青岛农村中小学幼儿园周边零售食品添加剂检测结果分析

了解青岛市农村中小学与幼儿园周边食品店食品添加剂使用情况,为保障学生食品安全提供依据.方法 采集青岛市农村学校周边食品商店的38份饮料、果冻、冷冻饮品,进行甜味剂(甜蜜素、糖精钠、安赛蜜)、防腐剂(苯甲酸、山梨酸)、(着色剂柠檬黄、日落黄、靛蓝、亮蓝)等指标的测定,按《食品添加剂使用卫生标准》(GB 2760-2011)进行评价.结果 38份饮品中,有15份食品添加剂含量超过了国家限量,超标率为39.5%.其中12份样品甜蜜素超标(5种为饮料,7种为冰糕类).结论 青岛市农村学校周边饮食群的食品合格率较低.应制定对策以加大监管力度.     

居民日常餐饮356份食品中食品添加剂的监测结果分析

目的监测居民日常餐饮食品中食品添加剂的使用情况,分析污染状况,为食品安全风险评估和监督管理提供有效的科学依据。方法对惠州市4类食品356份样品进行防腐剂、甜味剂、着色剂、护色剂、膨松剂和漂白剂相关指标的监测和分析。结果 2015-2017年惠州市共监测4类食品样品356份,总检出206份,合格306份,检出率为57. 9%,合格率为86. 0%,其中谷物及其制品的检出率(85. 7%)最高,合格率最低(73. 0%);不同包装形式和不同销售场所的食品样品检出结果差别有统计学意义; 13个检测项目中铝的合格率最低,日落黄次之;监测的6类食品添加剂中漂白剂的检出率最高(83. 3%),其次为膨松剂(78. 6%),护色剂(17. 8%),防腐剂(14. 0%),着色剂(4. 0%)和甜味剂(4. 7%)。结论惠州市居民日常餐饮食品中6类食品添加剂使用普遍,存在一定的安全隐患,建议加强监督管理,扩大监测范围,鼓励创新研发更低毒性、更低成本的食品添加剂。     

陕西省8类市售食品中防腐剂和甜味剂的检测结果与分析

目的了解陕西省市售食品中防腐剂和甜味剂的使用情况,为今后食品添加剂的风险评估提供科学依据。方法采集陕西省十个地市范围的市售食品,用气相色谱法和高效液相色谱法检测苯甲酸、山梨酸、甜蜜素、糖精钠和安赛蜜。结果共抽检样品763份,其中334份样品检测防腐剂,总合格率为99.4%,合格率分别为:豆与豆制品(100%)、肉与肉制品(99.0%)、街头流动餐饮(98.7%);三类食品只检出山梨酸超标,肉与肉制品的山梨酸最大检出值是国标限量的5.7倍。429份样品检测甜味剂,总合格率为95.8%,合格率分别为:膨化食品(100%)、饮料类(95.3%)、餐饮食品(94.7%)、冷冻饮品(92.0%)、果冻布丁(88.2%);餐饮食品的甜蜜素最大检出值是国标限量的4.6倍。结论陕西省市售的8类食品中添加山梨酸和甜蜜素现象普遍,相关部门应加强执法抽查力度,加强企业自律意识,提高食品质量。     

2012—2014年中国葡萄酒中食品添加剂使用状况

目的了解2012—2014年中国葡萄酒中甜味剂、防腐剂和着色剂等11种食品添加剂使用状况和监管效果。方法从全国采集葡萄酒4538份,其中餐饮环节105份,流通环节4415份,生产加工环节18份。按照GB 5009.28—2003、GB5009.29—2003、GB 5009.35—2003和GB 5009.97—2003方法检测11种食品添加剂含量。结果葡萄酒中苯甲酸和山梨酸的超标率分别为3.26%和2.78%,甜味剂中甜蜜素、糖精钠和安赛蜜的检出率分别为11.84%、12.38%和10.79%;着色剂中的苋菜红、胭脂红、诱惑红、赤藓红、柠檬黄和日落黄的检出率分别为12.72%、5.76%、4.14%、1.43%、6.26%和4.97%。结论葡萄酒中防腐剂、甜味剂和着色剂存在超范围和超限量使用现象,但是问题逐年减少。     

福建省胶囊类保健食品中合成着色剂调查分析

[目的]对50份福建省内1998以来报批审批的胶囊类新食品或保健食品的胶囊壳色素进行检测,以了解胶囊类保健食品中合成着色剂使用状况。[方法]样品按GB/T 5009.35-2003处理后用高效液相色谱法测定。[结果]50份样品中柠檬黄检出18份,胭脂红26份,日落黄3份,亮蓝14份,苋菜红,靛蓝各1份;赤藓红未检出。[结论]胶囊类保健食品壳中的合成着色剂污染问题不容忽视,应加紧对其最大使用量及其使用标准的制定,以加强监督和监测工作。     

