特纳综合征患者的染色体核型及临床表现特点

目的:分析特纳综合征(Turner syndrome,TS)患者的染色体核型及临床特点,以提高对此病的认识和诊疗水平,为早期发现特殊核型提供临床依据.方法:对确诊患者的临床表现、性激素水平、骨龄及染色体核型等进行分析和总结.结果:24例确诊为TS患者,首发临床表现均为身材矮小,有50％骨龄比实际年龄延后;50％具有TS典型体征,83.33％有促性腺激素水平明显偏高,50％未见卵巢组织;染色体核型分析提示33.33％为45,XO,50％为45X嵌合体,其余为其他类型;16.67％的患者有垂体瘤,8.33％有心血管结构异常,部分患者心电图有异常,8.33％有促甲状腺激素水平增高;PCR检测SRY基因均阴性,未发现Y染色质.结论:TS患者因细胞核型的不同,临床表现有所差异,且各种核型与临床表现有时并不完全相对应;对于矮小症女童,应常规行染色体核型分析;对于出现不能由传统核型分析鉴定的特殊染色体或者核型为45,XO的患者尽早行Y染色体检测,有利于发现异常的Y染色体,为是否需要预防性切除性腺提供依据.     

兰州地区61例Turner综合征核型及临床特征分析

目的探讨Turner综合征患者的染色体核型异常与内分泌激素异常、发育异常和骨龄落后的关系。方法对61例Turner综合征患者进行染色体核型分析、内分泌激素六项检测、B超检查及身高评价。选择同期健康体检人群作为对照组。结果 Turner综合征染色体核型各异,患者表现为身材矮小和躯体畸形,B超检查患者无子宫和/或卵巢,与正常对照组相比发育明显落后（P〈0.01）;患者血清FSH、LH明显高于对照组,E2、P低于对照组,PRL、T无明显差异;身高及骨龄明显落后。结论 Turner综合征的染色体核型与患者临床表现相关,骨龄落后和身材矮小可能与SHOX基因缺乏、雌激素缺乏有关。     

Fertility and pregnancy outcome in Danish women with Turner syndrome

The aim of the investigation was to study fertility in Danish women diagnosed with Turner syndrome (TS), and to describe their offspring. In total, 410 women in the fertile age were registered in the Danish Cytogenetic Central Register with TS between January 1973 and December 1993. Their karyotype were as follows: 49% with 45,X, 23% with mosaicism and a structural abnormality of the second X, 19% with 45,X/46,XX mosaicism, and 9% with 46,XX and a structural abnormality of the second X. Thirty-three women, one with 45,X, 27 with mosaicism and 5 with 46,XX and a structural abnormality of the second X, gave birth to 64 children. Two women had become pregnant after in vitro fertilization, including a woman with 45,X after an egg donation. Thus, 31 women(7.6%) had achieved at least one spontaneous pregnancy, but 48% of the fertile women registered with 45,X/46,XX had 45,X in less than 10% of the analysed cells. Twenty-five of the 64 children had a chromosome analyzed. Six of the 25 examined children, including three siblings, had chromosomal aberrations. No case of Down's syndrome was present, and only two children had malformations. Fertility in women registered with TS is higher than earlier reported. However, only women with 45,X/46,XX mosaicism or 46,XX and structural abnormality of the second X, gave birth to live children after spontaneous pregnancies.     

Psychosocial adjustment of adult women with Turner syndrome

This paper presents results from a detailed assessment of the psycho-social adaptation of a group of adult women with Turner syndrome. Thirty subjects, 21 to 48 years of age, participated in an evaluation of social and psychiatric status. The evaluation included a semi-structured interview designed to assess current social functioning and past psychiatric and social history. Subjects completed two self-report questionnaires as well: the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale and the Carroll Rating Scale for Depression. The results reveal a significant subgroup of subjects reporting major psychiatric difficulties and endorsing a considerably impaired sense of self-esteem. These women presented as very dissatisfied with themselves and their lives. These findings are not consistent with previous reports in which women with Turner syndrome have been described as having an unusually high tolerance for stress and being emotionally inert.     

Association between the degree of mosaicism and the severity of syndrome in Turner mosaics and Klinefelter mosaics

This study, based on the investigations carried on 82 cases of Turners of which 50 of them were mosaics and 85 cases of Klinefelters of which 70 of them were mosaics, is an attempt to explain the vast range of clinical variations observed in cytogenetically established Turner mosaics (45, X/46, XX) and Klinefelter mosaics (47, XXY/46, XY) in the light of the degree of mosaicism present in them. It was observed that the severity of the syndrome in Turner mosaics and Klinefelter mosaics increased with the relative increase in the abnormal cell line population.     

Management of Turner syndrome in adult life and beyond

Objective

To describe in practical terms the clinical management in adult life of patients with Turner syndrome.

