Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in full-term infants

A retrospective analysis was undertaken in a consecutive series of 33 full-term infants (birth weight >2500 g and a minimum of 37 weeks gestational age) with symptomatic intracranial hemorhage (ICH) admitted to a regional neonatal intensive care unit from January 1986 to December 1992. Eleven infants were born in our institution; 17 were male. The estimated local incidence of symptomatic ICH for the inborn population was 4.9/10 000 live births, with a regional incidence of 2.7/10 000 live births. Twenty-four (72.3%) infants presented with seizures, apnea, or respiratory distress. Five (15.1%) children developed ICH associated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ventriculoperitoneal shunting, and cardiac surgery. There were two deaths (6.1%) associated with a grade IV periventricular hemorrhage (PVH) and cardiac surgery. Nine infants (27.3%) showed PVH, while an additional nine children developed multifocal cortical hemorrhages. Eight infants (24.%) showed extraxial ICH, four children (12.1%) sustained lobar hemorrhages, and three children (9.1%) showed ICH associated with prenatal CNS abnormalities. Excluding five children with iatrogenic ICH, coagulopathies occurred in 9 of 28 infants (32.1%) and constituted a major determinant of the development of ICH. Neurosurgical intervention was limited to one infant with massive ICH and one child with hydrocephalus as a late sequela of ICH. Developmental follow-up was complete in 32 children with a mean and median duration of 3.4 years. Full-term infants with ICH associated with risk factors for hypoxic-ischemic injury showed a significantly greater risk of developmental delay compared to infants with uncomplicated ICH.     

脑立体定向术后并发颅内出血

目的：探讨脑立体定向术后并发颅内出血的原因、预防及治疗。方法：对１３例脑立体定向术后并发颅内出血患者临床资料进行分析总结。结果：定向术后并发颅内出血是一种或几种因素共同作用的结果,相关因素有年龄、血压、毁损灶、合并其他疾病及操作不当等。结论：定向术后并发颅内出血可以通过控制血压、排除合并其它疾病、定期保养设备等进行预防,出血后可保守治疗、脑室钻孔引流或开颅清除血肿。     

肝移植术后早期并发颅内出血

目的研究肝移植术后并发颅内出血的发病情况、临床和神经影像学特征并探讨可能的危险因素及预后。方法回顾性分析337例、共358次肝移植病例中术后并发颅内出血的临床及神经影像学特征,并与同时期未发生颅内出血的肝移植病例进行比较,探讨其可能的危险因素及预后。结果术后发生颅内出血共8例(2.2%),死亡5例。临床表现为不同程度意识障碍、头痛、失语、偏瘫、呕吐、癫发作等。其头颅CT特点为出血量大、多部位、广泛性出血、以大脑半球实质内出血居多、血肿形状不规则、血肿易扩大或再次出血。术后并发颅内出血的患者年龄、术中低血压、合并细菌或真菌感染及病死率与无颅内出血的肝移植患者相比,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论颅内出血是肝移植术后直接影响患者预后的一种严重神经系统并发症。年龄偏大、术中低血压及术后合并感染可能是肝移植术后并发颅内出血的危险因素。     

Intracranial hemorrhage following blunt injury to a shunt valve

Case report The authors report a case of a child who sustained blunt injury to a shunt valve during a basketball game, which resulted in an intracranial hemorrhage.Conclusion This occurrence, although rare, reinforces the recommendation for protective headgear when patients with shunts engage in activities that may result in direct impact to the head.     

Intracranial hemorrhage

The initial and exclusive use of MRI in patients with a stroke syndrome is feasible, probably cost-effective, and even time saving when considering its potential wealth of information. MRI may be the diagnostic tool of choice in patients with all stages of stroke, especially in the hyperacute assessment of ICH, and could be equivalent to CT and CTA in SAH diagnosis. The authors’ aim is to provide a comprehensive review about the potential role of MRI in evaluating ICH and SAH. Emerging applications, such as the assessment of microbleeds as a risk factor for secondary hemorrhage after thrombolysis and perihemorrhagic ischemic changes as a potential marker for patients likely to benefit from hematoma evacuation, are reviewed.     

婴儿维生素K缺乏致颅内出血36例临床分析

目的 探讨婴儿维生素K缺乏致颅内出血的l临床特点、远期预后随访和预防. 方法收集新华医院小儿神经外科自2000年11月至2007年9月收治的36例维生素K缺乏致颅内出血患儿的病史资料,对其病因、临床表现、影像学特点、诊断、治疗、预后及预防进行分析,其中13例患儿采用外科手术治疗,23例患儿采用内科药物治疗.结果 住院治疗期间有1例患儿死亡,其余35例存在不同程度的改善.出院后经过半个月～7年的随访,手术治疗的患儿中1例死亡,1例留有后遗症;保守治疗的息儿中1例死亡,4例留有后遗症.结论及时诊断、尽早积极采取综合治疗措施可提高此病的抢救成功率,降低病死率及致残率.进行大规模科普宣传,提高人们对此病的重视程度,加强各种预防措施,对降低该病的发病率十分重要.     

