数字化导板在血管化腓骨肌皮瓣修复下颌骨缺损中的临床应用研究

 目的　探讨数字化导板在血管化腓骨肌皮瓣修复下颌骨缺损中的临床应用效果。方法　选择2016年1月至2018年10月大连市口腔医院口腔颌面外科肿瘤病区收治的下颌骨肿瘤需手术切除病灶并行腓骨肌皮瓣修复缺损的患者6例,其中成釉细胞瘤3例、多房角化囊肿1例、鳞状细胞癌2例。所有患者术前均进行下颌骨及左侧腓骨的三维CT扫描,并建立下颌骨及腓骨三维模型,使用3D数字化打印技术制作下颌骨截骨导板、腓骨截骨及塑形导板,术前进行重建钛板的预成型。所有手术均由分工明确的相同2名医生操作,术中使用截骨导板截除下颌骨肿瘤和应用截骨、塑形导板塑造腓骨,指导手术完成。 结果　所有病例全部手术成功,病灶组织按计划准确切除,术中腓骨肌皮瓣制备准确,术后腓骨肌皮瓣全部成活,患者术后咬合关系恢复良好,面部外型恢复理想,无明显并发症的发生。结论　应用数字化截骨及塑形导板可简化手术过程、节省手术时间,使手术过程中的并发症明显降低,并能达到精确修复,提高血管化腓骨肌瓣修复颌骨缺损的治疗效果。     

三维模拟技术在游离腓骨瓣移植重建下颌骨缺损中的应用

目的探讨在游离腓骨肌瓣移植修复下颌骨缺损过程中应用三维模拟技术（CAD/CAM）的方法。方法对11例患者（成釉细胞瘤8例,骨化性纤维瘤1例,下颌牙龈癌2例）术前应用三维模拟技术进行模拟手术,利用快速成型机制作出与患者下颌骨实际大小和外形完全一致的实体模型和手术辅助导板,在模拟修复完成的下颌骨模型上预成形重建钛板。手术中,一组根据术前设计的截骨方案切除病变下颌骨;另一组利用辅助导板在不断蒂状态下对腓骨进行精确的分段截骨,将截开的腓骨段准确塑形后,用预成形重建钛板加以固定,待受区准备完成后断蒂移植。结果11例患者移植的腓骨肌（皮）瓣均存活,术中移植腓骨所截取的长度合适,截骨、塑形、定位速度明显加快。术后随访1~24个月,影像学检查显示患者下颌骨重建形态及固位良好,颞下颌关节就位准确,口内检查剩余牙列咬合关系恢复正常。结论在游离腓骨肌（皮）瓣移植修复下颌骨缺损中应用三维模拟技术,不仅能够降低手术难度与风险,节省手术时间,还可提高手术质量,保证手术效果。     

交互式医学图像控制系统(MIMICS)在下颌骨肿瘤切除及缺损重建中的应用

目的:探讨交互式医学图像控制系统(MIMICS)在下颌骨肿瘤切除,腓骨瓣修复重建下颌骨缺损的应用价值,为术前进行精确设计手术方案及达到术后良好的重建效果提供可靠依据。方法:选取2014年11月~2015年12月收治的下颌骨肿瘤需重建的10例患者。术前行上下颌骨及供区小腿螺旋CT扫描,将DICOM数据导入交互式医学图像控制系统(MIMICS),观察肿瘤确定安全范围、模拟肿瘤切除、镜像恢复患侧、腓骨瓣模拟重建、预测重建效果。术中按术前设计方案切除肿瘤、腓骨瓣制备塑形、钛板固定、腓骨瓣固定就位。结果:全部手术按术前模拟顺利完成,移植腓骨瓣术后全部成活。术后1、3、6、9、12 个月随访复查,行曲断或CT复查,结果示10例患者腓骨瓣位置良好,开口度2～3指,供区小腿腓骨创面愈合良好未见明显并发症。患者对术后面部外形及小腿功能的恢复均为满意。结论:在下颌骨肿瘤切除及缺损重建中利用CT影像资料,采用交互式医学图像控制系统(MIMICS)实现在计算机屏幕前制定手术方案,进行术前手术评估和术后重建效果预测,提高下颌骨肿瘤切除的准确性及腓骨重建颌骨的连续性和对称性。     

