医学寄生虫电子标本库建设及其在实验教学改革中的应用

【摘要】 目的  建立医学寄生虫电子标本库并评价其使用效果。 方法  采用Pb 9.0进行开发,数据库采用Sybase的本地数据库Adaptive Server Anywhere 8.0,并通过调查问卷的形式评价其效果。 结果  建成的电子标本库可进行精确查询和模糊查询。按学名和俗名进行精确查询,按科名、属名、学名、俗名、图片描述、形态特征、生态习性、流行地区、引起的疾病等进行模糊查询。 结论  医学寄生虫电子标本库应用于教学后显著提升了教学质量,受到师生的普遍好评。     

用计算机多媒体技术建立人体寄生虫标本数据素材库

人体寄生虫学是医学领域的基础部分 ,传统将其纳入形态学的范畴。建立人体寄生虫标本数据素材库涉及到大量的寄生虫形态结构、生活史、显微及大体标本图片和影像等内容。作者按照人体寄生虫形态进行分类 ,应用计算机多媒体技术 ,建立了图片和音像数据素材库 ,克服了传统寄生虫标本静态、检索效率低的弊端。1　内容与方法1.1　素材的来源　主要寄生虫活体、玻片标本及其生活史图片、寄生虫病患者图片和来源光盘、互联网相关网站的相关照片。1.2　素材的前期处理　用 870 0型扫描仪将玻片标本、专业图片和病人照片等以真彩色方式扫描 ,调整扫…     

福建省寄生虫虫种资源整理整合与共享

目的通过发掘、整理人兽共感染寄生虫、传播媒介与中间宿主资源,建立福建省寄生虫种质资源实物库和数据库,为实现资源共享提供基础。方法2006-2008年,按照"寄生虫病和热带病种质资源中心共享平台"(简称"种质资源共享平台")制定的寄生虫种质资源标准和保藏技术规范,对福建省疾病预防控制中心原有保藏的和新近调查发现的寄生虫种质资源进行标准化分类、整理、信息描述、保藏与展示,并通过"种质资源共享平台"实现共享。结果通过收集、发掘与整理,建立了寄生虫、医学媒介和宿主资源的实物库和数据库。实物库共收藏各类虫种标本、媒介和宿主标本资源1 020种(含新发现的寄生虫虫种和媒介宿主新种36种,不同宿主、不同发育阶段的虫种),其中成虫标本100种(占9.8%)、虫卵和幼虫标本120种(占11.7%)及媒介和宿主标本800种(占78.4%)。建立的数据库,已完成61种资源的数字化整理,包括线虫9种,吸虫16种,绦虫7种,医学软体动物16种,医学甲壳动物13种,共计3 150条信息和6 300幅图像信息,数据资源已整合入"种质资源共享平台",并实现了资源共享。结论首次建立福建省寄生虫种质资源实物库和数据库,并通过"种质资源共享平台"实现资源共享。     

用计算机多媒体技术建立人体寄生虫标本数据素材库

人体寄生虫学是医学领域的基础部分，传统将其纳入形态学的范畴。建立人体寄生虫标本数据素材库涉及到大量的寄生虫形态结构、生活史、显微及大体标本图片和影像等内容。作者按照人体寄生虫形态进行分类，应用计算机多媒体技术，建立了图片和音像数据素材库，克服了传统寄生虫标本静态、检索效率低的弊端。     

“双共享”人体寄生虫种质资源库的实践与分析

开放共享的人体寄生虫资源库是开展寄生虫学和寄生虫病防治研究的物质基础。本文在建设人体寄生虫种质资源库中强调"双共享"这一理念和思路。通过实施数据库建设、网站建设和免费开放实物种质资源库等提升其在教学服务、科研服务、科普教育服务和社会服务的水平,以进一步提升华南地区乃至我国寄生虫种质资源的保护和利用水平。     

疟原虫薄片标本退色后的复染效果

观察疟原虫血片标本是寄生虫学实验教学的主要内容之一。疟原虫标本不易采集,而且长期保存的标本易退色。作者对退色的疟原虫标本(P.v、P.m、P.f)进行复染,效果较好,结果报告如下。     

人体寄生虫学标本图片数据库的建立与应用

为满足人体寄生虫学数字教学的要求,提高教学质量,本实验室对人体寄生虫形态进行了分类,应用计算机多媒体技术建立了相应的图片数据库,包括大量的人体寄生虫虫卵、成虫形态结构及生活史等内容,克服了传统寄生虫标本静态、检索效率低的弊端。     

血吸虫基因组计划的现状及发展方向

血吸虫基因组计划是当今寄生虫学研究的热点领域之一。本就血吸虫基因的现状及发展方向作了综述，主要包括cDNA库、表达序列标签（EST）序列分析、基因组库和图谱、数据库建设及功能分析等方面。     

中国寄生虫种质资源库的构建与展望

目的 通过对各种寄生虫种质资源的收集、整理、鉴定和保藏,构建中国寄生虫种质资源库。方法 根据各种寄生虫虫种资源的生物学特性,制定寄生虫虫种资源共性描述标准和各类寄生虫个性描述标准及技术规范,对动物、植物和人体寄生虫进行标准化分类整理、保藏,并进行数字化描述,建立统一规范的实物库和数据库。结果 建立了含有11个门23个纲1 115种/117 814件寄生虫种质资源实物库和数据库;构建了3个寄生虫种质资源活体保藏基地;实物保藏库波及全国15个地区,发现了11种新溪蟹种和1种线虫新种;构建了中国寄生虫种资源网(www.psic.net.cn)。结论 初步建立了中国寄生虫种质资源库。     

