PAI-1 4G/5G insertion/deletion promoter polymorphism and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) plays an important role in the regulation of fibrinolysis and extracellular matrix turnover. PAI-1 4G/5G insertion/deletion polymorphism in the PAI-1 promoter region has been shown to modulate PAI-1 plasma levels. We investigated the relationship between this polymorphism and the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes in the Austrian population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 147 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (96 men, 51 women; median age, 65 years; IQR, 59-71) were analyzed for the PAI-1 4G/5G genotype. RESULTS: The genotype distribution in the individuals tested was as follows: 17% (n = 25) 5G/5G, 54% (n = 80) 4G/5G, and 29% (n = 42) 4G/4G. Patients homozygous for allele 4G had a significantly higher risk of diabetic proliferative retinopathy than patients without signs of diabetic retinopathy or nonproliferative retinopathy (OR, 7.3; 95% CI, 1.4-38.8; P = 0.02). No significant associations were observed between the PAI-1 genotype and the presence of albuminuria. CONCLUSION: According to our results, diabetic proliferative retinopathy might be associated with the prevalence of PAI-1 genotype 4G/4G.     

Increase in plasma plasminogen activators inhibitor type 1 concentration after fibrinolytic treatment in patients with acute myocardial infarction is associated with 4G/5G polymorphism of PAI-1 gene

BACKGROUND: Preliminary data suggest that plasma concentration of plasminogen activators inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) is genetically determined and may be related to differential regulation of plasma PAI-1 concentration at baseline and after stimulation. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate whether increase in the plasma PAI-1 antigen concentration or activity after fibrinolytic therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction is associated with the -675 4G/5G genetic polymorphism in the promoter region of PAI-1 gene. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed that a rebound effect is observed in PAI-1 activity (ActPAI-1) and PAI-1 antigen (AgPAI-1) concentration after standard streptokinase treatment with maximal values of 3 h (t3) after the completion of streptokinase infusion. Both ActPAI-1 and AgPAI-1 were significantly higher at t3 compared to the levels before fibrinolytic treatment: 37.3 (20.0-67.7) vs. 10.0 (3.6-26.0) IU L(-1); P = 0.00001 and 29.9 (15.6-42.3) vs. 20.9 (13.0-30.2) ng mL(-1); P = 0.001, respectively. The stratification of the patients by genotype revealed that carriers of the 4G allele had higher concentrations of PAI-1 antigen 3 h after streptokinase infusion: 30.9 vs. 13.8 ng mL(-1); P = 0.019. No significant association between PAI-1 activity and genotype was found. In conclusion, the rebound effect in serum PAI-1 concentration observed after streptokinase treatment may be related to the 4G/5G polymorphism in the PAI-1 gene promoter.     

Role of functional plasminogen-activator-inhibitor-1 4G/5G promoter polymorphism in susceptibility, severity, and outcome of meningococcal disease in Caucasian children

