病毒性肝炎和肝硬化患者IL－6、TNF－α的变化

为研究白细胞介素－６（ＩＬ－６）、肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ－α）在肝炎和肝硬化（ＬＣ）患者中的作用。检测了１５例正常人，１８例急性病毒性肝炎（ＡＨ），３７例慢性肝炎（ＣＨ），２０例ＬＣ患者血清及外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）的ＩＬ－６、ＴＮＦ－α水平。结果以ＣＨ患者ＩＬ－６、ＴＮＦ－α水平最高（血清及ＰＢＭＣ的ＩＬ－６水平分别为７２．１±３２．９４Ｕ／ｍｌ，１４０．７±３３．５Ｕ／ｍｌ；血清及ＰＢＭＣ的ＴＮＦ－α水平为３．９７±１．３８ｎｇ／ｍｌ，６．３５±１．４１ｎｇ／ｍｌ）。恢复期或稳定期ＴＮＦ－α和ＩＬ－６水平明显低于急性期或活动期（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＣＨ患者肝组织学活动指数（ＨＡＩ）分数与ＰＢＭＣＩＬ－６和ＴＮＦ－α水平呈正相关（γ分别为０．８９，０．６８；Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示ＩＬ－６和ＴＮＦ－α是肝脏损害重要的炎症介质，介导肝细胞损害。     

肝病患者血清TNFα和sTNFαR的相关关系及临床意义初探

采用ＥＬＩＳＡ双抗体夹心法和＾３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ释放法分别对１７６例各种肝病患者及３６例正常人血清ＴＮＦα和ｓＴＮＦαＲ进行测定。结果发现各种肝病患者血清ＴＮＦα和ｓＴＮＦαＲ均明显高于正常对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５），ＴＮＦα和ｓＴＮＦαＲ呈明显正相关。ＰＨＣ和ＣＡＨ患者血清ｓＴＮＦαＲ１／ｓＴＮＦαＦαＲ２比值明显升高；而ＭＨＣ和ＣＰＨ患者血清ｓＴＭＦαＲ／ｓＴＮＦ－Ｒ呃比值则明显减小（Ｐ〈０．０５）。疗     

充血性心力衰竭时单核细胞诱生肿瘤坏死因子-α测定及临床意义

目的：研究外周血单核细胞诱生肿瘤坏死因子－α（ＴＮＦ－α）在充血性心力衰竭（ＣＨＦ）发病中的作用。 方法：体外培养１１３例心脏疾病患者（无ＣＨＦ组３７例,严重ＣＨＦ组５０例,ＣＨＦ并恶病质组２６例）外周血单核细胞,用固相酶放大敏感免疫法测定其培养液中外周血单核细胞经脂多糖诱生的ＴＮＦ－α（ＰＢＭＣ－ＴＮＦ－α）及血清ＴＮＦ－α浓度。 结果：①严重ＣＨＦ组血清ＴＮＦ－α浓度较无ＣＨＦ组明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,ＣＨＦ并恶病质组增高更为显著（Ｐ均＜０．０１）;②无ＣＨＦ组、严重ＣＨＦ组、ＣＨＦ并恶病质组３组ＰＢＭＣ－ＴＮＦ亦有显著性差异（Ｐ均＜０．０１）;③ＰＢＭＣ－ＴＮＦ与心功能分级呈明显正相关（ｒ＝０． ４８,Ｐ＜０．０１）;④ＰＢＭＣ－ＴＮＦ－α与血清 ＴＮＦ－α浓度无明显相关性。 结论：外周血单核细胞的激活是ＣＨＦ的临床特征之一,其分泌的ＴＮＦ－α至少部分参与ＣＨＦ及ＣＨＦ恶病质的病理生理过程。     

脂质过氧化物、儿茶酚胺、前列腺素系统在CHF中的作用及相关性

本文测定了４０例充血性心力衰竭（ＣＨＦ）患者和２０例正常人血浆脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）、肾上腺素（Ｅ）、去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）水平，并对２４例ＣＨＦ患者和１６例正常人加测了血栓素Ｂ２（ＴｘＢ２）和６－酮－前列腺素Ｆ１α（６－Ｋ－ＰＧＦ１α）水平以及两者的比值。结果表明：①心衰患者血浆ＬＰＯ、Ｅ、ＮＥ水平高于对照组，且血浆ＬＰＯ、ＮＥ水平均与心衰的严重程度相平行；②心衰患者血浆６－Ｋ－ＰＧＦ１α、ＴｘＢ２及ＴｘＢ２／６－Ｋ－ＰＧＦ１α值均高于对照组，且均与心衰的严重程度相平行；③心衰患者血浆ＬＰＯ水平与血浆Ｅ、ＮＥ、ＴｘＢ２水平以及ＴｘＢ２／６－Ｋ－ＰＧＦ１α值均呈正相关，而与血浆６－Ｋ－ＰＧＦ１α水平无相关性。     