TCD观察动脉瘤性SAH后脑血管痉挛的血流动力学改变

目的探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后脑血管痉挛的血流动力学改变。方法经CT、DSA证实为动脉瘤性SAH患者179例,床旁经颅超声多谱勒(TCD)在术前、术后1~3d、5~7d、9~11d、12~14d记录并分析大脑中动脉(M CA)的血流参数及频谱改变。结果M CA平均血流速度(Vm)于SAH后1~3d开始升高,5~7d、9~11d达到高峰;L I(血管痉挛指数)为3~6时预后良好;>6时可以出现神经系统功能损害,颅内压增高且有脑血管痉挛(CV S)者预后较差。结论TCD能无创、实时评价SAH后CV S的动态变化,可以推断SAH后CV S的严重程度及临床转归。     

长时程亚低温治疗高分级动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血的临床分析

目的 探讨长时程亚低温治疗对高分级动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（aSAH）患者的临床疗效.方法 回顾性纳入首都医科大学宣武医院神经外科重症监护室2015年3月至2017年1月收治的58例行长时程亚低温治疗的高分级aSAH患者,其中24例行显微外科动脉瘤夹闭术,34例行血管内栓塞治疗.出院后对患者行门诊或电话随访,随访内容为改良Rankin量表评分（mRS）.结果 58例高分级aSAH患者长时程亚低温治疗的时程为5～14 d,平均（7.0±4.4）d.治疗期间,37例（63.8％）患者出现心律失常,50例（86.2％）出现低血压,8例（13.8％）出现下肢深静脉血栓;54例（93.1％）出现胃肠动力障碍,8例（13.8％）出现应激性溃疡;30例（51.7％）出现肺炎,4例（6.9％）出现急性呼吸窘迫综合征;28例（48.3％）出现脑血管痉挛;21例（36.2％）出现寒战;17例（29.3％）出现凝血功能障碍;15例（25.9％）出现应激性高血糖,13例（22.4％）出现低白蛋白血症;6例（10.3％）出现导管相关性感染;10例（17.2％）出现迟发性脑缺血.8例（13.8％）患者死亡.单因素分析显示,发病后Hunt-Hess高分级（Ⅳ、Ⅴ级）及脑血管痉挛是影响患者在长时程亚低温治疗期间死亡的危险因素（均P ＜0.05）.46例患者的随访时间为3～6个月,平均（4.3±1.9）个月.其中56.5％（26/46）的患者预后良好,43.5％（20/46）预后不良.预后不良的患者中,6例死亡,14例中、重度残疾.结论 长时程亚低温疗法能改善高分级aSAH患者的预后.     

局部亚低温治疗脑出血的临床观察对比研究

目的观察施行局部亚低温脑保护治疗对脑出血患者的疗效及其对血浆内皮素、神经肽Y和降钙素基因相关肽水平的影响。方法58例脑出血患者随机分为亚低温组(30例)和对照组(28例),分别给予局部亚低温脑保护治疗和常规治疗,观察治疗前后两组患者脑水肿和欧洲脑卒中评分变化值的差别。同时应用放射免疫分析法检测两组共18例患者(各9例)的血浆内皮素、神经肽Y和降钙素基因相关肽水平。结果(1)治疗2周后两组患者脑水肿量变化值及欧洲脑卒中评分变化值差异有显著性意义(P<0.01);(2)亚低温组患者治疗后血浆神经肽Y水平与对照组相比差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),血浆内皮素、降钙素基因相关肽水平两组之间差异则无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论(1)局部亚低温脑保护结合常规治疗可明显减少出血灶周围脑组织水肿量,疗效确切,安全性较高。(2)亚低温治疗对血浆神经肽Y水平有一定影响,而对血浆内皮素及降钙素基因相关肽水平则无明显影响。     

亚低温脑保护在高血压脑出血治疗中的应用

目的 探索亚低温脑保护在高血压脑出血治疗中应用的可行性及疗效。方法 85例高血压脑出血患者分为(1)亚低温治疗组:31例,其中脑出血分级Ⅱ级者1例,Ⅲ级9例,Ⅳ～Ⅴ级21例,于伤后24h内接受轻度低温治疗,直肠温度维持在33℃～35℃,颅内压在20mmHg以下者,治疗时间为24h;颅内压高于20mmHg者治疗72h;而颅内压持续在30mmHg以上或在短时间内迅速增高者行CT检查,以确定是否有颅内血肿形成。(2)常规治疗组:54例,脑出血分级Ⅱ级者2例,Ⅲ级16例,Ⅳ～Ⅴ级36例,于伤后24h内以常规药物治疗。根据GOS预后评估系统评价两组患者疗效。结果 经治疗后,亚低温组轻残8例、中残11例、重残4例、植物生存3例,死亡5例,恢复良好率为25.81％(8/31),与常规治疗组比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论 亚低温具有减轻高血压脑出血患者脑水肿、降低颅内压、防止神经细胞凋亡的作用。可提高高血压脑出血患者的生存率及生存质量。     