OBJECTIVE: Meningococcal sepsis invariably is associated with coagulopathy. We have previously reported an association between mortality rate in meningococcal disease and the functional 4G/5G promoter polymorphism of the plasminogen-activator-inhibitor (PAI)-1 gene in a small patient cohort. In a much larger cohort, we aimed to confirm these results and further investigate the role of the 4G/5G polymorphism in determining susceptibility, outcome, and complications of disease.DESIGN Susceptibility was investigated in two separate studies, a case-control study and a family-based transmission study, each test using a separate patient cohort. Severity was investigated using clinical diagnosis, the presence of vascular complications, Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM)-predicted morality, and actual mortality. SETTING: University hospital and laboratories. SUBJECTS: Subjects were 510 UK pediatric patients, 210 parents of patients, and 155 UK Caucasian controls. INTERVENTIONS: DNA extraction and 4G/5G PAI-1 genotyping was carried out using published techniques. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Predicted mortality distribution differed significantly between genotypes (p =.05) with a significantly higher median PRISM in the 4G/4G (41.1%) than the 4G/5G (23.4%) and 5G/5G (19.0%) genotyped patients combined (p =.02). Actual mortality rate was significantly associated with both genotype (chi-square = 14.8, p =.001) and allele frequencies (chi-square = 14.0, p <.0001), with more deaths in the 4G/4G (28.4%) than the 4G/5G and 5G/5G genotyped patients combined (14.9%; chi-square = 7.9; p =.005; risk ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-3.0). Logistic regression indicated a 40% and 91% reduction in the odds of dying if a patient was either 4G/5G or 5G/5G, respectively, in comparison to a 4G homozygous patient. When analyzed by clinical diagnosis, the association with death was found only in the sepsis group (chi-square = 18.7, p <.0001; risk ratio, 2.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-4.6). In survivors of disease, a significantly higher proportion of 4G/4G patients suffered from vascular complications (chi-square = 6.7, p =.03; risk ratio, 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-5.0). The 4G/5G polymorphism was not associated or linked with susceptibility (case-control result, p =.6; family-based transmission study results, p =.2). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that Caucasian pediatric patients carrying the functional PAI-1 4G/4G genotype are at an increased risk of developing vascular complications and dying from meningococcal disease.     

Lack of association of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G promoter polymorphism with cardiovascular disease in the elderly

Summary.  Elevated circulating plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) may increase risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The 4G allele of the 4G/5G PAI-1 promoter polymorphism is associated with higher levels of PAI-1. We examined the association of PAI-1 4G/5G genotype and CVD events in the elderly participants of the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS). We measured 4G/5G genotype in a nested case-control study within the CHS. Cases included incident angina, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke. 4G/5G genotype was not found to be associated with markers of fibrinolysis or CVD risk in the selected elderly cohort. There were no differences in genotype frequencies by case-control status (5G/5G frequency 16–22%; χ² P = 0.07). The 5G allele was not associated with incident CVD events when individuals with at least one 5G allele were compared to 4G/4G homozygotes. The presence of at least one 4G allele was likewise not associated with incident CVD when those with 4G/4G and 4G/5G genotypes were compared to 5G/5G homozygotes. Our results suggest that the PAI-1 4G/5G promoter polymorphism is not associated CVD risk factors or incident CVD events in the elderly.     

Type 2 diabetes significantly modulates the cardiovascular risk conferred by the PAI-1 -675 4G/5G polymorphism in angiographied coronary patients

BACKGROUND: The association of the -675 4G/5G polymorphism of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene with cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is unknown. METHODS: Genotyping was performed in 672 consecutive Caucasian patients undergoing coronary angiography for the evaluation of stable coronary artery disease (CAD). Vascular events were recorded over 4 years. RESULTS: In non-diabetic subjects (n=524), the homozygous PAI-1 4G4G genotype was significantly associated with significant coronary stenoses >/=50% (adjusted odds ratio (OR) OR=1.84 [1.17-2.92]; p=0.009); however, in T2DM patients (n=148) no such association was observed (OR=0.67 [0.26-1.71]; p=0.401). An interaction term T2DMx4G4G genotype was significant (p=0.006), indicating a significantly stronger association of the polymorphism with CAD in non-diabetic subjects than in patients with T2DM. Also prospectively, the 4G4G genotype conferred an increased risk of vascular events in non-diabetic subjects but not in T2DM patients (hazard ratios 1.76 [1.13-2.74]; p=0.014 and 0.68 [0.30-1.54]; p=0.360, respectively). Again, the interaction T2DMx4G4G genotype was significant (p=0.018). CONCLUSIONS: Presence of T2DM significantly modulates the vascular risk conferred by the PAI-1 -675 4G/5G polymorphism in angiographied coronary patients.     

