骨髓间充质干细胞体外诱导分化为神经元样细胞的实验研究

目的　探索骨髓间充质干细胞 (MSCs)能否在体外诱导分化成神经样细胞 ,并初步探讨其分化机制。方法　培养大鼠MSCs,用二甲亚砜 (DMSO)和丁羟茴醚 (BHA)诱导分化 ,鉴定诱导分化前后的细胞是否表达神经细胞及神经干细胞的特异性标记蛋白 ,并研究其超微结构的变化。结果　诱导分化后 ,大部分MSCs变成双极、多极和锥形 ,并相互交织成网络结构 ,出现神经元特异性核蛋白 (NeuN)和巢蛋白 (Nestin)表达 ,无胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)和 2 3 环核苷酸磷酸二脂酶 (CNP)表达。部分MSCs转变为典型的神经元超微结构。结论　MSCs可以在体外诱导分化为神经元样细胞。     

人脑胶质瘤干细胞分化为血管内皮细胞的实验研究

目的 探讨体内外原代培养的人脑胶质瘤干细胞(GSCs)与胶质瘤新生血管内皮细胞的关系.方法 新鲜高级别(WHOⅢ级、Ⅳ级)的人脑胶质瘤标本经原代培养获取GSCs,免疫组化法检测其肿瘤干细胞及干细胞标记物Nestin的表达;鉴定后的GSCs经低氧诱导,免疫荧光法检测其诱导分化后内皮细胞标记物CD31、CD144和胶质瘤细胞标记物GFAP的表达,RT-PCR和Western-blot法检测其CD31的表达;建立胶质瘤干细胞皮下荷瘤裸鼠模型,免疫组化技术检测模型中人来源的CD31的表达.结果 (1)悬浮生长的胶质瘤干细胞球样细胞经免疫组化鉴定Nestin表达阳性;(2)低氧诱导后的GSCs能够表达CD31、CD144,有些细胞能够同时表达CD144和GFAP;(3)RT-PCR检测发现GSCs在诱导前后都有CD31 mRNA的表达,而Western-blot检测到只有诱导后的GSCs有CD31蛋白的表达;(4)胶质瘤干细胞荷瘤裸鼠模型的肿瘤组织中部分微血管抗人CD31抗体染色阳性.结论 胶质瘤干细胞不仅在体外低氧条件下可分化为内皮细胞,在体内微环境条件下同样可分化为血管内皮细胞,并参与胶质瘤新生组织的血液供应.     

间充质干细胞向肝样细胞的诱导分化

目前很多体内外实验都已表明间充质干细胞具有向肝样细胞或肝细胞分化的能力,这使间充质干细胞治疗肝脏疾病成为可能。 目的：总结和分析间充质干细胞向肝样细胞诱导分化的方法、机制以及存在的问题。 方法：应用计算机检索PubMed数据库(2000-01/2009-12),以“mesenchymal stem cells,hepatocyte, differentiation”为检索词;应用计算机检索维普数据库(2000-01/2009-12),以“间充质干细胞,肝细胞,诱导分化”为检索词。选择文章内容与间充质干细胞诱导分化为肝细胞相关,同一领域文献则选择近期发表或发表在权威杂志文章。 结果与结论：共收集146篇关于间充质干细胞向肝样细胞诱导分化的文章,纳入 31篇符合标准的文献。间充质干细胞可在体外及肝脏病理条件下分化为肝细胞,其作用机制主要是间充质干细胞在合适的细胞因子组合诱导下,细胞因子通过特定的细胞信号传导途径,作用于细胞核,启动或关闭相应的基因,表达特异的蛋白质,使间充质干细胞向肝细胞分化。随着研究不断得深入,这使间充质干细胞治疗肝脏疾病成为可能,但其研究有待进一步完善。     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞体外诱导为肝细胞样细胞***

