间质上皮转化因子(c-Met)嵌合抗体重链CDR3随机突变哺乳动物细胞表面展示文库的构建

目的采用哺乳动物细胞表面展示技术构建间质上皮转化因子(c-Met)嵌合抗体3E1D7的重链补体决定区3(CDR3)随机突变抗体库。方法用定向进化的方法在嵌合抗体3E1D7重链CDR3内部造成基因随机突变,将其通过双酶切克隆到哺乳动物细胞展示载体pSZI-CD中构建随机突变抗体库。抗体库基因转染CHO细胞,流式细胞术检测抗体基因是否在细胞表面表达。结果 3E1D7重链CDR3随机突变抗体库构建成功,库容量达到5.52×10~6。随机挑选20个阳性克隆进行测序鉴定, 20个克隆均在不同位置发生碱基突变且没有重复突变,编码20种不同的氨基酸序列,抗体库具有较好的多样性和随机性。流式细胞术分析抗体基因库上膜情况,均检测到全长抗体在CHO细胞表面的表达。结论通过哺乳动物细胞表面展示技术,成功构建了库容量达到5.52×10~6的c-Met嵌合抗体重链CDR3随机突变抗体库。     

用CDR3导向抗体库法对鼠抗人膀胱癌单抗进行人源化

目的　构建含鼠单抗CDR3的人源噬菌体抗体库 ,对膀胱癌鼠单抗进行人源化。方法通过重叠PCR及DNA重组技术 ,将抗膀胱癌鼠单抗BDI的CDR3区与人淋巴细胞来源的多样化的VH和Vκ组合 ,构建含BDICDR3的人源噬菌体抗体库 ;利用loxp cre定位重组系统 ,增加轻、重链的组合配对 ,获大容量抗体库 ;用膀胱癌细胞 (EJ)从中筛选人源化抗膀胱癌单抗Fab段 ,ELISA方法对所筛克隆进行特异性鉴定 ,同时运用竞争抑制实验对所筛特异性克隆进行抗原表位的核实。结果　首先构建了库容为 2× 10 7的含鼠CDR3区的人源噬菌体抗体库 ;经过在cre 细菌胞内的定位重组后 ,获得库容为 10 1 0 的大容量噬菌体抗体库 ;用EJ细胞筛选到可与其特异结合的人源性Fab段 ;竞争抑制实验表明所获人源抗体片段与亲本鼠源单抗结合同一抗原表位。结论　在没有亲本鼠单抗基因 ,仅了解其CDR3序列的条件下 ,可通过CDR3导向 ,构建大容量抗体库 ,筛选到相应的人源化抗体基因。     

监测TCR CDR3漂移的免疫扫描谱型分析技术的建立与鉴定

外周血95％ T淋巴细胞的TCR由α（胚系基因中AV、AJ、AC重排）、β（胚系基因中的BV、BD、BJ、BC重排）两条多肽链组成，不同V（D）J重排后，由V基因末端、J基因前端和V-J（或V—D和D—J）连接时中间插入的核苷酸序列，分别组成了特异的TCRα和8的CDR3基因谱型的多样性。一种CDR3序列代表一个T细胞克隆，测定特定CDR3序列出现的频率可以反映特定T细胞克隆扩增的程度和功能状态。     

人噬菌体抗体库中异常重组子的分析

目的 阐明在噬菌体抗体库技术中，选择适当限制性内切酶酶切位点的重要性，并介绍人抗体可变区胚系基因的限制酶谱。方法 从正常人外周血提取淋巴细胞总RNA，用RT－PCR扩增IgM和IgG1的Fd片段及κ链基因，重组型载体p3MH中构建噬菌体抗体库。以限制性内切酶消化及电泳分析所获重组克隆；用PCGENE软件分析人抗体可变区胚系基因的限制性内切酶谱。结果 在构建抗体库的过程中，发现高频率的异常重组子克隆。经序列分析证实，在人VH基因片段中，存在用于克隆轻链的Sac I 位点。对人全部功能性可变区胚系基因进行限制性内切酶谱分析，发现人VH等Ⅳ家族的11个成员均含有SacI位点，其它限制酶切位点在抗体可变区胚系基因中具有不同的出现率。结论 构建抗体库时，用于重组可变区基因的酶切位点，对库的构建具有重要的影响，因此，应对表达载体所用的限制性内切酶进行精心选择。现在比较广泛使用的pCOMB系统载体不利于良好性能抗体库的构建。     