PAI-1基因多态性对哮喘气道重塑影响的研究

目的探讨纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(PAI-1)基因启动子-675 4G/5G多态性对哮喘气道重塑的影响。方法慢性持续期哮喘患者(30例)和健康人(20名)分列为轻度哮喘组、中重度哮喘组和健康人组,用等位基因特异性PCR(ASO)法测定PAI-1启动子区域-675位点多态性,ELISA法测定血浆PAI-1、TGF-β1和MMP-9水平,高分辨率CT(HRCT)观察所有受试者肺部影像学特征,运用PickerPQ6000分析软件测定气道壁厚度(T)、气道壁面积(WA),采用气道壁厚度/气道外径(T/D)和气道壁面积占气道总面积百分比(WA%)作为标化指标。结果PAI-1的4 G/4 G、4 G/5 G和5 G/5 G 3种基因型表达的TGF-β1、T和WA%差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。血浆PAI-1仅与血浆TGF-β1存在相关关系(r=0.335,P<0.05),与T、T/D、WA和WA%无相关关系(P>0.05)。多元方差分析显示PAI-1基因多态性、血浆TGF-β1、血浆PAI-1水平与PAI-14G/5 G基因多态性的交互作用对气道重塑表型的影响有统计学意义(P=0.050,P=0.026,P=0.030)。结论PAI-1启动子4 G/5 G多态性可能是哮喘气道重塑的独立影响因素。     

Association of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism with variations in the LDL particle size in healthy Japanese men

BACKGROUND: Several studies have supported the association between a predominance of small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and the risk of coronary artery disease. As another potentially atherogenic factor, impaired fibrinolytic activity due to increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) concentrations has been shown. In addition, the 4G allele of the 4G/5G polymorphism in the promoter region of the PAI-1 gene is reported to be associated with the atherogenic lipid profile. We investigated the relation between the PAI-1 gene polymorphism and LDL particle size. METHODS: A total of 156 healthy Japanese male subjects were recruited. The diameter of LDL particles was determined at their peak size using polyacrylamide gels using fresh plasma samples. RESULTS: Fasting insulin and triglyceride concentrations were found to be significantly higher, and the LDL particle size was smaller in the homozygotes for the 5G allele than in the carriers of the 4G allele. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusting for insulin and triglyceride concentrations showed a consistently significant difference in LDL particle size between the two groups. In the forward stepwise multiple regression analysis, triglycerides, insulin, and the PAI-1 5G/5G genotype remained in the model as independent and significant predictors capable of influencing the LDL particle size. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the 4G/5G polymorphism of the PAI-1 gene might be associated with LDL particle size in healthy Japanese males.     

纤溶酶原激活剂抑制物-1基因4G/5G多态性与特发性卵巢早衰的相关性

目的:探讨纤溶酶原激活剂抑制物-1(plasminogen activator inhibitor-1,PAI-1)基因启动子区4G/5G多态性与特发性卵巢早衰(premature ovarian failure,POF)发病的关系。方法:应用PCR-RFLP分析,检测65例特发性POF患者(POF组)和75例正常妇女(对照组)PAI-1基因4G/5G多态性。结果:特发性POF患者组PAI-1基因型频率分布,4G/4G型为29.2%,4G/5G型为55.4%,5G/5G型为 15.4%;POF患者组4G/4G基因型频率明显高于对照组(16.0%),但差异无显著性意义(x2=3.54,P>0.05);而4G等位基因频率(0.569)显著高于对照组(0.447)(x2=4.18,P<0.05),携带4G等位基因个体发生特发性POF的相对风险OR= 1.64,95%CI1.02～2.64。结论:PAI-1基因4G/5G多态性与特发性POF的发病有关,4G等位基因可能是特发性POF发病的危险因素之一。     

Type I plasminogen activator inhibitor 4G allele frequency is associated with chronic venous insufficiency

Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a common disease associated with poor quality of life. Genetic polymorphisms causing coagulation abnormalities may account for some of the CVI pathogenesis. Type I plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) is responsible for fibrinolytic system regulation, and plasma levels of PAI-1 are strongly correlated with PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism. The association between PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism and CVI was investigated. In 34 consecutive patients with clinically overt CVI, the PAI-1 4G/4G polymorphism was detected in three cases (8.8%); the 4G/5G polymorphism was detected in 28 (82.4%). In 34 age- and sex-matched controls, the PAI-1 4G/4G polymorphism was detected in one case (2.9%) and the 4G/5G polymorphism was detected in 14 cases (41.2%). The PAI-1 4G allele was found significantly more frequently in CVI patients than in controls. The 4G allele was associated with a 3.25-fold increase in CVI risk. Thus, a relationship between CVI and the PAI-1 4G allele is apparent.     

