鼻专科电子病历的设计与实现

目的设计与开发鼻专科电子病历，以实现对鼻专科病人信息的采集、加工、存储和传输。方法以SQL SERVER 2000为后台数据库、MS Visual Foxoro 6．0为前台开发工具，通过建立鼻专科结构化病历，实现鼻专科电子病历系统。结果该专科病历系统已在耳鼻喉科使用，实践证明，该系统运行艮好，达到了存储和传输病人信息、实现快速查询的目的。结论该系统能够有效提高医生书写病历的效率与质量，为将来全面实现电子病历打下了基础。     

The Mosoriot medical record system: design and initial implementation of an outpatient electronic record system in rural Kenya

Mosoriot Health Center is a rural primary care facility situated on the outskirts of Eldoret, Kenya in sub-Saharan Africa. The region is characterised by widespread poverty and a very poor technology infrastructure. Many houses do not have electricity, telephones or tap water. The health center does have electricity and tap water. In a collaborative project between Indiana University and the Moi University Faculty of Health Sciences (MUFHS), we designed a core electronic medical record system within the Mosoriot Health Center, with the intention of improving the quality of health data collection and, subsequently, patient care. The electronic medical record system will also be used to link clinical data from the health center to information collected from the public health surveys performed by medical students participating in the public health research programs of Moi University. This paper describes the processes involved in the development of the computer-based Mosoriot medical record system (MMRS) up to the point of implementation. It particularly focuses on the decisions and trade-offs that must be made when introducing this technology into an established health care system in a developing country.     

Applying methodology to electronic medical record selection

BACKGROUND: Given the potential for electronic medical records (EMRs) to influence every aspect of health care, there has been surprisingly little rigorous research applied to this emerging health technology. An initial phase of the COMPETE (computerization of medical practices for the enhancement of therapeutic efficacy) program, which investigates the impact of EMRs and electronic decision support on efficiency, quality of care and privacy concerns, developed and used a rigorous approach to EMR selection. METHODS: A multidisciplinary team with clinical, technical and research expertise led an eight-stage evaluation process with direct input from potential clinical users at each stage. An iterative sequence of review of EMR specifications and features, live product demonstrations, site visits, and negotiations with vendors led to a progressive narrowing of the field of eligible EMR systems. Final scoring was based on three main themes of clinical usability, data quality and vendor maturity issues. RESULTS: The field of eligible EMR systems was relatively easily narrowed to a few finalists. Determination of the important strengths and weaknesses of these systems' usability, data extraction capabilities and vendor viability, required the full suite of evaluation steps. Preferences varied amongst clinicians and between clinicians and technical specialists, particularly regarding the importance of user interface versus database issues. However, the final scoring process showed consensus amongst clinical and technical experts. CONCLUSION: A rigorous, multidisciplinary process is useful in EMR selection. While prolonged and laborious, it is transparent, enhances buy in and realism of expectations by multiple potential users and IT support staff and may, therefore, improve the ultimate success of any EMR implementation project.     

医疗纠纷中电子病历应用的相关问题思考

医疗纠纷已经成为社会的一个热点问题,而针对医疗文书在医疗纠纷诉讼中的重要作用,在了解我国电子病历应用和立法现状的基础上,对数据电文构成的病历的合法性进行探讨,并根据电子病历能够替代纸病历,同时在医疗纠纷中具有法律效力。     

Translating genome wide association study results to associations among common diseases: In silico study with an electronic medical record

ObjectiveTo develop a map of disease associations exclusively using two publicly available genetic sources: the catalog of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the HapMap, and the catalog of Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) from the NHGRI, and to evaluate it with a large, long-standing electronic medical record (EMR).MethodsA computational model, In Silico Bayesian Integration of GWAS (IsBIG), was developed to learn associations among diseases using a Bayesian network (BN) framework, using only genetic data. The IsBIG model (I-Model) was re-trained using data from our EMR (M-Model). Separately, another clinical model (C-Model) was learned from this training dataset. The I-Model was compared with both the M-Model and the C-Model for power to discriminate a disease given other diseases using a test dataset from our EMR. Area under receiver operator characteristics curve was used as a performance measure. Direct associations between diseases in the I-Model were also searched in the PubMed database and in classes of the Human Disease Network (HDN).ResultsOn the basis of genetic information alone, the I-Model linked a third of diseases from our EMR. When compared to the M-Model, the I-Model predicted diseases given other diseases with 94% specificity, 33% sensitivity, and 80% positive predictive value. The I-Model contained 117 direct associations between diseases. Of those associations, 20 (17%) were absent from the searches of the PubMed database; one of these was present in the C-Model. Of the direct associations in the I-Model, 7 (35%) were absent from disease classes of HDN.ConclusionUsing only publicly available genetic sources we have mapped associations in GWAS to a human disease map using an in silico approach. Furthermore, we have validated this disease map using phenotypic data from our EMR. Models predicting disease associations on the basis of known genetic associations alone are specific but not sensitive. Genetic data, as it currently exists, can only explain a fraction of the risk of a disease. Our approach makes a quantitative statement about disease variation that can be explained in an EMR on the basis of genetic associations described in the GWAS.     