Intracranial hemorrhage in an infant owing to vitamin K deficiency despite prophylaxis

A 3-month-old male infant with intracranial hemorrhage attributable to a vitamin K deficiency is reported. Vitamin K2 was administered orally at birth and then at 5 days and 1 month of age. Oral antibiotics were also given 2 days before the onset of bleeding. Although the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage resulting from vitamin K deficiency has decreased since the introduction of vitamin K2 prophylaxis, spontaneous intracranial hemorrhages are still being reported in infants. We suggest that vitamin K prophylaxis is needed especially for breast-fed infants and for those undergoing antibiotic therapy. Received: 17 January 1998 Revised: 20 January 1999     

神经内镜联合亚低温治疗高血压基底节区脑出血

目的 探讨神经内镜联合亚低温在治疗高血压基底节区脑出血中的临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析我院神经内镜治疗高血压基底节区脑出血患者40例的临床资料,并对治疗结果进行分析.结果 神经内镜治疗组22例(甲组),神经内镜联合亚低温治疗组18例(乙组),术后3个月根据GCS评分,甲组恢复良好1例,中残4例,重残6例,植物生存6例,死亡5例;乙组恢复良好4例,中残8例,重残3例,植物生存1例,死亡2例,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组颅内压比较第1天两者差异不明显,但第2、3天亚低温组颅内压明显降低.结论 神经内镜是治疗高血压基底节区脑出血较为有效的手术方式,联合亚低温治疗能有效降低颅内压,改善术后神经功能恢复,具有较好的临床应用价值.     

亚低温治疗对实验性大鼠脑出血的保护作用研究

目的　本文观察了３２ ℃亚低温对脑出血大鼠脑 Ｎａ＋ 、 Ｋ＋ 、水含量及超微结构的影响。方法　６６ 只大鼠随机分成三组： （１） 假手术对照组; （２） 常温脑出血组; （３） 亚低温脑出血组。结果常温出血组水、 Ｎａ＋ 含量随时间而增加, 而 Ｋ＋ 含量减少; 亚低温组水、 Ｎａ＋ 含量比常温组低, 而 Ｋ＋含量增加。超微结构显示亚低温组脑超微结构损害较常温组轻。结论　亚低温治疗对脑出血后脑水肿, 脑细胞结构有保护作用。     

Intracranial hemorrhage in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving anticoagulation with warfarin or edoxaban: An in-depth analysis from the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 randomized trial

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a known risk of oral anticoagulation; delineating ICH attributes may provide nuanced guidance regarding atrial fibrillation management. We evaluated ICH characteristics and outcomes from Effective Anticoagulation with Factor Xa Next Generation in Atrial Fibrillation-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 48 (ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48), a randomized trial that compared two edoxaban regimens (higher-dose edoxaban regimen 60/30 mg (HDER), lower-dose edoxaban regimen 30/15 mg (LDER)) with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. Patients who suffered ICH vs those who did not were compared and independent predictors of ICH were calculated. We also assessed ICH subtype and etiology. Of 21,105 randomized patients, 322 (1.53%) had ≥ 1 ICH for a total of 368 events. Intraparenchymal hemorrhage (HDER: HR 0.52 [95% CI 0.35–0.77], LDER: HR 0.22 [0.13–0.38]) and subdural hematoma (HDER: HR 0.29 [0.15–0.55], LDER: HR 0.26 [0.13–0.50]) were lower with both HDER and LDER vs warfarin. Subarachnoid hemorrhage frequency was similar in the HDER vs warfarin groups but lower in LDER. Compared to warfarin, edoxaban was associated with lower risk of spontaneous ICH (HDER: HR 0.47 [0.31–0.69], LDER: HR 0.34 [0.22–0.53]) and traumatic ICH (HDER: HR 0.32 [0.17–0.61], LDER: HR 0.31 [0.16–0.59]). In multivariable analysis, randomization to warfarin, increased age, and risk of falling remained independent predictors of ICH. In ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48, ICH was decreased in edoxaban-treated patients compared to warfarin-treated patients, including ICH of both spontaneous and traumatic causes. Both edoxaban regimens lowered intraparenchymal and subdural hemorrhages compared to warfarin. Patient characteristics and medical history may help guide anticoagulation management.     