bFGF人源性抗体Fab段基因克隆及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

目的 用自身免疫病患者外周血淋巴细胞获得的bFGF人源性抗体Fab基因,构建编码人源性bFGF抗体Fab表达载体在大肠杆菌中表达,检测其结合抗原的活性.方法 从筛选获得的噬菌体抗体质粒pComb3-Fab中,PCR再扩增出Fd段和κ链基因,克隆到pMD18-T载体中并测序,在NCBI/GenBank的Ig BLAST数据库进行BLAST序列分析.鉴定Fd段和κ链基因后,插入到表达载体pComb3H,切除gene Ⅲ,构建bFGF抗体Fab可溶性表达载体,并在XL1-Blue菌中表达.用SDS-PAGE、Western blot和ELISA方法 鉴定表达产物.结果 Ig BLAST数据库进行BLAST序列分析结果 显示,Fd-6、Fd-25、Fd-26的FWR区与数据库中人源抗体序列FWR区的同源性为95%、97.4%、94.3%,3个CDR区均为特异性序列,证实为人源性抗体Fd段和κ链基因.SDS-PAGE和Western blot检测到目标蛋白带.ELISA结果 显示,表达产物Fab具有与重组人bFGF特异性结合活性,与Human TNF-α、Human IL-2均无交叉反应.结论 插入到表达载体pComb3H的来源于人源性噬菌体抗体库的Fab基因证明为人源性抗体基因,该基因可在XLl-Blue菌株中可溶性表达,且具有特异结合抗原的活性.     

人源性噬菌体抗体库的构建和抗CEA抗体的筛选及表达

目的构建人源性噬菌体抗体库,筛选和表达人源性抗癌胚抗原(CEA)单克隆抗体。方法从结肠癌患者肠系膜淋巴结中的淋巴细胞克隆出免疫球蛋白Fd段和κ链基因,建成噬菌体抗体库。用人CEA对抗体库进行筛选,将得到的阳性克隆进行表达及检测。结果抗体库库容为5．2×106,Fab基因重组率为30％。ELISA及Western blot分析检测,证实表达出人源抗CEA单克隆抗体。DNA序列测定,证实所获基因为人免疫球蛋白可变区基因。结论成功构建噬菌体抗体库,从中获得人源性抗CEA的单克隆抗体。     

T细胞TCR CDR3受体库的高通量测序分析概况

T细胞是机体免疫功能的执行者,T细胞受体(TCR)是T细胞表面识别抗原的分子,也是T细胞产生免疫应答的第一个关键分子。TCR由胚系基因于胸腺中进行V(D)JC基因重排而形成,发育成熟的T细胞迁移至外周组成多样性的T细胞库,其中最能代表T细胞应答特征的分子为TCR高变区CDR3,在外周形成一个多样性的T细胞CDR3受体库(rep-ertoire),对TCR CDR3受体库研究,将为T细胞生理和病理特征的全面解析提供基础。     