Material & methods

Systematic review of the literature and practical issues. An evaluation of clinical trials, meta-analysis, case reports and reviews assessing the management of different conditions related to Turner syndrome was done using the following data sources: Medline, PubMed (from 1966 to July 2014) and the Cochrane Controlled Clinical Trials Register, Embase (up to July 2014).

Results

Extracted information is summarized here on karyotype, screening of malformations, malformations debuting in adult life, final height, treatments with growth hormone, cardiovascular risk, endocrino-metabolic and liver abnormalities, sensorineural disorders and osteoporosis and its treatment.

Conclusions

This review provides recommendations for the management of adult patients with Turner syndrome and insight into the associated medical complaints. A link between karyotypes and clinical features suggests a novel hypothesis to explain the different phenotypes and clinical abnormalities of these patients.     

青春期Turner综合征22例临床特点与治疗现状分析

目的探讨青春期Turner综合征的临床特点与治疗现状。方法分析2009年1月至2011年6月在我院诊断的年龄11至18岁青春期Turner综合征的临床表现,实验室及影像学检查及治疗现状。结果 1.22例患儿均以性腺不发育或无月经初潮为主诉而就诊,而就诊时已有8至14年生长迟缓或停滞病史均未引起家长重视。2.染色体X单体11例(50%),嵌合体6例(27.3%),等臂体5例(23.7%)。3.性激素水平只有1例E2、FSH、LH均降低外,其余21例为E2降低,而FSH LH明显升高。4.骨龄全部落后。5.B超盆腔1例轻度发育呈青春早期外,21例子宫卵巢均发育不良。6.14例骨龄小于12岁的患儿2例接受短期生长激素治疗,8例骨龄大于12岁患儿,1例接受短期性激素替代治疗。结论 Turn-er综合征青春期儿童以性腺不发育或无月经初潮为主要症状,无青春期生长加速;染色体检查有诊断意义,核型分型与其他年龄组一致;性激素水平、骨龄、B超盆腔有重要诊断价值,治疗现状不容乐观。     

Measurement of body fat in Turner syndrome

Fourteen individuals with the Turner syndrome (gonadal dysgenesis with X chromosome chromosome abnormalities) were evaluated for obesity using hydrostatic weighing and skinfold measurements. While skinfold estimates of body fat correlated well with clinical impression, hydrostatic weighing appeared to falsely overestimate percent body fat. We suggest that reduced skeletal mass and/or occult lymphedema in Turner syndrome may invalidate the formula used to calculate percent body fat derived from hydrostatic weights. In this population and possibly in other disorders where skeletal mass is reduced from the normal, the use of hydrostatic weighing may be inappropriate.     

Growth and growth hormone in Turner syndrome: Looking back,looking ahead

Short stature is the most ubiquitous feature of Turner syndrome (TS). Today, many girls with TS are treated with recombinant human growth hormone (GH) to accelerate growth in childhood and to improve adult height. Here, we will review the history of our understanding of growth in TS, reflect on the path of clinical trials ultimately leading to regulatory approval for clinical use of GH, discuss factors associated with growth outcomes and survey the current unanswered questions about growth and GH in TS.     

Phenotypic and genotypic variability in monozygotic triplets with Turner syndrome

Turner syndrome (TS) is a common disorder (1/2500 and 1/5000 female births) which is diagnosed at birth in approximately 20% of patients and during childhood (usually due to growth retardation) or later, (due to lack of pubertal development) for the remaining patients. Here we present a cytogenetic and molecular analysis of three monozygotic sisters. The diagnosis of TS was done for one of them (patient 1) who presented with a typical Turner phenotype. A first karyotype was established as normal and a second karyotype (carried out on 200 cells) revealed a 45,X/46,XX mosaicism with 6% of cells with a 45,X karyotype. Lymphocyte karyotype analysis showed the same mosaicism pattern for the two other sisters, one of them exhibiting only a mild (patient 2) and the other no clinical features of Turner syndrome (patient 3). Karyotype analysis was this time conducted on fibroblasts and showed that the 45,X/46,XX mosaicism pattern correlated with the clinical phenotype with 99, 43 and 3% of 45,X cells in patients 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
These data suggest that different tissues other than lymphocytes should be subjected to a karyotype analysis when the observed genotype does not correlate with the clinical phenotype.     

How can we make pregnancy safe for women with Turner syndrome?

Pregnancy is a crucial issue in patients with Turner syndrome (TS). Although natural pregnancies have been reported in 4–7% of TS patients, most women will need assisted reproductive technologies (ART) with oocyte donation. The main issue is the maternal mortality rate that is higher than in the general population. It is related to cardiovascular anomalies and particularly aortic dissection. TS, per se, is not a contraindication for pregnancy, but a multidisciplinary screening is mandatory before initiating a pregnancy. It includes repeated aortic diameters evaluation, blood pressure measurement and biological testing evaluating thyroid and liver functions, as well as blood glucose level. In order to make the pregnancy safe, contraindications of pregnancy should be respected and identification of high‐risk patients for cardiovascular events should be performed. Hypertension and pre‐eclampsia prevention may benefit from beta‐blockers and aspirin, respectively. Collaborations between endocrinologists, cardiologists, and obstetricians are mandatory during pregnancy and even in the postpartum period. Counseling the patients about the risks of pregnancy, screening them and spreading the international guidelines to physicians taking care of patients with TS are the three pillars of a safe pregnancy.     

