胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植5例报告

目的 进一步总结胰十二指肠肾一期联合移植术的经验。方法 回顾性总结4年来共实行的5例胰十二指肠肾脏一期联合移植术的方法、疗效及并发症的预防和治疗。结果 5例术后移植胰腺和移植肾均发挥了正常功能,术后第1－10d均停用胰岛素,空腹血糖在正常范围。术后并发症的发生仍很常见,部分病人出现了诸如胰周感染,脓肿,十二指肠残瘘,化学性或细菌性膀胱炎,移植胰CMV感染,代谢性酸中毒,肺部感染和急性排斥反应等1个或多个并发症。并发症经处理后大多都能得到控制。5例中有两例已分别存活4年6个月和3年5个月,1例术后3周死于移植肾急性排斥反应多器官衰竭,另2例术后至今已10－11个月仍存活较好。结论 胰十二指肠肾脏一期联合移植对治疗1型糖尿病并发晚期尿毒症具有肯定的临床疗效,较其它移植有许多优点。术后并发症的预防和正确治疗是影响病人长期存活的重要因素。     

胰、十二指肠及肾一期联合移植并发症的处理

目的 探讨胰肾一期联合移植术后并发症的处理经验。方法 回顾性分析５例胰、十二指肠及肾一期联合移植术后发生并发症的原因及治疗。结果 ５例术后分别存活５年１个月、４年、２２ｄ、７０ｄ和５个月,前２例目前仍健在,生活质量佳。５例均发生了近期或远期的非技术性并发症,其中包括胰瘘、胰周感染及脓肿、十二指肠残端瘘、膀胱炎、血尿、排斥反应、巨细胞病毒感染、代谢性酸中毒、尿潴留与尿道狭窄等。结论 胰、肾一期联合移     

胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植三例体会

报告３例Ⅰ型糖尿病并发尿毒症患者接受全胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植，术后术移植胰及肾功能恢复良好，停用胰岛素后，停用胰岛素后，血肌酐、尿素氮降至正常。本组其中２例胰肾有功能存活分别为３年和２年。例３因移植肾急性排斥，多器官衰竭于术后第２２天死亡。作者认为胰肾一期联合移植可同时纠正糖尿病和尿毒症。     

胰肾联合移植中供体切取和修整的技巧

目的:总结胰肾一期联合移植中供体胰十二指肠及肾脏切取及修整的经验。方法:回顾性分析19例胰肾联合移植术中供体胰十二指肠及肾脏切取的方法与移植物的修整技巧。结果:无1例发生移植物损伤。联合移植术后9 d之内18例完全停用外源性胰岛素,空腹血糖正常，尿糖≤（+）。术后2～4 d，血肌酐和尿素氮降至正常。3例出现移植肾脏急性排斥反应，2例发生移植胰腺急性排斥反应，给予甲泼尼龙冲击治疗后恢复正常。1例术后因移植物加速排斥反应，术后11 d切除移植胰、肾。结论:胰肾联合移植手术中，供体胰十二指肠及肾脏的切取及修整是手术成功的重要因素之一。     

胰肾一期联合移植

目的 总结胰肾联合移植治疗糖尿病并发晚期肾功能不全病人的疗效,并探讨分析术后并发症防治经验。方法 对５例糖尿病并发现期肾小功能不全者采用胰十二指肠肾一期联合移植。免疫抑掉方案采用激素,ＣｓＡ及硫唑嘌呤或激素,ＣｓＡ及骁悉三联用药。结果 联合移植后５例胰肾均发挥正常功能,病人均立即停用胰岛素,１例术后发生移植肾急性排斥以应,死于多器官功能衰竭,余４例分别发生胰周脓肿,急性胰腺炎,十二指肠瘘,血尿等并     

胰十二脂肠及肾一期联合移植的体会

作者报告了３例糖尿病并发尿毒症患者行胰、十二指肠及肾一期联合移植的经验。患者术后胰腺和肾功能均恢复良好，停用胰岛素，血肌酐、尿素氮降至正常。２例术后１周并发胰周脓肿，经引注痊愈。作者认为胰肾一期联合移植可同时纠正糖尿和尿毒症。本组２例胰肾有功能存活分别为３年和１年１１个月。     

胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植的体会

作者报告了３例糖尿病并发尿毒症患者行胰、十二指肠及肾一期联合移植的经验。患者术后胰腺和肾功能均恢复良好，停用胰岛素，血肌酐（Ｃｒ）、尿素氮（ＢＵＮ）降至正常。２例术后１周并发胰周脓肿，经引流痊愈。作者认为胰肾一期联合移植可同时纠正糖尿病和尿毒症。本组２例胰肾有功能存活分别为３年和１年１１个月。     

胰肾联合移植术后并发症的防治(附四例报告)

目的探讨肠腔引流式胰肾联合移植术后并发症的防治。方法对4例胰肾联合移植的患者,通过完善术前准备,术后加强抗感染、抗凝,抑制胰液分泌,合理使用免疫抑制剂,密切观察病情变化等措施来防止并发症的发生、发展;对出现的并发症及时地采用相应的治疗措施。结果4例患者中并发巨细胞病毒性肺炎1例、急性排斥反应3例、慢性排斥反应1例,血栓形成1例,1例因肺部感染、呼吸功能衰竭于术后23d死亡,1例移植肾因慢性排斥失功能,其余并发症均治愈。结论术后并发症严重影响着胰肾联合移植的效果,胰肾联合移植术后各种并发症的防治关键在于早期预防、早期诊断、合理治疗。     

15年肾移植的临床经验

１９７８年４月至１９９４年３月共实施尸体肾移植５９１例，６０６次。迄今人存活５１０例（８６．３％），死亡９６例（１６．２％），肾脏存活４３４例（７３．４％），摘除移植肾７６例（１２．８％）。术后应用Ａｚａ，泼尼松（Ｐｒｅｄ），环磷酰胺，环孢素（ＣｓＡ）、ＡＴＧ、ＯＫＴ３免疫抑制剂。发生超急性排斥９例次，急性排斥反应２１２例次，慢性排斥反应５８例次。本组带肾存活最长１３年３个月，术后１、３、５、１０年肾存活分别为４２０例（８５．７％），２２２例（７７．４％），１１８例（６９．８％），１例（１６．７％）。就怎样合理地选用免疫抑制剂，术后并发症发生的原因，长期存活的经验进行讨论。     

胰肾联合移植围手术期感染的特点及治疗(附2例报告)

目的：总结胰肾联合移植术后感染的特点，并对其预防及治疗进行讨论。方法：对我院施行的2例胰肾联合移植术后感染的临床资料结合有关文献进行讨论。结果：1例术后发生7次感染，其中2次为肺部感染，4次为泌尿系感染，1次为巨细胞病毒感染，移植之胰肾有功能存活3年余；另1例发生呼吸系统及泌尿系统感染各1次，术后早期恢复尚可，3周发生急性排斥，7周死于混合菌感染败血症。结论：胰肾联合移植围手术期感染根据其临床特点，正确的围手术期处理非常重要。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.