天然人源IgG Fab噬菌体抗体库的构建及多样性分析

目的:构建天然人源IgGFab噬菌体抗体库并分析来源于健康人外周血B淋巴细胞的抗体基因可变区的多样性及优势选择。方法:以DNA重组技术从300名健康志愿者的外周血淋巴细胞中扩增出全套人抗体轻链及重链Fd基因,分别插入噬菌体载体pFabICN相应位置,构建天然人源免疫球蛋白G基因文库;进一步从抗体库中随机挑选克隆,获得重轻链基因进行核苷酸序列测定并利用IgBLAST数据库分析抗体基因可变区的同源家族。结果:从4×108库容的天然人源IgGFab噬菌体抗体库中随机挑选克隆,对其中32个轻链及重链Fd基因插入正确的克隆进行核苷酸序列测定和氨基酸序列的推算,获得29条彼此完全不同的Fd重链基因及轻链基因。以IgBLAST数据库比对分析显示29条重链基因的V区分别属于VH3(72.4%),VH1(10.3%),VH4(6.9%),VH5(6.9%)和VH7(3.4%)基因家族。29条轻链基因分别属于Vκ1(44.8%),Vκ2(15.4%),Vκ3(11.5%),Vκ4(23.1%)基因家族和Vλ1(11.5%)基因家族。结论:以300份健康人外周血淋巴细胞的抗体基因构建的天然人源IgGFab噬菌体抗体库基因多样性良好,重链VH3基因家族存在优势表达。     

热点突变法提高人源抗TNF-α抗体的亲和力

目的　通过热点突变法对一株人源抗TNF αScFv进行体外亲和力成熟。方法　根据体内抗体亲和力成熟时V基因体细胞突变的热点 ,设计引物进行多步重叠PCR ,在本株ScFv的H CDR3和L CDR3热点部位引入随机突变 ,构建噬菌体抗体库 ,采用硫氰酸盐洗脱法对抗体库进行筛选 ,对选出的克隆测定其相对亲和力 ,并进一步将 4株转换表达成为可溶性Fab ,以非竞争ELISA法测定其亲和常数。结果　构建了库容为 1.8× 10 7的热点突变抗体库 ,筛选得到了多株亲和力明显提高的抗TNF α抗体的突变体 (最多达 10倍 )。结论　热点突变法是体外提高抗体亲和力的有效和可行的方法。     

抗体的基因工程

哺乳动物免疫系统具有无数种抗体,目前抗体的开发技术正在不断发展.B淋巴细胞转化所产生的抗体分子间只有在V区氨基酸序列和类型上有所差异.应用DNA重组技术易使氨基酸序列发生预定的改变,尤其通过基因操作能产生新的分子,例如将小鼠抗体V区克隆连接到人抗体C区克隆上.这     

From EST to IHC: human antibody pipeline for target research

We have developed a method for the high-level expression of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli by C-terminal fusion to the N1-domain of g3p of filamentous phage M13. Soluble fusion protein is obtained by an efficient refolding procedure. We have applied such protein preparations to the selection of human antibody fragments from phage-displayed HuCAL libraries. For all fusion proteins tested in this study, HuCAL antibodies could be generated which specifically detect, e.g. in immunohistochemistry, the maternal full-length protein corresponding to the protein fragment. This expression technology, in combination with the automated HuCAL antibody generation (AutoCAL), has proven to be useful for the rapid, high-throughput generation of high-quality human antibodies against EST-encoded protein fragments for target research.     

A large human domain antibody library combining heavy and light chain CDR3 diversity

Domain antibodies (dAbs) are promising candidate therapeutics and diagnostics. Efficient selection of novel potent dAbs with potential for clinical utility is critically dependent on the library diversity and size, and the scaffold stability. We have previously constructed a large (size ～2.5 × 10¹⁰) dAb library by grafting human antibody heavy chain complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 2 and 3 (H2s, H3s) into their cognate positions in a human heavy chain variable domain (VH) scaffold and mutagenizing the CDR1 (H1). High-affinity binders against some antigens were selected from this library but panning against others was not very successful likely due to limited diversity. We have hypothesized that by grafting highly variable, both in length and composition, human CDRs into non-cognate positions, the dAb library diversity could be significantly increased and the library would allow for more efficient selection of high-affinity antibodies against some targets. To test this hypothesis we designed a novel type of dAb library containing CDRs in non-cognate positions. It is based on our previous library where H1 was replaced by a library of human light chain CDR3s (L3s) thus combining three most diversified fragments (L3, H3 and H2) in one VH scaffold. This large (size ～10¹⁰) phage-displayed library was highly diversified as determined by analyzing the sequences of 126 randomly selected clones. Novel high-affinity dAbs against components of the human insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system were selected from the new library that could not be selected from the previously constructed one. Most of the newly identified dAbs were highly soluble, expressible, monomeric and may have potential as candidate cancer therapeutics. The new library could be used not only for the selection of such dAbs thus complementing existing libraries but also as a research tool for the exploration of the mechanisms determining folding and stability of human antibody domains.     