Architecture of an image capable, web-based, electronic medical record

With each medical center department creating and maintaining its own patient care-related data, nursing and house staff may find it confusing to log into all the information systems necessary to achieve a global perspective of the patient's state. The Medical Information Network Database application provides a logically centralized Worldwide Web viewing application for the physically distributed data. In addition to coordinating data displays for histories, laboratories, pathology, radiology, and discharge summaries, the application can be configured to apply rule sets to the data and remind caregivers of follow-up tests or of possible reactions to treatment protocols. The viewing client runs on any HTML 2.0-compliant browser, although certain applet enhancements (notably for viewing radiological images) require a browser with Java abilities. With this "thin client" approach, the application can be configured to coexist with other applications (such as a PACS viewer), thus centralizing information and reducing the overall number of computers in the medical center.     

A nursing perspective to design and implementation of electronic patient record systems

Achievements in informatics and use of new technologies are important to develop knowledge from clinical nursing practice. At the same time, progress in design and implementation of clinical information systems such as comprehensive Electronic Patient Record (EPR) systems can be complemented by attention to and examination of information processes as well as the health care constituencies' characteristics. In this article, selected issues and challenges related to EPR design and implementation are reviewed with a particular emphasis on those related to nursing practice and nursing leadership.     

The effects of an electronic medical record on the completeness of documentation in the anesthesia record

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the completeness of anesthesia recording before and after the introduction of an electronic anesthesia record.MethodsThe study was conducted in a Korean teaching hospital where the EMR was implemented in October 2008. One hundred paper anesthesia records from July to September 2008 and 150 electronic anesthesia records during the same period in 2009 were randomly sampled. Thirty-four essential items were selected out of all the anesthesia items and grouped into automatically transferred items and manual entry items. 1, .5 and 0 points were given for each item of complete entry, incomplete entry and no entry respectively. The completeness of documentation was defined as the sum of the scores. The influencing factors on the completeness of documentation were evaluated in total and by the groups.ResultsThe average completeness score of the electronic anesthesia records was 3.15% higher than that of the paper records. A multiple regression model showed the type of the anesthesia record was a significant factor on the completeness of anesthesia records in all items (β = .98, p < .05) and automatically transferred items (β = .56, p < .01). The type of the anesthesia records had no influence on the completeness in manual entry items.ConclusionsThe completeness of an anesthesia record was improved after the implementation of the electronic anesthesia record. The reuse of the data from the EMR was the main contributor to the improved completeness.     

基于Web的电子病案系统设计

计算机网络技术和数据库技术的发展，使得医院的信息化程度不断得到提高，也使得电子病案的发展越来越得到重视。本文阐述了电子病案在国内外的发展趋势以及如何运用B／S和C／S相结合的模式设计基于Web的电子病案系统，并结合实际对设计电子病案系统过程中必须注意的几个问题进行了探讨。     

Use of an electronic medical record to profile the continuity clinic experiences of primary care residents.

PURPOSE: To assess the variation in outpatient educational experiences among residents in a primary care internal medicine residency program. METHOD: The authors conducted an observational study within a primary care residency program in Boston, Massachusetts, involving eight primary care residents in 2001-02. A data management system was created that uses information on clinical experiences collected from an electronic medical record (EMR). The EMR records clinical information from patient encounters in resident continuity clinics, including patient demographics and diagnostic codes entered by the residents. Primary and secondary diagnosis from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) were assigned to clinical categories (e.g., cardiology, orthopedics) and these assignments were programmed into a spreadsheet that could take the diagnostic data directly from the EMR downloads and produce reports using only the primary diagnosis, using all diagnoses, or using the assigned clinical categories. RESULTS: The EMR download showed 2,468 patient encounters for the eight residents in the primary care program. The most common clinical encounters were for health maintenance (17%), cardiology (14%), and women's health (10%). In contrast, rheumatology (0.5%) and hematology/oncology (2%) encounters were less frequent. There were substantial variations among residents in terms of distribution of encounter diagnoses, and the age and gender of patients seen in continuity clinic. CONCLUSIONS: Abstracting data from an EMR represents a feasible method for assessing programmatic and individual learner experiences in the outpatient setting. Such information may help target curricular adjustments to ensure an appropriate diversity and depth of clinical training.     