背景：目前体外诱导骨髓间充质干细胞分化为肝细胞样细胞的研究主要集中在不同诱导因子的诱导作用,而微环境的诱导作用研究较少。 目的：观察肝细胞生长因子、胎肝细胞对骨髓间充质干细胞体外诱导分化为肝细胞样细胞的影响。 方法：采用密度梯度离心法分离大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,反复贴壁法纯化扩增骨髓间充质干细胞;采用Ⅰ型胶原酶消化法分离孕3周大鼠胚胎肝脏细胞,差速贴壁法纯化肝脏细胞;阴性对照组骨髓间充质干细胞只加入含体积分数为10%胎牛血清的L-DMEM培养基。诱导组在阴性对照组基础上加入一定浓度肝细胞生长因子或者与胎肝细胞共培养进行诱导分化。 结果与结论：诱导组白蛋白、甲胎蛋白水平均高于非诱导组(P < 0.01),诱导组糖原染色阳性,免疫细胞化学染色CK-18阳性,而非诱导组糖原染色、CK-18均阴性。结果显示肝细胞生长因子和胎肝细胞均可在体外诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为具有肝细胞样细胞表型和功能的类肝细胞。     

人骨髓间充质干细胞向多巴胺神经元分化的体外研究

目的探讨人骨髓间充质干细胞(hMSC)向神经元和多巴胺神经元分化的潜能。方法分离和纯化hMSCs;在体外以WHI-P131预处理和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子预诱导后,全反式维甲酸和胶质细胞源性神经营养因子联合诱导hMSCs向神经元和多巴胺神经元分化。光镜下观察其分化过程中hMSCs的形态变化,免疫组化检测诱导前后细胞是否表达神经元和多巴胺能神经元标志蛋白。结果诱导后的hMSCs能分化成为具有典型神经元形态的细胞,并明显表达抗人神经巢蛋白(nestin)[(54.2±3.7)%]和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)[(77.0±5.7)%],低表达胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)[(8.8±2.4)%];对照组细胞这些表达均为阴性;而且相当部分hMSCs表达酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)[(36.5±15.8)%]和多巴胺转运体(DAT)[(26.0±14.2)%]。结论在适当条件下,hMSCs可分化成为神经元样细胞和多巴胺神经元样细胞。     

Dorsal raphe nucleus projecting retinal ganglion cells: Why Y cells?

Retinal ganglion Y (alpha) cells are found in retinas ranging from frogs to mice to primates. The highly conserved nature of the large, fast conducting retinal Y cell is a testament to its fundamental task, although precisely what this task is remained ill-defined. The recent discovery that Y-alpha retinal ganglion cells send axon collaterals to the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in addition to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), medial interlaminar nucleus (MIN), pretectum and the superior colliculus (SC) has offered new insights into the important survival tasks performed by these cells with highly branched axons. We propose that in addition to its role in visual perception, the Y-alpha retinal ganglion cell provides concurrent signals via axon collaterals to the DRN, the major source of serotonergic afferents to the forebrain, to dramatically inhibit 5-HT activity during orientation or alerting/escape responses, which dis-facilitates ongoing tonic motor activity while dis-inhibiting sensory information processing throughout the visual system. The new data provide a fresh view of these evolutionarily old retinal ganglion cells.     

神经干细胞移植对视网膜节细胞再生的影响

目的探讨神经干细胞（NSCs）在视神经损伤后对视网膜节细胞轴突再生的作用及其在视神经内迁移和分化。方法实验动物分对照组（PBS组），实验组（NSCs组）；成年SD大鼠在眼球后1min处切断视神经。移植NSCs或PBS至视神经断端；4周后以霍乱毒素B亚基顺行标记观察轴突再生情况，并观察NSCs在视神经内的迁移及免疫组织化学法检测移植后的细胞表达神经丝蛋白（NF）、2，3-环核苷酸磷酸二酯酶（CNP）、胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）的情况。结果4周后视网膜节细胞再生轴突穿过视神经断端到达远端，移植的NSCs分化为星形胶质细胞并在视神经内迁移0．5～1min。免疫组织化学法检测NSCs部分呈GFAP阳性，未见NF、CNP表达。结论NSCs移植可促进视网膜节细胞轴突再生，能在视神经内迁移并在视神经周围分化为星形胶质细胞。     