Generation and optimization of human antagonistic antibodies against TIMP-1 as potential therapeutic agents in fibrotic diseases

Impaired matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) function, as result of the expression of increased levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), plays an important role in the pathopysiolgical mechanism of fibrosis. In a recently performed clinically relevant rat animal model of established liver fibrosis, it could be shown, that blocking the interaction between the metalloproteinase and its inhibitor has beneficial effects in vivo. The rat TIMP-1 specific antagonistic antibody used in this study was derived from a human combinatorial antibody library (HuCAL) and blocks the interaction between rat TIMP-1 and MMP-13, the rat homologue of human MMP-1. We here describe the utilization of the same antibody source to generate fully human antibodies against human TIMP-1 which could be potential candidates for a therapy of fibrosis in man. In order to develop a highly potent antagonist of TIMP-1 action, antibodies isolated from the library were subjected to a number of different in vitro affinity maturation strategies. By these means, affinity and potency were improved by a factor of 87 and 65 fold, respectively, resulting in a valuable human therapeutic antibody candidate with a monovalent affinity of 150 pM and a potency for in vitro inhibition of TIMP-1/MMP-1 interaction of 200 pM.     

Development and evaluation of a Luminex multiplex serology assay to detect antibodies to bovine herpes virus 1, parainfluenza 3 virus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus, with comparison to existing ELISA detection methods

Rapid development of diagnostic immunoassays against novel emerging or genetically modified pathogens in an emergency situation is dependent on the timely isolation of specific antibodies. Non-immune antibody phage display libraries are an efficient in vitro method for selecting monoclonal antibodies and hence ideal in these circumstances. Such libraries can be constructed from a variety of sources e.g. B cell cDNA or synthetically generated, and use a variety of antibody formats, typically scFv or Fab. However, antibody source and format can impact on the quality of antibodies generated and hence the effectiveness of this methodology for the timely production of antibodies. We have carried out a comparative screening of two antibody libraries, a semi-synthetic scFv library and a human-derived Fab library against the protective antigen toxin component of Bacillus anthracis and the epsilon toxin of Clostridium botulinum. We have shown that while the synthetic library produced a diverse collection of specific scFv-phage, these contained a high frequency of unnatural amber stops and glycosylation sites which limited their conversion to IgG, and also a high number which lost specificity when expressed as IgG. In contrast, these limitations were overcome by the use of a natural human library. Antibodies from both libraries could be used to develop sandwich ELISA assays with similar sensitivity. However, the ease and speed with which full-length IgG could be generated from the human-derived Fab library makes screening this type of library the preferable method for rapid antibody generation for diagnostic assay development.     

High-throughput generation and engineering of recombinant human antibodies

The first version of the Human Combinatorial Antibody Library (HuCAL) is a single-chain Fv-based phage display library (HuCAL-scFv) with 2x10(9) members optimised for high-throughput generation and targeted engineering of human antibodies. 61% of the library genes code for functional scFv as judged by sequencing. We show here that since HuCAL-scFv antibodies are expressed in high levels in Escherichia coli, automated panning and screening in miniaturised settings (96- and 384-well format) have now become feasible. Additionally, the unique modular design of HuCAL-genes and -vectors allows the distinctly facilitated conversion of scFv into Fab, miniantibody and immunoglobulin formats, and the fusion with a variety of effector functions and tags not only convenient for therapeutic applications but also for high-throughput purification and detection. Thus, the HuCAL principle enables the rapid and high-throughput development of human antibodies by optimisation strategies proven useful in classical low molecular weight drug development. We demonstrate in this report that HuCAL is a very convenient source of human antibodies for various applications.     