The 4G/5G PAI-1 polymorphism influences the endothelial response to IL-1 and the modulatory effect of pravastatin

BACKGROUND: Increased plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) levels lead to impaired fibrinolytic function associated with higher cardiovascular risk. PAI-1 expression may be regulated by different inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1alpha (IL-1). Several polymorphisms have been described in the PAI-1 gene. AIM: We examined the influence of the 4G/5G polymorphism in the promoter region on IL-1alpha-induced PAI-1 expression by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in presence or absence of pravastatin. METHODS AND RESULTS: Genotyped HUVEC were incubated with IL-1alpha (500 U mL(-1)) in presence or absence of pravastatin (1-10 microm). PAI-1 expression was analyzed by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and PAI-1 antigen measured in supernatants by ELISA. IL-1alpha increased PAI-1 secretion in a genotype-dependent manner, and higher values were observed for 4G/4G compared with both 4G/5G and 5G/5G cultures (P < 0.05). Preincubation of HUVEC with 10 microm pravastatin significantly reduced IL-1-induced PAI-1 expression in 4G/4G HUVEC compared with untreated cultures (177.5% +/- 24.5% vs. 257.9% +/- 39.0%, P < 0.05). Pravastatin also attenuated the amount of secreted PAI-1 by 4G/4G HUVEC after IL-1 stimulation (5020.6 +/- 165.7 ng mL(-1) vs. 4261.1 +/- 309.8 ng mL(-1), P < 0.05). This effect was prevented by coincubation with mevalonate, indicating a dependence on HMG-CoA reductase inhibition. CONCLUSIONS: The endothelial 4G/5G PAI-1 genotype influences the PAI-1 response to IL-1alpha and the modulatory effect of pravastatin. As increased PAI-1 levels have been linked to cardiovascular disease the observed endothelial modulation by pravastatin may have potential clinical implications.     

纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(4G/5G)基因多态性与深静脉血栓事件的风险概率

目的分析我国西北地区纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(PAI-1)(4G/5G)基因在不同人群中的分布情况,以及不同基因型患者血栓事件的发生率,为携带PAI-1(4G/5G)基因4G型的手术患者提供数据支持和用药指导。方法收集1 494例行基因位点检测人群血液样本,使用荧光探针原位杂交技术检测PAI-1(4G/5G)基因位点,分析我国西北地区PAI-1(4G/5G)基因在体检健康者、剖腹产患者、烧伤患者、心脑血管疾病患者之间4G基因型的差异性。结果 336例体检健康者中5G5G(野生型)78例(23.21%),4G5G(杂合突变型)152例(45.24%),4G4G(纯合突变型)106例(31.55%)。401例剖腹产患者中5G5G(野生型)60例(14.96%),4G5G(杂合突变型)195例(48.63%),4G4G(纯合突变型)146例(36.41%)。603例烧伤患者中5G5G(野生型)100例(16.58%),4G5G(杂合突变型)295例(48.93%),4G4G(纯合突变型)208例(34.49%)。154例心脑血管疾病患者中5G5G(野生型)21例(13.64%),4G5G(杂合突变型)81例(52.59%),4G4G(纯合突变型)52例(33.77%)。剖腹产患者、烧伤患者、心脑血管疾病患者PAI-1(4G/5G)基因4G型携带率与体检健康人群间的差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。追踪观察200例烧伤手术患者,患病后2个月内有139例(69.5%)发生深静脉血栓事件,4G4G基因型血栓事件为86.49%(64/74),4G5G基因型血栓事件为65.00%(52/82),5G5G基因型血栓事件为50.00%(23/46),不同基因型深静脉血栓事件发生率的差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论通过分析PAI-1(4G/5G)基因在不同人群中的分布以及发生血栓事件的发生率,可预防或降低手术患者发生静脉血栓、脑卒中等的风险。     