45,X/46,X,+mar核型Turner综合征患儿额外小标记染色体来源和形态研究

遗传学特征,以指导遗传咨询、产前诊断和确定临床治疗方案.     

Behavioral Phenotype in Children with Turner Syndrome

Compared Child Behavior Checklist results in 103 girls withTurner syndrome (TS) ages 7 to 13 years and 52 age-matched normalgirls. Subjects with TS were part of a national study in Canadato evaluate growth hormone therapy in TS. Present data wereobtained at baseline. Girls with TS scored below the comparisongroup in Total Social Competence (p < .0001), and above itin Total Behavior Problems (p < .05). Social (p < .0001).and Attention Problems (p < .001) scales. Item analysis revealedthat subjects with TS were more immature, hyperactive, and nervous,and had poorer peer relations, greater difficulty at schooling,and more problems concentrating. In children with TS, heightwas correlated with social competence while karyotypes involvingstructural abnormalities of the X chromosome were associatedwith more behavior problems than a missing X or mosaicism.     

The Turner syndrome research registry: Creating equipoise between investigators and participants

To address knowledge gaps about Turner syndrome (TS) associated disease mechanisms, the Turner Syndrome Society of the United States created the Turner Syndrome Research Registry (TSRR), a patient‐powered registry for girls and women with TS. More than 600 participants, parents or guardians completed a 33‐item foundational survey that included questions about demographics, medical conditions, psychological conditions, sexuality, hormonal therapy, patient and provider knowledge about TS, and patient satisfaction. The TSRR platform is engineered to allow individuals living with rare conditions and investigators to work side‐by‐side. The purpose of this article is to introduce the concept, architecture, and currently available content of the TSRR, in anticipation of inviting proposals to utilize registry resources.     

Two fertile Turner women in a family

Two fertile women, mother and daughter, both presenting sex chromosomal mosaicism (45,X/46,XX/47,XXX and 45,X/46,Xr(X] are reported. The mechanisms through which a Turner women can eventually be fertile are discussed.     

Turner syndrome and meningioma: Support for a possible increased risk of neoplasia in Turner syndrome

Neoplasia is uncommon in Turner syndrome, although there is some evidence that brain tumors are more common in Turner syndrome patients than in the general population. We describe a woman with Turner syndrome (45,X) with a meningioma, in whom a second neoplasia, basal cell carcinomas of the scalp and nose, developed five years later in the absence of therapeutic radiation. Together with 7 cases of Turner syndrome with meningioma from a population-based survey in the United Kingdom, and 3 other isolated cases in the literature, we review this small number of patients for evidence of risk factors related to Turner syndrome, such as associated structural anomalies or prior treatment. We performed histological and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of 22q (NF2 locus) analyses of the meningeal tumor to search for possible molecular determinants. We are not able to prove causation between these two entities, but suggest that neoplasia may be a rare associated medical problem in Turner syndrome. Additional case reports and extension of population-based studies are needed.     

Turner syndrome may be associated with hepatic adenoma

Turner syndrome, caused by complete or partial loss of an X chromosome, is marked by a range of clinical manifestations including short stature, cardiovascular and renal disease. Hepatic involvement is an increasingly recognized concern. Steatosis and elevated transaminases are commonly observed in this population, but case reports have also described hepatic adenoma. Hepatic adenomas are rare, occurring in one per million people in the general population. They are typically benign but malignant transformation or rupture can occur. We sought to investigate whether Turner syndrome is associated with hepatic adenoma. Patients with Turner syndrome encountered at a single, academic institution between 2006 and 2020 were identified using ICD-10 codes and demographic, medication, laboratory, and imaging data were analyzed. Of the 228 patients identified, 46.9% had liver function testing, which were abnormal in 48.6%. Five of 77 patients with hepatic imaging had abnormalities. Three patients (1.3%) had hepatic adenoma, one after presenting in hemorrhagic shock due to rupture. These findings suggest that patients with Turner syndrome may have an increased risk for developing hepatic adenoma. Annual monitoring of liver function tests is already recommended in Turner syndrome. The addition of periodic hepatic imaging may also be beneficial.     

Adult Turner syndrome associated with chylous ascites and vascular anomalies

An adult female with Turner syndrome presented with severe lymphedema and chylous ascites. In addition, the patient was found to have a right-sided aortic arch and a left-sided inferior vena cava. Although lymphedema is common in infants with Turner syndrome is previously unreported. In this patient, a peritoneo-venous shunt appeared to be beneficial.