Electronic health record: Design and implementation of a lab test request module

BackgroundThe electronic health record (EHR) has become a fundamental tool in health care. The ordering and inclusion of lab tests and results is one of the most frequently requested services by EHR users. We have designed, developed and implemented in Andalusia, an autonomous community in the south of Spain (8.3 million inhabitants), a unified lab test request module for the Andalusian public health system EHR.PurposeAfter implementing the module in 27 laboratories, our objective is to assess its impact on healthcare activities and to ascertain whether its functional design addresses the needs and expectations of users.MethodsWe surveyed laboratory and healthcare professionals to assess their opinion of the module's operation in daily practices and the effect it has had on pre- and post-analytical quality indicators (before and after lab test module implementation).ResultsAll the laboratories surveyed noted that the implementation of the laboratory module in the EHR improved the analytical process, highlighting better safety in patient identification, less programming or container errors and shorter response times. Clinical professionals gave the module a rating of 7.8 out of 10, positively highlighting the speed at which results are delivered and their integration in the EHR. In terms of the model's drawbacks, laboratories have highlighted its rigidity in solving errors and clinical professionals have noted the requirement of adapting to a new nomenclature. It is also necessary to expand coding to all the tests available in clinical laboratories.ConclusionsThe results of our survey indicate that the functional design of our analytical testing module is suitable for user needs, allowing to integrate information from multiple laboratories in a single region. Based on our experience, the key aspects for the success of this project have been: a design conceived for both laboratories and clinical professionals, the involvement of laboratories as a key element of the project, as well as sufficient time of local piloting before widespread implementation which is basic for the success of a computer application that affects so many potential users of the health care system.     

Copying and pasting of examinations within the electronic medical record

Electronic patient records often include text that has been copied and pasted from other records. A type of copying that involves the highest risk for confusion, medical error, and medico-legal harm is the copying of the clinical examination. We studied this phenomenon using an automated text categorization algorithm to detect copied exams in a set of 167,076 VA records. Exam copying occurred frequently, in about 3% of all exams, or in 25% of patient charts. Thirteen percent of all authors had copied at least one exam, and 3% of authors had copied an exam from another author. There were significant differences between service types and levels of training of the authors. We speculate that copying and pasting of exams degrades the quality of the medical record, and that studying this behavior is integral to our understanding of phenomenology of the electronic medical record.     

Parent satisfaction with the electronic medical record in an academic pediatric rheumatology practice

Background

Patient satisfaction has not been widely studied with respect to implementation of the electronic medical record (EMR). There are few reports of the impact of the EMR in pediatrics.

Objective

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of implementation of an electronic medical record system on families in an academic pediatric rheumatology practice.

Methods

Families were surveyed 1 month pre-EMR implementation and 3 months post-EMR implementation.

Results

Overall, EMR was well received by families. Compared with the paper chart, parents agreed the EMR improved the quality of doctor care (55% or 59/107 vs 26% or 26/99, P < .001). More parents indicated they would prefer their pediatric physicians to use an EMR (68% or 73/107 vs 51% or 50/99, P = .01).

Conclusions

Transitioning an academic pediatric rheumatology practice to an EMR can increase family satisfaction with the office visit.     

Enhanced identification of eligibility for depression research using an electronic medical record search engine

Purpose

Electronic medical records (EMRs) have become part of daily practice for many physicians. Attempts have been made to apply electronic search engine technology to speed EMR review. This was a prospective, observational study to compare the speed and clinical accuracy of a medical record search engine vs. manual review of the EMR.

Methods

Three raters reviewed 49 cases in the EMR to screen for eligibility in a depression study using the electronic medical record search engine (EMERSE). One week later raters received a scrambled set of the same patients including 9 distractor cases, and used manual EMR review to determine eligibility. For both methods, accuracy was assessed for the original 49 cases by comparison with a gold standard rater.