雪旺细胞和神经干细胞共移植治疗大鼠帕金森病的实验研究

目的 研究雪旺细胞（SCs）和神经干细胞（NSCs）共移植治疗大鼠帕金森病（PD）的疗效。方法 18只PD模型的SD大鼠随机平均分成3组：对照组、NSCs组及共移植组。PBS、NSCs及SCs加NSCs分别植入PD大鼠右侧纹状体内。NSCs来源于孕14～16d胎鼠中脑腹侧的脑组织．SCs来源于1～3dSD新生鼠的坐骨神经。结果 移植10周后NSCs组及共移植组中纹状体区都出现TH染色阳性的神经元，与NSCs组相比，共移植组中的神经元体积及细胞核均较大。细胞数量多（P〈0．05）。与对照组相比，NSCs组及共移植组中大鼠的行为学均有明显的好转（P〈0．01），但NSCs组和共移植组相比，行为学的改变无明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论 SCs和NSCs共移植能有效治疗PD模型大鼠。     

Differentiation of fetal pancreatic stem cells into neuron-like and islet-like cells in vitro

Pancreatic stem cells were isolated and cultured from aborted human fetal pancreases of gestational age 14-20 weeks. They were seeded at a density of 1 × 104 in serum-free media for differentiation into neuron-like cells, expressing β-tubulin III and glial fibrillary acidic protein. These neuron-like cells displayed a synapse-like morphology and appeared to form a neuronal network. Pancreatic stem cells were also seeded at a density of 1 × 105 for differentiation into islet-like cells, expressing insulin and glucagon, with an islet-like morphology. These cells had glucose-stimulated secretion of human insulin and C-peptide. Results suggest that pancreatic stem cells can be differentiated into neuron-like and islet-like cells.     

Human amnion mesenchyme cells express phenotypes of neuroglial progenitor cells

Previous studies from our laboratory showed that human amnion epithelial cells (AECs) have multiple functions, such as synthesis and release of catecholamines, acetylcholine, neurotrophic factors, activin, and noggin. In this study, we investigated the identity of neural progenitor cells in human amnion mesenchyme cells (AMCs), which lie immediately adjacent to the AECs. Cryostat sections revealed that vimentin expression was detected in the AMCs and CK19 in AECs. Vimentin-positive cells made up 97.5% of total cells tested in cultured AMCs. Interestingly, 3.6% of total AMCs expressed the phenotype CK19+/vimentin+, indicating coexpression of epithelial and mesenchyme cell markers. In culturing with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for 24 hr, 66-82% of cells were found to be BrdU positive, suggesting that they have proliferating potency. By using RT-PCR, AMCs express mRNA of nestin and Musashi1. With a neural cell differentiating protocol, cell bodies extended long bipolar or complex multipolar processes. Nestin (87.7% of total cells tested) and Musashi1 (93.1%) were expressed in undifferentiated cells, and their positively stained cells increased in number slightly after induction. Undifferentiated cells were stained by anti-Tuj1 and NF-M, and their positively stained cells increased significantly in number after induction, to 72.8% and 46.0%, respectively. Meanwhile, glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells increased from 25.4% to 43.2% after induction. These studies demonstrate that AMCs have phenotypes of neuroglial progenitor cells and can be differentiated into neuroglial phenotypes by optimal differentiation protocol. Eventually, AMC-derived stem cells may be a favorable cell vehicle in regenerative medicine.     

Intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal associated with mast cells survive nitrergic nerves in achalasia

Achalasia is dominated by injury to inhibitory nerves. As intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-IM) are proposed to form functional units with nitrergic nerves, their fate in achalasia may be critically important. We studied the relationship between loss of nitrergic nerves and injury to ICC-IM in patients with achalasia and determined associations between ICC-IM and mast cells (MC), using quantitative immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Loss of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) immunoreactivity was completed within 3 years of acquiring achalasia. Thereafter, progressive ultrastructural injury to remaining nerve structures was evident. Within the first 2 years, the number of ICC-IM did not decline although ultrastructural injury was already present. Thereafter, loss of ICC-IM occurred unrelated to duration of disease. Damage to ICC-IM appeared unrelated to nerve injury. A significant MC infiltration was observed in the musculature; the number of MC was positively related to the persistent number of ICC-IM. Mast cell formed close contacts with ICC-IM and piecemeal-degranulation occurred towards ICC-IM. In conclusion, injury to ICC-IM in achalasia is variable, but not related to duration of disease and injury to nitrergic nerves. MC are prominent and form close functional contact with ICC-IM which may be responsible for their relatively long survival.     