数字化外科技术在下颌骨缺损重建中的应用

下颌骨是面下1/3主要的骨性支架,由于肿瘤切除、炎症及外伤等原因导致的下颌骨缺损,严重影响患者的外形与功能.以腓骨瓣为代表的血管化游离骨组织瓣是目前修复下颌骨缺损的主要方法.传统的下颌骨重建手术,主要依赖术者经验进行,缺乏个性化的术前设计与精确的术中引导,难以达到精确重建的目标.近年来,虚拟设计、快速成型、手术导航等数字化技术已广泛应用于下颌骨缺损的重建手术中:术前在数字化软件中对下颌骨肿瘤的切除及下颌骨缺损的重建手术进行精确的个性化设计;术中使用手术导板或手术导航技术辅助将术前设计转化为现实.许多研究结果表明,应用数字化外科技术,可显著提高下颌骨缺损重建的临床治疗效果.本文将结合近年来国内外文献报道及作者课题组临床实践经验,对数字化外科技术在下颌骨缺损重建中的应用进行归纳与总结.     

CAD/CAM技术在游离腓骨瓣移植重建下颌骨中的应用

目的:探讨在游离腓骨瓣移植重建下颌骨中应用CAD/CAM技术的方法,并尝试将计算机中的辅助设计准确的转化为手术中的实际操作.方法:为8 位下颌骨缺损患者进行了CAD/CAM血管化游离腓骨瓣移植修复,通过螺旋CT扫描获取缺损区及腓骨的数据,在软件中进行缺损区修复的模拟设计,在此基础上完成手术辅助导板的设计,利用快速成型机加工制作出导板实物,利用导板顺利的完成手术.结果:术中移植腓骨截取长度合适,截骨、塑形、定位速度明显加快,术后患者面部外形两侧对称,影像学检查显示下颌骨缺损区域的重建形态及固位良好.结论:游离腓骨瓣移植修复下颌骨缺损中应用CAD/CAM技术,能够降低手术难度,缩短手术时间,提高手术质量,保证手术效果.     

应用快速原型技术指导腓骨平行折叠重建下颌骨的探讨

目的:研究如何将快速原型技术与腓骨平行折叠技术相结合,以更好地指导下颌骨重建.方法:下颌骨肿瘤切除术后复杂缺损重建患者6例,术前计算机辅助模拟手术,应用快速原型技术制作腓骨平行折叠后的颌骨模型并预制钛板形态,参照模型,指导术中腓骨骨段精确摆放位置.结果:所有患者创口一期愈合,结合放射核素扫描及数字全景片检查,证实移植腓...     

腓骨瓣及CAD/CAM技术在重建下颌骨缺损中的应用

目的　探讨应用腓骨瓣及CAD/CAM技术修复大面积下颌骨缺损的经验。方法　根据16例患者下颌骨缺损的部位和特征,通过螺旋CT扫描获取缺损区的数据,在软件中应用CAD/CAM技术模拟下颌骨切除及重建手术,利用快速成型机加工制作出实物模型,依据模型对腓骨进行塑形、钛板重建,恢复下颌骨的形态和功能。结果　CAD/CAM技术的应用使术中截骨、腓骨塑形、定位速度明显加快;术后患者面部外形基本对称,影像学检查显示下颌骨缺损区的重建形态及固位良好;无严重并发症。结论　腓骨瓣联合CAD/CAM技术重建下颌骨缺损,能够明显缩短手术时间,提高手术质量,保证手术效果,是值得推广的重建下颌骨缺损的理想方法。     

应用腓骨肌瓣180°折叠即刻种植牙植入修复下颌骨缺损

目的 :切除下颌骨肿瘤,同期应用血管化腓骨肌瓣180折叠即刻种植牙植入骨中修复下颌骨缺损 ,探讨腓骨肌瓣折叠及即刻种植牙植入的手术特点。方法 :对1例下颌骨造釉细胞瘤的病人行肿瘤及下颌骨切除的同时将腓骨肌瓣180折叠并移植至缺损部即刻植入种植牙一枚。结果 :六个月后曲面断层片显示种植体骨整合愈合情况良好。结论 :腓骨肌瓣180折叠即刻种植体植入可以一次手术达到恢复有牙患者下颌骨应有高度和连续性及咀嚼功能的目的     