粉、面制品中添加剂使用的调查分析

目的了解本辖区市售粉、面制品中添加剂（防腐剂、人工合成色素）的使用情况，为食品安全监督管理提供依据。方法抽样采取市场、超市售卖的河粉、肠粉、碱水面、鸡蛋面等粉、面制品进行检测，其中粉制品42份检测苯甲酸、山梨酸，面制品32份检测柠檬黄、日落黄；检测方法采用高效液相法，并对样品前处理及检测色谱条件进行改进。结果改进后的高效液相法得到较满意结果，苯甲酸、山梨酸的加标回收率在99．2％～105．1％，柠檬黄、日落黄的加标回收率在98．2％～103．5％；42份粉制品中9份检出苯甲酸，3份检出山梨酸，检出率28．6％；32份面制品中26份检出柠檬黄，检出率81．2％。结论依据国家标准，防腐剂、人工合成色素在粉、面制品中是不得检出的。此次调查结果显示，食品安全现状不容忽视，应加强食品生产、消费环节的监督管理。     

2013年潍坊市饮料、雪糕和果冻中食品添加剂含量调查分析

目的通过抽样检测分析,了解潍坊市售饮料、雪糕和果冻中合成色素、防腐剂和甜味剂的使用情况。方法从潍坊市5个县市区（寿光、潍城、昌邑、寒亭和昌乐）的13个采样点采集饮料、雪糕和果冻各20份,共计60份。参照《2013年国家食品污染和有害因素风险工作手册》中高效液相色谱法测定合成色素、防腐剂和甜味剂含量,采用SPSS统计软件进行数据分析,以《GB 2760-2011食品添加剂使用标准》中饮料、冷冻饮品和果冻类卫生标准判断是否合格。结果60份样品(饮料、雪糕和果冻各20份)中合成色素、防腐剂和甜味剂的检出率分别为96.7%、78.3%和81.7%,合成色素和防腐剂的单项定量合格率为100%,3种甜味剂糖精钠、安赛蜜和甜蜜素的超标率为6.7%、5.0%和3.3%。参照国标规定的：同一功能的食品添加剂在混合使用时,各自用量占其最大使用量的比例之和不应超过1判断,合成色素、防腐剂和甜味剂的超标率分别为8.3%、5.0%和26.7%。结论调查结果显示,饮料、雪糕和果冻中合成色素、防腐剂和甜味剂的定性检出率较高,3类添加剂均存在叠加使用情况,且叠加后超标率显著升高,必须加强对其生产、消费环节的监督管理。     

梅州市食品中硼砂检测情况分析

目的 调查梅州市各类食品添加硼砂的情况，为卫生监督执法提供依据。方法 抽取全城销售商店及摊挡销售的各类食品，先用快速试剂现场检测硼砂，阳性样品再送实验室用姜黄试纸法确认。结果 抽取各类食品363份，检出硼砂阳性的有粽子、粄皮、味酵粄、肉丸、老鼠粄、豆腐和腐竹等7个品种共55份，检出率15．15％；其中检测粽子48份，检出硼砂15份，检出率31．25％。结论 梅州市食品存在使用国家禁用食品添加剂硼砂的现象，应加强监管力度。     

2005年龙岩市7类食品添加剂检测结果

[目的]为加强龙岩市食品添加剂的监督管理,保障人民身体健康。[方法]2005年对龙岩市本地产的7类食品进行添加剂专项抽检,每份样品检测防腐剂2项和甜味剂2项。依据GB2760-1996《食品添加剂使用卫生标准》进行评价。[结果]本次共抽检69家龙岩市生产企业,使用添加剂的厂家占55.1%;98份样品,检出率59.2%,合格率为74.5%,在58份有检出的样品中合格率仅为58.6%。[结论]虽然龙岩市生产企业使用添加剂并不普遍,但存在超量使用的企业较多,建议卫生监督部门应加强食品添加剂使用的指导与管理。     

密云县部分食品中食品添加剂监测结果与分析

目的了解密云县部分食品的食品添加剂使用状况。方法按照国家标准GB2760-2007中的方法对抽检到的259件食品进行检测,并与2002年以来文献报道以及国家食品安全网上公布的食品抽查结果进行对比分析。结果存在超范围、超限量使用防腐剂、甜味剂、着色剂、发色剂和漂白剂等食品添加剂的现象。结论提示要加强对食品添加剂的安全管理。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.