Olfactory ensheathing cells promote migration of Schwann cells by secreted nerve growth factor

Transplantation of Schwann cells (SCs) and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) have emerged as very promising therapies for spinal cord repair. The important features of interaction between SCs and OECs are beginning to be appreciated, although the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we tested the effects of OECs on SCs migration using a range of in vitro migration assays. We found that SCs migrated abundantly upon OECs monolayer, and the migration-promoting effects were identified to be due to the secreted diffusible factors in OEC-derived conditioned medium (OEC-CM). Furthermore, neutralizing nerve growth factor (NGF) in OEC-CM with NGF antibody could block this effect. Moreover, we found that NGF promotes SCs migration even on astrocyte monolayer. Taken together, these findings provide the first evidence that OECs can promote SCs migration in astrocytic environment by secreted NGF.     

神经干细胞的来源

神经干细胞是近年来神经科学领域研究的一个热点。神经干细胞可来源于胚胎干细胞和成年干细胞，前者包括早期胚胎细胞和胎儿神经组织细胞，由于从胚胎获取干细胞面l临伦理学的束缚，从成年来源的神经干细胞将是未来临床应用更具可行性的途径。成年来源的神经干细胞包括存在于成年神经组织中的干细胞和从其他组织中分化得到的干细胞，其中骨髓基质细胞具有多分化潜能，在适当的条件下可以诱导分化出神经干细胞，目前备受关注。     

诱导性多潜能干细胞的应用前景

背景：通过基因转染的方式将已分化的体细胞重编程为诱导性多潜能干细胞,是近年来干细胞领域一项令人瞩目的新技术。由于诱导性多潜能干细胞摆脱了材料来源和伦理学的限制,因此其出现为特异的细胞治疗,特别是再生医学带来新的曙光。 目的：从诱导性多潜能干细胞的制备流程、产生的限制条件与机制、患者诱导性多潜能干细胞的获得及应用前景等方面做一评述。 方法：由第一作者检索PubMed数据库(www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed)2006-01/2010-03有关诱导性多潜能干细胞制备、产生机制的文章,检索词“induced pluripotent stem cells”,限定语言种类为English;同时手工检索部分文章。排除重复性研究,最终纳入34篇符合标准的文献。 结果与结论：诱导性多潜能干细胞系的建立主要包括以下几个步骤：①重组因子的选择。②目的细胞的选择。③重组因子的导入。④重组因子在目的细胞内的表达。⑤诱导性多潜能干细胞的产生。⑥重组细胞的鉴定。DNA甲基化、组蛋白的修饰作用和甲基化以及p53基因的表达在体细胞重编程为多潜能干细胞的过程中具有重要作用。虽然诱导性多潜能干细胞技术的研究仍然处于初级阶段,但是毫无疑问其具有广阔的应用前景。特别是患者特异性和疾病特异性诱导性多潜能干细胞的获得对于更好地理解疾病的发病机制及药物安全性评价提供了巨大的细胞种子资源。     

Polyaxonal amacrine cells of rabbit retina: size and distribution of PA1 cells.

Type 1 polyaxonal (PA1) amacrine cells have been identified previously in rabbit retina, and their morphological characteristics have been described in detail in the preceding paper. Like other polyaxonal amacrine cells they bear distinct dendritic and axonal branching systems, the latter of which originates in two to six thin, branching axons which emerge from or near to the cell body. Unlike other types of polyaxonal amacrine cells, however, their branching is stratified at the a/b sublaminar border and their cell bodies are most often displaced interstitially in the inner plexiform layer (IPL). This report emphasizes quantitative features of the population of PA1 cells, documented in Golgi-impregnated and Nissl-stained retinas, and provides further evidence in Nissl preparations for the amacrine-cell nature of polyaxonal amacrine cells. The cell bodies of Golgi-impregnated PA1 amacrine cells are relatively large: 12-15 microns in equivalent diameter over the range extending from the visual streak 6 mm into ventral retina. Over the same range, dendritic trees are 400-800 microns in equivalent diameter, but they are much smaller than the axonal arborizations, which extend up to and perhaps beyond 2 mm from the cell body. Interstitial cell bodies appropriate to PA1 cells have been identified in Nissl-stained, whole-mounted rabbit retinas. In the plane of the retina, these are comparable in area to smaller medium-size ganglion cells, but their very pale Nissl staining, high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, and absence of nucleolar staining are all characteristics of amacrine cells. Interstitial displacement of presumed PA1 cells is rare in the visual streak, and the frequency of interstitial cells reaches a peak between 1 and 2 mm ventral to the streak. Counts in Nissl-stained retinas and estimates from nearest neighbor analyses in these and in Golgi-impregnated retinas indicate a density of PA1 cells in the range of 15-16 cells/mm2 at about 2 mm ventral to the streak, when an estimated 25% shrinkage of the material is taken into account. Dendritic field overlap, based upon this estimate, is calculated to be about fourfold, while a lower bound to estimates of the overlap of axonal arborizations is nearly an order of magnitude higher. Many similarities are noted in a qualitative and quantitative comparison of PA1 amacrine cells in rabbit and monkey retinas. In assessing the contribution of the structural organization of PA1 amacrine cells to their possible functional role(s), it is notable that their appearance conforms not to amacrine cells as commonly viewed, but to a more conventional model of neuronal dynamic polarization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Direct reprogramming of somatic cells into neural stem cells or neurons for neurological disorders

