrees C). Skin tests using the vaccine preparation and uninfected allantoic fluid were performed, and indicated that one of these two vaccines was positive for the CR-37 vaccine preparation. A high proportion of the vaccinees whose sera had a haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titre against the vaccine strain of less than or equal to 64 before inoculation, seroconverted in both HI and neuraminidase-inhibition (NAI) antibody titrations, and only a few seroconverted in the titration of antibody against type-specific internal antigens. The serological examinations against heterotypic H1N1 variants indicated that the cold-adapted live influenza virus vaccine could induce a broad spectrum of HI antibody reactivity and immunity of long duration.     

Serological evaluation of an influenza A virus cold-adapted reassortant live vaccine, CR-37 (H1N1), in Japanese adult volunteers.

A cold-adapted influenza A virus, CR-37 (H1N1), derived from genetic reassortment between A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (H2N2) cold-adapted variant virus and A/California/10/78 (H1N1) wild-type virus, was tested in Japanese adult volunteer. The CR-37 live virus preparation induced only low-grade clinical reactions in volunteers for the first 3-4 days after inoculation. Two vaccinees who did not show any antibody changes became febrile (over 38.0 degrees C). Skin tests using the vaccine preparation and uninfected allantoic fluid were performed, and indicated that one of these two vaccines was positive for the CR-37 vaccine preparation. A high proportion of the vaccinees whose sera had a haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titre against the vaccine strain of less than or equal to 64 before inoculation, seroconverted in both HI and neuraminidase-inhibition (NAI) antibody titrations, and only a few seroconverted in the titration of antibody against type-specific internal antigens. The serological examinations against heterotypic H1N1 variants indicated that the cold-adapted live influenza virus vaccine could induce a broad spectrum of HI antibody reactivity and immunity of long duration.     

Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of specific antibodies against an H7N7 and an H3N8 equine influenza virus.

This paper describes a solid-phase microtitre plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies to equine influenza viruses. Using egg-grown influenza viruses as the antigens attached to the solid phase, cross-reactions were observed between an H7N7 equine virus (designated A1) and an H3N8 equine influenza virus (designated A2) when untreated antisera were tested. Absorption of antisera with egg-grown A/Porcine/Shope/1/33 influenza virus eliminated cross-reactive antibodies so that specific detection of anti-equine influenza A1 or A2 antibodies was possible. Examination of horse sera following vaccination with A1 and/or A2 isolates showed that antibodies were produced against antigen associated with egg allantoic fluid as well as against virus. Such antibodies were eliminated following the absorption of antisera with porcine influenza virus. Results using sera from horses with known vaccination histories confirmed that the ELISA preferentially detected antibodies homologous to the antigen attached to the solid phase and methods to evaluate the current serological state of individual horses by relating the titres of specific antibodies against equine influenza A1 and A2 isolates are shown. This ELISA provides a simple and rapid method of assessing specific antibodies from horse sera and offers advantages over the ''routine'' HI and SRH assessments since it gives high precision, is economical of reagents and has the capacity to handle large numbers of serum samples.     

禽(H9N2)亚型流感病毒感染汕头人群的报告

[目的 ]监测汕头市人群中的禽流感病毒感染情况。 [方法 ]采集流感样患者和鸡咽拭子标本 ,用常规鸡胚双腔法分离流感病毒并进行初步鉴定。对分离出 H9N2亚型流感病毒毒株的患者进行个案调查。同期采集不同年龄组普通人群、职业人群以及鸡血清标本 ,采用微量半加敏血球凝集抑制试验 ,检测 H9亚型毒株抗体。 [结果 ]从 3 3 7例流感样患者咽拭子标本中分离出红细胞凝集阳性标本 1 1份 (2 .9%)。其中 6株为 A(H3 N2 )亚型流感毒株 ,5株为 A(H9N2 )亚型流感毒株。普通人群 H9亚型病毒抗体检出率为 3 4 .0 %,职业人群检出率为 3 7.7%(P>0 .0 5 )。 [结论 ]汕头市人群中发现禽 H9N2亚型流感病毒感染 ,提示禽 H9N2亚型流感病毒能感染人     

包河区健康人群甲型H1N1流感抗体水平监测及疫苗免疫效果分析

目的研究包河区健康人群中甲型H1N1流感病毒抗体水平和居民甲型H1N1流感感染情况。方法采用多阶段抽样方法,随机抽取638名调查对象进行个案调查并采集血液标本分离血清,用血凝抑制(HI)方法对标本进行检测。结果健康人群中,接种疫苗人群产生的保护性抗体与未接种人群产生的保护性抗体差异有显著性。结论接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗是最有效控制甲型H1N1流感发生大流行的手段之一。     

Serological evidence of continuing infection of swine in Great Britain with an influenza A virus (H3N2).

Serum samples collected from swine and cattle in Great Britain at various times between July 1971 and July 1977 were examined by haemagglutination-inhibition or single radial haemolysis methods for evidence of infection with influenza A (H3N2) viruses. A small proportion of swine sera collected in each year reacted in the tests but there was no evidence of infection in cattle. The significance of the findings is discussed, with particular reference to the seasonal fluctuations in the prevalence of antibody in swine observed during the period of the study, and their possible relevance to influenzal events in the human population. None of the sera tested had antibody to swine influenza strains (HSw1N1).     

海南省甲型H1N1流感血清流行病学调查

目的了解海南省2009年甲型H1N1流感大流行高峰后期人群感染水平及流行趋势。方法于2009年12月和2010年1-3月共5次在海口市抽取医院门诊患者、血液中心志愿者,利用血凝抑制(HI)方法进行血清标本甲型H1N1流感抗体检测。结果 5次调查的人群抗体阳性率依次为10.50%(40/381)、16.06%(62/386)、31.35%(121/386)、23.16%(91/393)和38.02%(146/384),随时间推移总体呈增长趋势(χ2=81.17,P<0.05);除0～5岁组外,6～17岁、18～55岁及≥56岁组抗体阳性率均随时间推移而上升(χ2=4.22,P>0.05;χ2=21.25,P<0.05;χ2=39.05,P<0.05;χ2=26.85,P<0.05);6～17岁组抗体阳性率5次调查均最高。结论海南省甲型H1N1流感人群免疫水平逐步提高,该疾病在海南省的流行将维持在较低水平;6～17岁人群为主要感染人群。     

无锡地区H3N2流感病毒流行情况实验室分析

目的 了解无锡地区H3N2流感病毒血凝素基因变异情况和人群中HI抗体水平,分析H3N2流感病毒流行情况.方法 选取2007～2010年哨点医院的H3N2流感病毒进行基因序列比对;选择2008年9月～2009年5月健康体检人群及流感监测哨点医院就诊病例血清140份,2010年9月～2011年1月血清98份进行人群中HI抗体分析.结果 对无锡地区分离的42株H3N2流感病毒的HA基因进行分析,核苷酸序列同源性为98.1％～99.6％,病毒之间的核苷酸序列同源性差异较小.2008年9月～2009年5月人群中H3N2 H1抗体阳性率为86.40％、保护率为84.30％、GMT为1∶58.56,2010年9月～2011年1月人群中为100.00％、100.00％、1∶78.88,两者之间HI抗体阳性率、保护率和GMT差异有统计学意义(P均=0.000).结论 根据对无锡地区2007 ～2011年H3N2亚型流感病毒监测、基因进化分析和人群中抗体保护检测情况分析,推测近期H3N2流感病毒不会有较大流行.