重型乙型肝炎患者血浆与外周血单个核细胞培养上清液中sIL－2R的检测及意义

以双单克隆抗体夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ法，对４５例重型乙型肝炎（ＳＨＢ）患者（其中急性１０例，亚急性１５例，慢性２０例）检测了血浆与外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）培养上清液中的可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）。结果显示，各型ＳＨ一Ｂ患者血浆ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平均明显高于正常对照（Ｐ均＜Ｏ０ｌ）。而不同类型ＳＨ一Ｂ之间，ＨＢｅＡｇ与抗－ＨＢｅ阳性组之间血浆ｓｌＬ－２Ｒ水平及ＳＨ－Ｂ患者与正常对照组之间ＰＢＭＣ培养上清液中的ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平皆无显著性差异（Ｐ均＞Ｏ．０５）。提示不同类型ＳＨ一Ｂ患者都存在免疫效应细胞的过度活化而其ＰＢＭＣ体外释放ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ的功能似乎无异常，血浆ｓＪＬ－２Ｒ水平高低似乎与ＨＢＶ复制状态无关。     

肝病患者血清Ⅳ型胶原、透明质酸和TNFα的变化意义

目的探讨Ⅳ型胶原（ＣⅣ）、透明质酸（ＨＡ）和肿瘤坏死因子α（ＴＮＦα）在肝病中的临床意义．方法对９４例不同类型肝病应用一步夹心固相酶免疫法检测血清ＣⅣ活性，并应用放射免疫法检测血清ＨＡ和ＴＮＦα活性．结果不同类型的肝炎、肝硬变、原发性肝癌（ＨＣＣ）患者的血清ＣⅣ，ＨＡ和ＴＮＦα含量较对照组明显升高（Ｐ＜００５），ＣⅣ以重症肝炎的含量（μｇ／Ｌ）最高（７７３±４７５），ＨＡ（μｇ／Ｌ）以硬化型ＨＣＣ的含量最高（１３１１±９８０），ＴＮＦα（ｐｍｏｌ／Ｌ）以重症肝炎的含量最高（２２５±５０）．血清ＣⅣ，ＨＡ含量与ＴＮＦα含量呈正相关．结论血清ＣⅣ和ＨＡ升高反映早期肝纤维化程度，ＴＮＦα参与肝纤维化的形成．     

肝性脑病患者脑脊液生长抑素和甲硫氨酸脑啡肽含量变化及意义

为探讨脑肠肽（ＢＧＰ）在肝性脑病（ＨＥ）发生和发展中的作用，应用放射免疫法测定了１０例ＨＥ患者和１０例无肝性脑病对照者脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）生长抑素（Ｓｓ）、甲硫氨酸脑啡肽（ＭＥ）的含量。结果表明，ＨＥ患者ＣＳＦＭＥ含量明显减低（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＳＳ含量明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＭＥ含量与ＨＥ程度呈显著负相关（Ｐ＜＜０．０５），与ＣＳＦ糖和蛋白含量关系不密切（Ｐ＞０．０５）。随ＨＥ患者存活时间延长，ＭＥ含量渐增加（ｐ＜０．０１）。提示ＢＧＰ可能参与ＨＥ的发生发展并能在ＣＳＦ中反应出来，ＨＥ患者的一些神经精神症状亦可能与中枢神经元释放ＢＧＰ异常有关。     

慢性肝病肿瘤坏死因子α水平及其与发病机制的关系

检测外周血肿瘤坏死因子α（ＴＮＴα）水平，显示２１例慢性迂延性肝炎（ＣＰＨ）、４２例慢性活动性肝炎（ＣＡＨ）、１０６例肝硬化（ＬＣ）及１１０例原发性肝癌（ＰＨＣ）之ＴＮＦα均显著高于正常对照（Ｐ＜０．０１）。慢性肝炎中ＡＬＴ升高及胆红素＞１００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ者其ＴＮＦα水平显著上升。乙型肝炎病毒（ＨＢＶ）合并丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）／丁型肝炎病毒（ＨＤＶ）感染时ＴＮＦα水平亦显著高于单纯ＨＢＶ感染。ＰＨＣ患者ＴＮＦα水平与甲胎蛋白（ＡＦＰ）浓度无相关性。提示ＴＮＦα参与肝脏的活动性病变过程。     

HBV感染的单核细胞分泌TNFα和PGE2的改变及其意义探讨

本文作者用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术检测了７０例慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血单核细胞内ＨＢｖＤＮＡ，并用双抗体夹心法、放射免疫分析法，分别检测了单核细胞培养上清肿瘤坏死因子α（ＴＮＦα）、前列腺素Ｅ２（ＰＧＥ２）含量，结果显示，单核细胞内ＨＢＶＤＮＡ阳性者培养上清ＴＮＦα含量显著增高，ＰＦＥ２含量显著下降。临床病情越重，单核细胞内ＡＢＶＤＮＡ检出率越高，其培养上清ＴＮＦα含量越高，ＰＧＥ２含量越低。提示ＨＢＶ感染单核细胞可导致其分泌功能异常，从而加重肝组织损害。     

哮喘患者痰液细胞因子和哮嗜酸细胞阳离子蛋白水平及意义

目的 探讨痰中细胞因子、嗜酸细胞阳离子蛋白（ＥＣＰ）水平与哮喘严重程度的关系。方法 采用酶联免疫法及荧光光免疫法对轻（Ｍ组１０例）中、重度（ＭＳ组１５例）哮喘２痰液白细胞介素（ＩＬ）５、肿瘤坏死因子α（ＴＮＦ－α）、可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）、ＥＣＰ水平进行检测。结果 中、重度哮喘患溶液ＩＬ－５（３５ｎｇ／Ｌ以上）、ＴＮＦ－α（Ｍ组为１４９±５９ｎｇ／Ｌ，ＭＳ组为２６７±１４７ｇ／Ｌ     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.