经腓骨前方外侧入路治疗GustiloⅢ型胫腓骨远端骨折

目的:探讨经腓骨前方外侧入路结合外固定架治疗GustiloⅢ型胫腓骨远端骨折的方法及其疗效。方法:自2007年至2010年治疗9例GustiloⅢ型开放性胫腓骨远端骨折,男7例,女2例;年龄29～51岁,平均40岁。所有患者I期急诊清创后钢板内固定腓骨,外固定支架跨踝关节固定胫骨,待小腿内侧植皮成活后拆除外固定架,Ⅱ期采用I期腓骨切口经腓骨前方入路固定胫骨。早期行功能锻炼,观察骨折愈合及踝关节功能恢复情况。采用AOFAS踝-后足评分系统进行疗效评价。结果:所有患者均获随访,时间8～37个月,平均21个月。9例患者均获得骨性愈合,平均愈合时间24周,均无钢板断裂及螺钉松动。根据AOFAS踝-后足评分系统,优3例,良4例,中2例。结论:经腓骨前方外侧入路治疗GustiloⅢ型开放性胫腓骨远端骨折,复位质量高,可早期恢复踝关节功能,提高疗效。     

经小腿远端前外侧改良切口内固定治疗胫腓骨远端骨折

目的探讨经小腿远端前外侧改良切口内固定治疗胫腓骨远端骨折的临床疗效。方法 22例胫腓骨远端骨折通过小腿远端前外侧改良切口显露胫骨和腓骨远端,把腓骨钢板置于腓骨外侧;直视下将胫骨骨折复位,通过经皮钢板固定技术将胫骨钢板放置于其远端外侧。结果 22例均获随访平均(38.0±10.6)个月,骨折均于术后3个月愈合,未出现皮肤坏死、切口裂开、骨折延迟愈合及不愈合等并发症。结论采用经小腿远端前外侧改良切口内固定治疗胫腓骨远端骨折效果良好,可以避免传统手术入路导致的并发症。     

腓骨固定在治疗胫腓骨远端复合骨折中的作用

目的探讨腓骨固定在治疗胫腓骨远端复合骨折中的作用。方法将60例胫腓骨远端复合骨折患者随机分为腓骨固定组和对照组,每组各30例;腓骨固定组行腓骨固定联合胫骨固定术,对照组行单纯胫骨固定术。对获得9个月完整随访的患者在术后1、3、6、9个月通过体检及影像学检查评价踝关节内外翻角度、旋前旋后角度、骨折愈合与否、并发症发生率等指标。结果 55例患者获得随访,腓骨固定组3例失访、对照组2例失访。术后1、3、6、9个月踝关节内外翻、旋前旋后角度腓骨固定组均明显小于对照组(P 0. 05)。术后6、9个月胫骨骨折愈合率腓骨固定组均优于对照组(P 0. 05),术后3、6、9个月的腓骨骨折愈合率腓骨固定组均优于对照组(P 0. 05)。两组术后感染、神经损伤等并发症发生率比较差异均无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论腓骨固定联合胫骨固定术治疗胫腓骨远端复合骨折具有重要作用,患者术后的踝关节功能及骨折愈合率良好。     

经腓骨固定胫骨结合踝关节支架治疗Pilon骨折不愈合

[目的]介绍经腓骨固定胫骨结合踝关节支架治疗Pilon骨折不愈合的方法并初步探讨其疗效。[方法]1999-2004年共收治Pilon骨折不愈合者6例，男4例，女2例；年龄21-53岁，平均34．7岁。所有骨折均累及胫骨关节面并腓骨骨折，胫骨骨折不愈合，踝关节畸形。通过后外侧入路显露腓骨胫骨，复位满意后选用重建钢板置于腓骨外侧，螺钉通过腓骨钻入胫骨固定。小腿内侧选用踝关节外固定架固定。取自体髂骨植骨于骨断端和胫腓骨间区域以获得骨性愈合和下胫腓融合。[结果]随访8个月-4年，平均22个月。5例获得骨性愈合，平均愈合时间3．5个月。1例因过早去除踝关节支架且负重，出现钢板断裂再折。[结论]对于Pilon骨折不愈合，采用小腿后外侧入路经腓骨固定胫骨结合踝关节支架，是提高复位质量，促进骨折愈合，纠正关节畸形，防止并发症的有效方法，且相对更简便可靠。     

锁定钢板微创治疗胫骨远端骨折的疗效分析

目的探讨应用经皮解剖型锁定钢板内固定术治疗胫骨远端骨折的方法及疗效。方法采用经皮微创解剖型锁定钢板内固定治疗术治疗胫骨远端骨折30例。结果 30例随访10～24个月,未出现骨折延迟愈合及不愈合,根据Mazuretal的踝关节症状和功能评价标准,优良率为93.3%。结论应用经皮微创解剖型锁定钢板内固定治疗胫骨远端骨折,具有手术创伤小,骨折愈合快,术后并发症少,肢体功能恢复良好等特点。解剖型锁定钢板内固定术是治疗胫腓骨远端骨折的一种理想内固定方法。     