Multiple-antigen immunization of chickens facilitates the generation of recombinant antibodies to autoantigens

Antibody phage display is a powerful tool for the generation of monoclonal antibodies against virtually any given antigen. Chickens are phylogenetically more distant from humans compared to other laboratory animals, such as mice and rats. Therefore, the use of chickens is especially beneficial when generating recombinant antibodies against human autoantigens, which are often highly conserved among mammals. Another advantage of using chickens in antibody phage display is that the preparation of single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody libraries is faster and easier compared to preparing such libraries from other species, as only two primer sets are needed for amplification of the chicken variable heavy chain (V(H)) and variable light chain (V(L)) genes. In the present study we explored the possibility to immunize chickens with antigen cocktails for the generation of recombinant antibody fragments directed to a range of human autoantigens. Two pairs of chickens were immunized with two cocktails of seven recombinant autoantigenic proteins, libraries were prepared and panned on the individual proteins. The polyclonal chicken sera reacted strongly with most of the antigens used for immunization. By creating and screening single-chain variable fragment antibody phage display libraries, recombinant monoclonal antibody fragments were isolated successfully against the autoantigens annexin XI, centromere protein B, heat shock protein B3, DNA topoisomerase I, histidyl tRNA synthetase, Ro52, Ro60, Rpp30 and U1A. In conclusion, the immunization of only four chickens with two distinct pools of a total of 14 autoantigenic proteins allowed the isolation of scFvs against nine of these antigens.     

Affinity maturation of recombinant antibodies using E. coli mutator cells

Background: Phage libraries can display repertoires of antibodies which are greater in number than the mammalian immune response. However, the selected antibodies often have low binding affinity to their target antigen or hapten (K_D below 10⁻⁶ M), which is characteristic of the primary immune repertoire. There is a need for procedures to mimic somatic hypermutation through antigen driven affinity maturation, thereby increasing the affinity of selected immunoglobulins. Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of mutation and affinity selection of recombinant antibody genes with mutator E. coli cells, incorporating phage-display strategies. Study design: Unique human scFvs were selected from a naive Fd-phage library. These genes were mutated by propagation in mutD5 mutator E. coli cells (mutD5-FIT) which were competent for Fd (M13) based phagemid transfections and generated point mutations (transversions and transitions) in the scFv genes. Individual phage-displayed scFvs were affinity selected from the mutation library and were assayed as soluble scFvs by ELISA and BIAcore for binding to antigen. Results: The in vivo mutation of phage-displayed scFvs in E. coli mutD5-FIT, combined with affinity selection against antigen, produced scFv molecules with improved binding activity. The point mutations which resulted in single amino acid substitutions frequently produced ten fold increases in apparent binding affinity. Structural comparisons revealed that these point mutations were in framework regions (adjacent to the CDRs) and within the CDRs. In one case the apparent affinity of an antiglycophorin scFv after mutation in the VL framework region close to CDR3 increased by 10³. However, this increase in apparent affinity was accompanied by an increased propensity to dimerise and form aggregates. Conclusions: A strategy for the rapid affinity maturation of scFv and Fab antibody fragments has been developed which utilises mutator strains of E. coli and incorporates phage display of antibody repertoires (libraries).     