4G/5G polymorphism of <Emphasis Type="Italic">PAI-1</Emphasis> gene is associated with multiple organ dysfunction and septic shock in pneumonia induced severe sepsis: prospective,observational, genetic study

Introduction  

Activation of inflammation and coagulation are closely related and mutually interdependent in sepsis. The acute-phase protein, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a key element in the inhibition of fibrinolysis. Elevated levels of PAI-1 have been related to worse outcome in pneumonia. We aimed to evaluate the effect of functionally relevant 4G/5G polymorphism of PAI-1 gene in pneumonia induced sepsis.     

Increased mortality in septic shock with the <Emphasis Type="Italic">4G/4G</Emphasis> genotype of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in patients of white descent

Objective To evaluate the effect of the 4G/5G PAI-1 gene polymorphism on the development of organ failure and outcome in critically ill patients with septic syndromes. Design and setting Prospective, observational study in a medical intensive care unit of a university hospital. Patients 224 consecutively admitted patients. Interventions Epidemiological data, severity scores, and the primary site of infection were recorded. DNA genotyping of the PAI-1, TNF-β, and IL1-ra genes, and measurement of plasma PAI-1 antigen and D-dimer were carried out. Measurements The primary outcome variables were organ dysfunction and mortality. Results Eighty-eight subjects had septic shock at ICU entry or within 48 h from admission. Homozygotes for the 4G allele exhibited higher plasma concentrations of PAI-1 antigen and D-dimer than 4G/5G and 5G/5G subjects). ICU mortality was 44.0% in patients with 4G/4G, 23.4% in 4G/5G and 12.5% in 5G/5G, mainly due to multiorgan failure. After adjusting for SAPS II at admission the genotypes independently associated with ICU mortality in septic shock were TNF-B2/B2 (OR 2.83, 1.04–7.67) and 4G/4G of PAI-1 (OR 2.23, 1.02–4.85). The PAI-1 genotype did not determine susceptibility to infection or the outcome in nonseptic systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, severe sepsis, and nosocomial septic shock. Conclusions Homozygosity for 4G of the PAI-1 gene confers an increase in the risk of mortality in adult patients with septic shock due to a greater organ failure. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. This research was supported by grants from Fondo de Instituciones Sanitarias (020533, 020696, 020711, and 050164).     

Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor is associated with severity and outcome of severe meningococcal infection in children

Summary.  Background and objectives:  In pediatric meningococcal sepsis, an imbalance between coagulation and fibrinolysis and proinflammatory action play major roles. We hypothesized that thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) and/or TAFI activation markers are involved in the pathogenesis of meningococcal sepsis. Patients and methods:  Children with severe meningococcal sepsis ( n  =   112) previously included in Rotterdam-based trials participated in this study. Clinical and laboratory parameters and severity scores were assessed. TAFI and TAFI activation markers were determined: TAFI activation peptide (TAFI-AP) and (in)activated TAFI [TAFIa(i)]. The –438G/A, Ala147Thr, and Thr325Ile polymorphisms were genotyped. Results:  TAFI levels were significantly decreased in patients with meningococcal disease at admission compared to the convalescence state. TAFI was decreased in patients with septic shock vs. those with no shock. TAFI-AP levels were increased in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) vs. patients without DIC. TAFI-AP and TAFIa(i) were significantly increased in non-survivors vs. survivors. TAFI-AP levels and the TAFI-AP/TAFI ratio were also strongly correlated to severity scores and laboratory parameters. The TAFI 325Ile/Ile genotype was overrepresented in patients with DIC. Conclusions:  Activation markers of TAFI were associated with the occurrence of DIC and mortality in meningococcal sepsis patients. A determination of TAFI, TAFI-AP, and TAFIa(i) is required to enable coherent interpretation of the role of TAFI in disease.     

纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1基因多态性及其血浆水平在急性肺动脉血栓栓塞中的作用

目的 探讨纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1(plasminogen activator inhibitor-1,PAI-1)基因4G/5G多态性、PAI-1和组织型纤溶酶原激活物(tissue plasminogen activator,t-PA)血浆水平在急性肺动脉血栓栓塞(acute pulmonary thromboembolism,APTE)中的作用.方法 选择52例急性肺栓塞患者(分为2组:26例有环境诱因,26例无环境诱因)和57例正常对照者,聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性法检测PAI-1基因型,酶联免疫吸附试验测定血浆PAI-1和t-PA水平.结果 (1)无环境诱因组4G/4G基因型显著高于有环境诱因组和正常对照组(P=0.034),而有环境诱因组与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义.(2)无明确环境诱因组t-PA明显降低,PAI-1明显升高与有环境诱因组、正常对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而有环境诱因组与正常对照组比较无显著差异.(3)在三组中,无论何种基因型,无环境诱因组的PAI-1血浆水平均最高.在4G/4G基因型和4G/5G基因型中,无环境诱因组与正常对照组、有环境诱因组的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).4G等位基因与PAI-1血浆水平具有相关性.结论 纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1基因多态性与急性肺栓塞有关,4G/4G基因型显著增加无肺栓塞环境诱因个体肺栓塞危险.急性肺栓塞无环境诱因患者存在明显的低纤溶状态.     

纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1基因-844G→A多态性与不稳定心绞痛的关系

目的:探讨纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1(plasminogen activator inhibitor-1,PAI-1)抗原水平及其基因启动子-844G→A多态性与不稳定心绞痛(UAP)的关系。方法:UAP患者121例(UAP组)和非冠心病者108例(对照组),以ELISA法测定PAI-1抗原水平。PCR扩增特定DNA片段,XhoI酶切、琼脂糖电泳确定PAI-1基因启动子-844位点基因型。结果:UAP组PAI-1抗原水平(68.15±45.29)μg/L显著高于对照组(53.39±20.62)μg/L,P<0.001。PAI-1抗原水平与血糖、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLc)水平正相关,r分别为0.147、0.151、0.144(P<0.05)。A、G等位基因频率为0.40、0.60,AA、AG、GG三种基因型在两组间分布差异无统计学意义,A等位基因与较高的PAI-1抗原水平有关。结论:高PAI-1抗原水平是UAP发生的危险因素,PAI-1基因启动子-844G→A基因多态性与UAP发病无关,但A等位基因携带者存在较高的PAI-1抗原水平。     

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 5G/5G genotype is a protecting factor preventing posttransplant diabetes mellitus

ObjectivePlasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of obesity and insulin resistance. A connection between gestational diabetes mellitus and the functional -675 PAI-1 genotype has been reported. Therefore, we examined the role of the PAI-1 gene polymorphism in kidney transplant recipients.MethodsA total of 376 kidney transplant recipients were prospectively screened for posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM). Eighty-one (21.5%) patients were diagnosed with PTDM and the other 295 patients were non-diabetic following kidney transplantation. DNA samples were isolated from the sera and analyzed for the functional ? 675 4G/5G promoter polymorphisms of the PAI-1 gene.ResultsKidney transplant recipients with PTDM were significantly associated with tacrolimus use (p = 0.03), older age (p = 0.036), and higher body mass index (p = 0.001). The genotype distribution was significantly different between the patients with PTDM (genotype 4G/4G:4G/5G:5G/5G = 33.3%:60.5%:6.2%) and those without PTDM (genotype 4G/4G:4G/5G:5G/5G = 36.9%:44.1%:19.0%) (p = 0.018). Patients with homozygosity for 5G had a significantly lower rate of PTDM (aOR, 0.286, p = 0.022) and higher cumulative event-free probability of time to PTDM (log rank test, p = 0.0058).ConclusionHomozygosity for the 5G allele of the PAI-1 gene constitutes a protecting factor for the development of PTDM. Our findings are similar to a previous study on gestational diabetes mellitus, and strongly support a possible genetic role of PAI-1 in the development of PTDM.     