胫骨远端锁定钢板治疗27例Pilon骨折

目的 探讨胫骨远端锁定钢板治疗Pilon骨折的方法、时机及疗效.方法 对27例Pilon骨折采用胫骨远端锁定钢板固定胫骨和重建钢板固定腓骨,6例Ⅲ型骨折同时行克氏针固定,11例植骨(Ⅲ型骨折均植骨).结果 随访8～18个月.踝关节功能按Mazur标准:优14例,良9例,可3例,差1例.27例均达到骨性愈合,平均愈合时间15.4周.结论 胫骨远端锁定钢板治疗Rnedi-AllgowerⅡ、Ⅲ型Pilon骨折效果良好,Ⅲ型骨折均需植骨.一期膊骨内固定或有限内固定能明显降低二期手术难度和并发症.     

交锁髓内钉结合钢板治疗胫腓骨中下1/3骨折

目的 探讨交锁髓内钉结合钢板治疗胫腓骨中下1/3骨折的临床疗效.方法 对97例胫腓骨中下1/3骨折患者采用腓骨骨折解剖复位钢板内固定、胫骨骨折闭合复位交锁髓内钉内固定治疗.结果 97例均得到随访,时间12~25个月.患者伤口均一期愈合,无软组织及骨感染.腓骨骨折均愈合;胫骨达解剖复位66例,功能复位31例.胫骨骨折临床愈合时间:87例为14~24周,10例26~40周延迟愈合(6例经髓内钉动力化后愈合,4例取髂骨植骨后愈合).疗效采用Johner-Wruhs评分标准评定:优81例,良11例,可5例.结论 交锁髓内钉结合钢板治疗胫腓骨中下1/3骨折,创伤小,固定稳定性好,骨折愈合率高,功能恢复快,疗效满意.     

分期手术治疗胫腓骨下段开放骨折

目的 探讨分期手术治疗胫腓骨下段开放骨折的疗效.方法 采用分期手术治疗18例胫腓骨下段开放骨折患者:一期行急诊清创、腓骨内固定及胫骨外固定支架固定,二期行胫骨切开复位内固定术.记录骨痂开始形成时间、骨折愈合情况、并发症发生情况.采用AOFAS踝-后足功能评分标准评定踝关节功能,并记录踝关节活动度.结果 患者均获得随访,...     

闭合复位经皮穿针治疗儿童胫腓骨远端骨骺、干骺端骨折

[目的]探讨手法闭合复位经皮穿针治疗儿童胫腓骨远端骨骺、干骺端骨折的方法与临床效果。[方法]选取2015年1月~2017年8月本院收治的儿童胫腓骨远端骨骺、干骺端骨折患儿30例,其中男22例,女8例,左侧19例,右侧11例,年龄7~14岁,平均(10.32±2.83)岁。胫腓骨远端骨骺骨折根据Salter-Harris标准分型,胫骨骨骺骨折I型3例、Ⅱ型24例、Ⅳ型1例;胫骨远端干骺端骨折2例;腓骨远端骨骺骨折I型1例、Ⅱ型2例;腓骨远端干骺端骨折27例。C型臂下手法闭合复位,经皮于胫骨骨折远端钉入2枚交叉克氏针固定;腓骨下段骨折,移位明显者复位后经外踝尖穿入克氏针髓内固定。[结果]本组30例均获6~30个月随访,平均(14.36±8.72)个月。观察统计手术时间,出血量,术后肿胀、疼痛情况,骨折愈合时间,根据Johner-Wruhs评分评定疗效:优29例,良1例,优良率100%。[结论]闭合复位经皮穿针治疗儿童胫腓骨远端骨骺及干骺端骨折创伤小、出血少、并发症少、美观、骨折愈合率高及关节功能恢复良好;对于胫骨远端骨骺Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型骨折,骨折块关节内移位明显经手法不能复位者应采取切开复位,避免反复闭合手法复位造成骺板的进一步损伤。     

腓骨钢板内固定治疗开放性胫腓骨骨折

目的 报道腓骨钢板内固定在GustiloⅢ型胫腓骨骨折早期处理中的应用效果。方法 8例均行急诊清创 腓骨钢板内固定 胫骨外固定架固定术，术后二期行皮瓣移植或植皮手术消灭创面。结果 8例均获随访，随访时间6—15个月，平均8．4个月。其中7例骨性愈合，1例骨不连。2例出现足下垂，行踝关节融合术后功能良好。无伤口感染等并发症。结论 在GustiloⅢ型胫腓骨骨折早期处理中，行腓骨钢板内固定是一种能保持骨折稳定性，防止短缩畸形，为下一步骨及软组织重建创造良好条件的好方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.