Results

Use of EMERSE resulted in considerable time savings; chart reviews using EMERSE were significantly faster than traditional manual review (p = 0.03). The percent agreement of raters with the gold standard (e.g. concurrent validity) using either EMERSE or manual review was not significantly different.

Conclusions

Using a search engine optimized for finding clinical information in the free-text sections of the EMR can provide significant time savings while preserving clinical accuracy. The major power of this search engine is not from a more advanced and sophisticated search algorithm, but rather from a user interface designed explicitly to help users search the entire medical record in a way that protects health information.     

Implementation of clinical guidelines through an electronic medical record: physician usage, satisfaction and assessment

CONTEXT: We developed and evaluated the Emergency Department Expert Charting System (EDECS) to provide real-time guidance regarding the care of low back pain in adults, fever in children, and occupational exposure to blood and body fluids in health care workers, by embedding clinical guidelines within an electronic medical record. OBJECTIVE: To describe the behaviors and attitudes of physicians who used EDECS. DESIGN: Pre-post questionnaires were used to assess physician attitudes. Time studies of the intervention phase were observational, using clocks embedded in the software. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and forty two residents and interns in emergency, pediatric, internal, and family medicine and patients with the above-mentioned complaints. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Physician utilization of EDECS, time spent using EDECS, physician satisfaction and beliefs. RESULTS: Eighty four percent of the 142 eligible physicians used EDECS at least once. Five hundred and ninety one of 789 (75%) eligible cases were completed using EDECS. Median session time decreased from 12 min for session 1, to 5.5 min for sessions 16 and above. Physicians generally agreed that care with EDECS was better than standard care, particularly with respect to documentation. There was, however, considerable heterogeneity in belief among complaints. CONCLUSIONS: These data illuminate both the potentials of computer-assisted decision making and the need for context-specific approaches when attempting to implement guidelines.     

Comparing usability testing outcomes and functions of six electronic nursing record systems

ObjectivesThis study examined the usability of six differing electronic nursing record (ENR) systems on the efficiency, proficiency and available functions for documenting nursing care and subsequently compared the results to nurses' perceived satisfaction from a previous study.MethodsThe six hospitals had different ENR systems, all with narrative nursing notes in use for more than three years. Stratified by type of nursing unit, 54 staff nurses were digitally recorded during on-site usability testing by employing validated patient care scenarios and think-aloud protocols. The time to complete specific tasks was also measured. Qualitative performance data were converted into scores on efficiency (relevancy), proficiency (accuracy), and a competency index using scoring schemes described by McGuire and Babbott. Six nurse managers and the researchers completed assessments of available ENR functions and examined computerized nursing process components including the linkages among them.ResultsFor the usability test, participants' mean efficiency score was 94.2% (95% CI, 91.4–96.9%). The mean proficiency was 60.6% (95% CI, 54.3–66.8%), and the mean competency index was 59.5% (95% CI, 52.9–66.0). Efficiency scores were significantly different across ENRs as was the time to complete tasks, ranging from 226.3 to 457.2 s (χ² = 12.3, P = 0.031; χ² = 11.2, P = 0.048). No significant differences were seen for proficiency scores. The coverage of the various ENRs' nursing process ranged from 67% to 100%, but only two systems had complete integration of nursing components. Two systems with high efficiency and proficiency scores had much lower usability test scores and perceived user satisfaction along with more complex navigation patterns.ConclusionsIn terms of system usability and functions, different levels of sophistication of and interaction performance with ENR systems exist in practice. This suggests that ENRs may have variable impacts on clinical outcomes and care quality. Future studies are needed to explore ENR impact on nursing care quality, efficiency, and safety.     

Variation in health care--the roles of the electronic medical record

Variation in the use of clinical resources, outcomes, costs, access to health care and quality is a well recognized, ever present feature of health care. It is a phenomenon that affects all sectors of the health care delivery process and is important to clinicians, administrators and patients. As a phenomenon variation can be appropriate or inappropriate and the elimination of inappropriate variation is a fundamental principal behind continuous quality improvement in health care. The primary tools for the management of variation exists within the electronic medical record (EMR). The EMR utilizes the existing and evolving information storage technologies (data repositories) and information management tools (applications), to integrate the elements within this long-term data storage. Through this integration the EMR systems are able to provide knowledge representation in differing formats to the decision-makers and this will facilitate more accurate and appropriate decision-making with subsequent improvements in health care delivery.