Improvement of anti-Burkholderia mouse monoclonal antibody from various phage-displayed single-chain antibody libraries

To improve anti-Burkholderia monoclonal antibody (MAb) binding affinity, six single chain variable fragments (scFvs) constructed previously were used as scaffolds to construct large highly-diversified phage-displayed mouse scFv random and domain libraries. First, we employed random mutagenesis to introduce random point mutations into entire variable regions, generating six random libraries. Additionally, the oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis was targeted on complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) from each variable region of heavy (VH) and light chains (VL) derived from six scFvs, and generated eighteen domain libraries including six VH CDR3, six VL CDR3, and six combined VH/VL CDR3 mutated domains, respectively. We collected high scFvs binders through panning experiment over the large (size ~1 × 10?) random and domain libraries. The quality of the libraries was validated by successful selection of high-affinity clones. Random mutagenesis generated many mutant scFv clones having more than one amino acid changes around framework regions, but not many in CDRs. Surprisingly, the resulting eight higher scFv binders were selected from CDR3 mutations, but not from random mutations. Six of them resulted from CDR3 mutations of light chain, except for two scFvs from heavy chain, showing both Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei had preferentially influenced the VL CDR3. Furthermore, all eight higher scFvs converted to full format human IgG1 antibodies were expressed transiently in 293T cell line. Five chimeric MAbs showed improved higher binding activity, as much as 0.2-0.3 at O.D. 405 nm, than positive control MAbs. These libraries could be valuable sources for selection of anti-Burkholderia antibodies and discovery of the relevant epitope(s) for developing effective vaccines or therapeutics.     

人源抗人干扰素α1b全抗体在昆虫细胞中的表达、纯化和鉴定

目的克隆、杆状病毒/昆虫表达系统表达人源抗人干扰素α1b(huIFN-α1b)全抗体基因,获得全抗体蛋白。方法利用PCR技术以gIII-scFv融合表达的噬菌粒质粒为模板,分别克隆了5株抗体基因的轻链和重链;经Nco I/Xho I和Sac I/Hind III分别酶切,与经过相同酶切的pAC-K-CH3载体连接构建了昆虫细胞sf9表达载体pAC-K-CH3-H-L;经测序鉴定正确后,转染进入昆虫细胞sf9进行异源表达。采用免疫荧光(IFA)和ELISA对全抗体的表达和结合情况进行初步鉴定。采用Protein-A亲和层析柱对收获的全抗体IgG蛋白进行纯化,将纯化后的抗体蛋白进行SDS-PAGE电泳和Western blotting鉴定。结果成功扩增了人源抗人干扰素α1b抗体轻链和重链基因;免疫荧光(IFA)鉴定表明5株重组质粒在昆虫细胞sf9表达出了全抗体蛋白,ELISA鉴定表明其中3株与huIFN-α1b特异性结合;经Protein-A亲和层析柱纯化后每升细胞培养上清收获了5~20 mg的蛋白,Western blotting鉴定表明3株纯化的全抗体蛋白和huIFN-α1b特异性结合。结论通过杆状病毒/昆虫表达系统获得了3株人源抗人干扰素α1b(huIFN-α1b)全抗体蛋白。     

PATHOGENICITY AND SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF A MOUSE MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY AGAINST HUMAN ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR IN MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

通过对乙酰胆碱受体（ＡＣｈＲ）自身抗体分子结构以及与致病性关系的研究探讨重症肌无力（ＭＧ）及其动物模型——实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力（ＥＡＭＧ）的发病机理。ＡＣｈＲ抗体被动转移至大鼠后诱导出明显的ＥＡＭＧ。全身肌肉ＡＣｈＲ损失率和体重减轻率达４７．２±１５．３％和１３．４±２．２％。这株ＡＣｈＲ抗体的重链可变区基因由小鼠Ｑ５２胚系基因编码，其同源性为９４．８％，将这株抗体的重链和轻链可变区、尤其是互补决定区（ＣＤＲ）的核苷酸和氨基酸序列与其他致病性ＡＣｈＲ抗体比较发现，能诱导ＭＧ和ＥＡＭＧ的致病性ＡＣｈＲ抗体的结构并不是完全一致的。