Intracranial plasmacytoma with apoplectic presentation and spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: Case report and review of the literature

Involvement of the nervous system is not uncommon in patients with multiple myeloma, with polyneuropathy and myelopathy predominating. Intracranial involvement producing neurological symptoms, however, is distinctly uncommon. Massive intraparenchymal hemorrhage from a previously unrecognized intracranial plasmacytoma is exceedingly rare. The authors report the case of a 57-year-old male who presented with sudden onset of severe headache, rapid onset of right-sided weakness and deterioration in level of consciousness while at work. Two years earlier the patient had completed treatment for multiple myeloma and was considered to be in remission, with a recent bone marrow biopsy that was negative, and complete normalization of serum protein electrophoresis. Imaging studies revealed a massive intracerebral hemorrhage with the possibility of an underlying lesion, and the patient was taken for emergent hematoma evacuation and tumor resection. The patient made an excellent recovery and was treated with intracranial radiation. Even in patients with multiple myeloma without evidence of systemic disease following successful treatment, the possibility of unrecognized lesions lingers. The onset of new symptoms referable to potential intracranial pathology in this setting should prompt consideration of intracranial plasmacytoma in the differential diagnosis.     

Intracranial hemorrhage in the full-term neonate and young infant: correlation of the location and outcome

The cranial computed tomography (CT) and outcome for 13 full-term neonates and 12 young infants with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) were studied. The full-term neonates had perinatal asphyxia or neurological signs such as seizures. All infants were breast-fed and showed bleeding diathesis. In the full-term neonates there was a high incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and hemorrhage around the falx. The location of the hemorrhage on CT and brain pathology suggested that the original site of IVH might be the choroid plexus vessels in the lateral ventricle or in the subependymal layer. On the other hand, the sites of ICH in infants were multifocal compared with those in full-term neonates. Subdural hemorrhage (SDH) was seen more frequently and IVH less frequently in infants than in full-term neonates. The cases with SDH frequently showed accompanying cerebral infarction followed by porencephaly. Thus, SDH with cerebral low density on CT may predict a poor prognosis.     

Intracranial hypotension in the setting of concurrent perineural cyst rupture and subarachnoid hemorrhage

Although most patients with intracranial hypotension typically present with headaches, the rest of the clinical spectrum is characteristically non-specific and often quite variable. In a patient with concurrent pathologies that can produce a similar clinical picture, a high index of suspicion must be maintained to achieve the correct diagnosis. The authors report a patient with intracranial hypotension in the setting of concurrent perineural cyst rupture and subarachnoid hemorrhage. A 63-year-old woman with a family history of ruptured intracranial aneurysms presented after a sudden thunderclap headache and was found to have diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage. Imaging revealed anterior communicating and superior hypophyseal artery aneurysms. Following the uneventful clipping of both aneurysms, the patient experienced a delayed return to her neurological baseline. After it was noted that the patient had an improved neurological examination when she was placed supine, further investigation confirmed intracranial hypotension from perineural cyst rupture. The patient improved and returned to her neurological baseline after undergoing a high-volume blood patch and remained neurologically intact at postoperative follow-up. Although intracranial hypotension is known to be commonly associated with cerebrospinal fluid leak, its causal and temporal relationship with subarachnoid hemorrhage has yet to be elucidated.     

Intracerebral hemorrhage in CADASIL

BackgroundIntracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has been reported in few cases of Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), mostly in hypertensive patients. We aimed to assess the clinical and radiological characteristics of patients with CADASIL who presented with ICH.MethodsA retrospective analysis of all neuroimaging exams of CADASIL patients hospitalized in our academic neurology department for acute cerebrovascular events was performed to find ICH. A systematic review of the literature was performed on this topic.ResultsIncluding our five patients, a total number of 52 subjects with CADASIL and ICH (mean age: 56 years, SD 11, 36–69%- male) were reported. Intracerebral hemorrhages were mainly deep (34 subjects), followed by lobar (8 subjects), infratentorial (6 subjects) and mixed locations (4 subjects). Three ICHs were asymptomatic. Fourteen patients were taking antithrombotic medication, 18 had no regular antiplatelet or anticoagulant treatment while in 20 patients medical treatment was not detailed. Arterial hypertension was present in 37 out of 51 patients with available information. Neuroimaging showed extensive FLAIR hyperintensities in all CADASIL subjects with ICH, cerebral microbleeds in all but three patients, and lacunar infarction in 19 out of 25 subjects with available information.ConclusionsIntracerebral hemorrhage represents a possible yet uncommon manifestation of CADASIL and should be considered as a possibility in patients with ICH associated with leukoencephalopathy and microbleeds, even in the absence of other clinical symptoms.