外科模板在游离腓骨瓣修复上颌骨缺损术中的应用

目的 探讨外科模板在上颌骨切除同期自体腓骨瓣移植修复术中的作用。方法 7例因上颌骨肿瘤需行上颌骨切除术并同期自体腓骨瓣修复的患者，术前取研究模型，根据拟行的手术范围进行模型外科设计，确定牙槽突缺损范围，并将模型修整成需要重建的理想解剖形态，制作模板。外科医生在术中根据模板对腓骨瓣塑形，并确定腓骨瓣固定的位置。术后取研究模型观测腓骨瓣的就位情况，三维CT评价腓骨与下颌骨的相对位置关系。结果 经过外科模板的术中定位，腓骨瓣与下颌骨达到正常相对位置关系，垂直向间隙适合常规叉齿或种植义齿修复。患者戴用义齿后的咀嚼效率明显提高。结论 外科模板是修复医生和外科医生之间有效的交流载体，为患者术后功能和外形的恢复创造了有利条件。     

血管化平行折叠腓骨瓣重建下颌骨肿瘤术后骨缺损

目的：探讨应用血管化平行折叠腓骨瓣重建下颌骨肿瘤术后骨缺损的临床效果。方法 ：采用血管化游离平行折叠腓骨肌皮瓣修复重建下颌骨肿瘤术后缺损9例,男6例,女3例,年龄17-61岁,平均37岁;其中,折叠修复5例,部分折叠修复4例,下颌支缺损仅行单层腓骨修复。结果：9例患者术后移植腓骨肌皮瓣均成活,颌面部及腿部术区创口一期愈合,颌面部外形满意,无开口受限,语音清晰,吞咽功能基本正常,下肢腓骨供区无明显并发症。术后3例行二期种植义齿修复,4例因经济原因行可摘义齿修复,2例暂未行义齿修复。已行修复病例义齿与余留牙咬合关系基本正常,咀嚼功能恢复良好。术后6个月复查,全景片提示移植腓骨愈合良好,移植骨高度较正常下颌骨略低。所有病例均随访1-3 a,均无复发。所有患者自我评估对颌面部外形满意。结论：应用血管化平行折叠腓骨瓣技术重建下颌骨缺损,克服了传统腓骨瓣修复后骨质高度不足的缺点,为义齿修复提供足够的骨量,能获得良好的颌面部美学形态和功能效果。     

Non-vascularised fibular bone graft after vascular crisis: compensation for the failure of vascularised fibular free flaps

After reconstruction of a segmental mandibular defect with a fibular free flap, a vascular crisis can be detected clinically and a “no-flow” phenomenon found during re-exploration. Traditional methods used to solve this include removal of the failed flap and delayed mandibular reconstruction, or restoration of the defect with a functional reconstruction plate or contralateral fibular free flap. Our aim therefore was to investigate under what circumstances it is feasible to use a non-vascularised fibular bone graft (NVFB) as a free bone graft after the failure of a vascularised fibular free flap. From 1 January 2010–31 December 2014, 10 patients who had NVFB after failure of a fibular free flap were included in the study. All patients were treated at the Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology. NVFB were preserved successfully without infection in all 10 cases, and follow-up imaging showed that it had incorporated well with the residual mandible, the basic function and facial aesthetics of which were maintained. In conclusion we have identified that by precise selection of patients, detailed preoperative planning, and meticulous postoperative care, NVFB can be used as a “rescue” technique after failure of a fibular free flap, and can successfully restore the segmental mandibular defect and facial contour.     