Direct reprogramming of somatic cells into neurons or neural stem cells is one of the most important fron-tier ifelds in current neuroscience research. Without undergoing the pluripotency stage, induced neurons or induced neural stem cells are a safer and timelier manner resource in comparison to those derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. In this prospective, we review the recent advances in generation of induced neurons and induced neural stem cellsin vitro andin vivo and their potential treatments of neurological disorders.     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化的神经细胞在体外 对C6胶质瘤细胞的趋向性

目的研究大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)诱导分化后的神经细胞在体外对C6胶质瘤细胞的趋向性。方法首先采用梯度离心分离BMSCs,在条件培养基中添加合适诱导因子诱导BMSCs分化为神经细胞,分化后的细胞进行免疫荧光细胞化学分析后与C6胶质瘤细胞采用Transwell培养板共培养,最后对迁移的细胞做统计学分析。结果 BMSC成功诱导分化为神经细胞Nestin(24.3±5.2)%、NSE(33.6±3.8)%和NeuN(41.9±4.7)%,共培养实验显示实验组迁移细胞明显多于对照组迁移细胞(p<0.05)。结论大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化后的神经细胞在体外对C6胶质瘤细胞具有明显趋向性。     

Efficient generation of mature cerebellar Purkinje cells from mouse embryonic stem cells

Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can generate cerebellar neurons, including Purkinje cells (PCs) and their precursor cells, in a floating culture system called serum‐free culture of embryoid body‐like aggregates (SFEB) treated with BMP4, Fgf8b, and Wnt3a. Here we successfully established a coculture system that induced the maturation of PCs in ESC‐derived Purkinje cell (EDPC) precursors in SFEB, using as a feeder layer a cerebellum dissociation culture prepared from mice at postnatal day (P) 6–8. PC maturation was incomplete or abnormal when the adherent culture did not include feeder cells or when the feeder layer was from neonatal cerebellum. In contrast, EDPCs exhibited the morphology of mature PCs and synaptogenesis with other cerebellar neurons when grown for 4 weeks in coculture system with the postnatal cerebellar feeder. Furthermore, the electrophysiological properties of these EDPCs were compatible with those of native mature PCs in vitro, such as Na⁺ or Ca²⁺ spikes elicited by current injections and excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic currents, which were assessed by whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings. Thus, EDPC precursors in SFEB can mature into PCs whose properties are comparable with those of native PCs in vitro. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

血管组织工程种子细胞在再生医学中的应用*☆◇

背景：小口径人工血管替代人体小动脉和静脉一直未获得满意的效果，因此研制出一种拥有较高远期通畅率的小口径人工血管成为了一个重要的研究课题。 目的：综述种子细胞在血管组织工程的研究进展。 方法：以 “Vascular tissue engineering, Seeding cells”为检索词，应用计算机检索Pubmed 数据库1960/2009有关文章。纳入有关血管组织工程种子细胞的文献。排除原始文献设计方法简单、结果可靠性差、非英文文献及结果重复的文献，保留35篇文献做进一步分析。 结果与结论：内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞是目前常用的种子细胞。内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞共同培养的体系，模拟体内环境，保持内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞具有正常的分泌功能和表型。骨髓间充质细胞可被有效的分离和扩增，在特定培养条件下可以诱导分化为多种血管细胞。在再生医学和生物组织工程方面有强大的潜力。