纤溶酶原激活物抑制因子1基因启动子区4G／5G多态性与妊娠糖尿病的相关性研究

目的研究妊娠妇女纤溶酶原激活物抑制因子1（PAI-1）基因启动子区4G／SG多态性的分布并探讨其在广西南宁地区汉族妇女妊娠糖尿病（GDM）发病中的作用。方法研究对象为60例GDM患者（GDM组）和60例正常孕妇（对照组）,采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性分析（PCR—RFLP）法测定其PAI-1基因启动子区4G／5G基因,并用发色底物法测定血浆PAI-1活性。结果GDM组怀孕前体质量指数（BMI）和血浆PAI-1活性均显著高于对照组23．1±1．9VS21．6±1．6（P〈0．01）;（788．4±66．1）AU／LVS（713．4±35．4）AU／L（P〈0．01）。PAI-1基因4G／4G、4G／5G、5G／5G3种基因型和4G、5G2种等位基因在两组中的分布差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,GDM组4G／4G基因型频率和4G等位基因频率高于对照组。4G／4G基因型孕妇的怀孕前BMI和血浆PAI-1活性显著高于4G／5G和5G／56基因型者（P〈0．01）;体质量过大孕妇PAI-1活性显著高于体质量正常者（P〈0．01）。多元逐步线性回归分析提示血浆PAI-1活性与基因分型高度相关（r=0．582,P〈0．001）。结论PAI-1基因启动子区4G／4G基因型频率在GDM孕妇显著增高,该基因型可能为广西南宁地区汉族人群GDM的易感基因。GDM妇女血浆PAI1活性增高可能与PAI-1基因启动子区4G等位基因频率增高有关。孕妇怀孕前BMI增高可能与PAI-1基因启动子区4G／4G基因型频率增高有关,并可能与GDM发生有关。     

The G20210A prothrombin-gene mutation and the plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) 5G/5G genotype are associated with early onset of severe preeclampsia.

Hereditary risk determinants of venous thrombosis have been reported to be associated with severe preeclampsia. So far there are no data to support whether these risk determinants are related to the time of onset of severe preeclampsia. We used a case-control design, studying 97 women with severe preeclampsia in previous pregnancies and 277 normal women, to assess hereditary risk factors of venous thrombosis as risk determinants for severe preeclampsia. A case-only design comprising solely the 97 women with a history of preeclampsia was used to evaluate these risk factors as risk determinants for early onset of severe preeclampsia. Using the case-control design, there was no significant risk association of the hereditary risk factors with severe preeclampsia [factor V Leiden, odds ratio (OR) 0.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.4, 2.2; prothrombin mutation, OR 1.9, 95% CI 0.5, 7.0; methylentetrahydrofolate reductase 677TT genotype, OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.4, 1.8; plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) 4G/4G genotype, OR 1.2, 95% CI 0.7, 2.1; PAI-1 5G/5G genotype, OR 1.0, 95% CI 0.5, 1.8]. However, the onset of severe preeclampsia was significantly earlier in women with the G20210A prothrombin gene mutation (24.5 weeks vs. 30.1 weeks, P = 0.046) and in women with the PAI-1 5G/5G genotype (25.7 weeks vs. 30.8 weeks, P = 0.024). Hereditary risk factors for venous thrombosis do not predispose for severe preeclampsia. However, women who are carriers of the G20210A prothrombin gene mutation and the PAI-1 5G/5G genotype are at risk for early onset of severe preeclampsia. It appears that these risk factors do not induce the pathomechanism but accelerate the course of preeclampsia.