术前CT血管造影在游离腓骨瓣移植中的应用

目的：探讨术前CT血管造影在游离腓骨瓣移植中的临床应用价值。方法：对13例利用腓骨瓣或腓骨肌皮瓣修复颌骨缺损患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,应用三维重建软件SimPlant Pro 11.04对其术前CTA原始DICOM数据进行分析。结果：腓动脉起始外径为（3.03±0.57）mm,腓骨头尖距腓动脉起始垂直距离为（43.11±10.11）mm,腓骨头尖距穿支血管垂直距离为（172.46±27.99）mm。腓动脉起于胫后动脉。结论：动脉走行恒定,起始外径较粗。术前CT血管造影无创、准确、直观,对游离腓骨瓣移植具有重要手术指导价值。     

Combination of biomechanical evaluation and accurate placement of dental implants: a new concept of virtual surgery in maxillary and mandibular functional reconstruction

Biomechanics are crucial for bony regeneration and survival of implants in functional maxillary and mandibular reconstructions. However, we know of no study that has included an analysis of biomechanics to guide the optimal position of a fibular graft in virtual surgery. This study was designed to evaluate the combination of biomechanics and accurate placement of implants for virtual surgery in reconstruction of the jaw using fibular grafts. Thirty-one patients had maxillary or mandibular reconstruction with vascularised fibular grafts and the immediate placement of dental implants. Virtual studies were made preoperatively to evaluate the biomechanics and to assess the position of the fibular grafts with minimal distribution of stress. All operations proceeded accurately and with no complications with a mean (range) of 14 (6-20) months’ follow-up. According to the individual biomechanical evaluations, the optimal position for the fibular graft is probably the middle of the mandibular body or below the bottom of the maxillary sinus. The combination of biomechanical evaluation and accurate placement of dental implants is a new concept that could achieve good biomechanical positioning of fibular grafts in the jaw and a desirable level of accuracy for functional reconstruction.     

Rehabilitation of long-term mandibular defects by whole-process digital fibula flap combining with implants: A case report

Currently, the gold standard and workhorse in mandibular reconstruction is the free vascularized fibula flap. Particularly for patients who have had mandibulectomy for a long time, it is still difficult to precisely reconstruct the mandibular contour and successfully restore the patient's chewing function and esthetics. For the restoration and rehabilitation of long-term mandibular abnormalities, three-dimensional (3D) virtual surgical planning (VSP) and 3D-printed surgical guides are essential. Digital design and manufacturing were used to improve the accuracy of prostheses and facilitate occlusal reconstruction. Therefore, equipped with the methods of 3D VSP, 3D-printed surgical guides, free vascularized fibular flap, and immediate dental implants, this clinical report provides a feasible solution for mandibular reconstruction.     

血管化腓骨肌瓣移植重建下颌骨缺损的外科改良

目的:对重建下颌骨缺损的血管化腓骨肌瓣制备和塑形方法进行外科改良。方法:(1)非驱血状态下于大腿安放电子止血带加压后直接进行腓骨组织瓣制备;(2)暴露腓骨后,在待取腓骨的上下端各截除小段骨再实施腓骨的带血管制备;(3)对腓骨施行阶梯状截骨塑形。结果:7例腓骨瓣制备和术后出血(渗血)少,制备时间缩短。术后均一期成活,未发生感染或其他并发症。骨段固定稳固,下颌轮廓和外形良好。结论:(1)非驱血制备腓骨瓣不增加出血机会,反而减少出血机会,简化手术操作;(2)在待取腓骨的上下端截除小段骨可以使待取腓骨段充分游离,便于带血管制备和减少损伤血管的机会;(3)阶梯形截骨塑形,既增加了骨断面的接触面积和稳定性,又避免了楔形切骨骨量的丧失。     

Three-dimensional virtual technology in reconstruction of mandibular defect including condyle using double-barrel vascularized fibula flap

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to demonstrate the reconstruction of mandibular defects including the condyle using a double-barrel vascularized fibula flap aided by three-dimensional virtual technology.MethodsTen patients with the type H mandibular defects, who had undergone mandibular reconstruction using a double-barrel vascularized fibula flap, were reviewed for this study. Prior to the surgery, the patients CT scan data were analyzed virtually using SimPlant Pro? software (version 11.04). The simulation allowed construction of an individual mandibular model serving to guide the clinical operation.ResultsThe preoperative virtual surgery greatly benefitted the actual surgery. The vertical height of the neomandible and facial contour were precisely predicted. Some minor complications were encountered. Postoperative three-dimensional reconstruction revealed a close match with the simulated condyle.ConclusionA double-barrel vascularized fibula flap can provide sufficient bone, both in length and vertical height, for the reconstruction of a type H mandibular condylar defect. Combined virtual three-dimensional reconstruction and rapid prototyping can improve postoperative outcomes in mandibular reconstruction.