人体寄生虫学实验教学标本资源建设

实验教学是整个教学不可分割的重要组成部分。人体寄生虫学是一门直观性很强的形态学科,标本又是实验教学的支柱,因此加强教学标本及其资源的建设,对提高实验教学质量,促进教学发展起着重要的作用。     

国外寄生虫资源收藏与共享情况简介

本文有选择地介绍国外知名、及资源收藏历史悠久的寄生虫及相关动物的收藏情况,包括种类、数量、模式标本收藏类别、提供的服务类别(包括资源共享)以及收藏单位的背景资料等,可为国内同行开展相关科研、教学工作提供参考资料。     

上海市市售食品食源性寄生虫污染状况调查

目的 了解上海市市售食品中食源性寄生虫污染状况, 为制定寄生虫病监测策略、 保障食品安全提供依据。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样调查方法, 2005-2010年对上海市18个区 （县） 部分农贸市场和超市的淡水类水产品、 海水类水产品、 蔬果类、 肉类、 螺类和蛙类等样品, 分别采用消化法、 压片法、 剖检法和漂浮法检测寄生虫囊蚴、 幼虫和虫卵。结果 2005-2010年共检测淡水类水产品23种5 185尾, 寄生虫囊蚴感染率为1.93%。检测淡水鱼、 虾20种4 033尾, 华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染率为1.76%; 其中麦穗鱼感染率最高, 为7.83% （48/613）, 显著高于其他鱼种 （P < 0.01）。检测淡水甲壳类1 152 只, 未检出并殖吸虫囊蚴。检测海水产品23种433尾, 异尖线虫幼虫感染率为12.70%; 其中鲐鱼和带鱼异尖线虫幼虫感染率分别为50.00% （13/26） 和23.46% （42/179）, 显著高于其他海产品 （P < 0.01）。检测蔬菜37种428份, 寄生虫虫卵检出率为 0.47% （1/428）; 检测10种水果103份, 未检出寄生虫虫卵。检测螺类样品330份, 未检出广州管圆线虫幼虫。检测青蛙102 只, 曼氏迭宫绦虫裂头蚴感染率为31.37%。检测猪、 牛肉样品116份, 未检出寄生虫污染。 同期居民肠道寄生虫感染率为 0.42% （131/31 239）。 结论 上海市部分市售食品受到寄生虫污染。应加强食品卫生宣教工作, 采取有效的综合防治措施, 以确保提供安全的食品     

痰标本采集、储存及运输过程对培养结果影响的分析

目的 通过分析某市级结核病实验室痰培养数据,总结县级运送阳性痰标本至市级进行痰培养工作模式对痰培养结果的影响因素。 方法 对江苏省某市级结核病实验室2010年4月-10月痰培养数据进行分析。 结果 该实验室初诊涂阳病人痰培养共计475例,对痰标本采集、储存、运输、培养等各个环节进行分析,得出：不同送样县区（P=0.007）,不同痰标本数量（P=0.008）,不同送样时间间隔（P=0.037）,不同痰标本阳性级别（P=0.001）的痰培养结果均有统计学意义。 结论 由县级运送痰标本至市级进行痰培养,应在采集标本时严格按照《中国结核病防治规划实施工作指南》（以下简称《指南》）要求采集即夜晨3份痰标本,提高送检痰标本质量,尽快送检,并加强对不同县区样品采集运送人员的培训。     

Endemic contamination of clinical specimens by Mycobacterium gordonae.

Contamination of clinical specimens by Mycobacterium gordonae is a significant endemic problem in many laboratories. To investigate this problem, 84 cases at 1 hospital were retrospectively identified during 20 months. The overall rate of specimen contamination was 2. 4%, and 72 of the contaminated specimens were respiratory. A case-control comparison showed that the risk of respiratory specimen contamination was significantly increased if the specimen was expectorated (odds ratio [OR], 3.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1. 36-9.50) or if the patient consumed fluids within 2 days before specimen collection (OR, 8.92; 95% CI, 1.40-71.20). Cultures of tap water, ice, and iced drinking water all yielded M. gordonae at 10(-2)-10(0) cfu/mL. A culture survey of consenting patients showed contamination of 8 (24%) of 34 sputum specimens collected immediately after a tap water mouth rinse. These findings demonstrate that endemic specimen contamination arises from mycobacteria in hospital tap water and provide a foundation for control efforts.     

Acanthamoeba keratitis: increased sensitivity of the detection of parasites by modified cultivation procedure

The purpose of this study was to improve current methods for the detection of Acanthamoeba spp. in clinical samples. The sensitivity of parasite detection in filtered specimens was evaluated using samples containing different numbers of parasites. They were filtered through cellulose membranes and cultivated on non-nutrient agar plates covered with Escherichia coli. The recovery of amoebae collected by filtration was compared with the cultivation of centrifuged samples. All samples containing 10 parasites per specimen and 65% of samples containing 2 parasites per specimen yielded positive cultures after filtration, while the cultivation results after centrifugation were 8% and 0%, respectively. We conclude that significantly higher sensitivity of parasite detection can be obtained with samples processed by filtration.     

Culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from non-fixed sputum smears

Smears prepared from sputum species were kept in the dark at 4 degrees C or at 20-25 degrees C. Cultures for mycobacteria were carried out on these smears 0, 4, 8, and 15 days later and the results compared with those of cultures made from the sputum specimen on the day of collection. The percentage of negative cultures from originally positive specimens was high, and use of the method is not considered advisable. There is an additional risk of infection for laboratory staff when handling unfixed smears.     

Effect of Cementitious Materials on the Engineering Properties of Lightweight Aggregate Mortars Containing Recycled Water

With the trend toward taller and larger structures, the demand for high-strength and lightweight cement concrete has increased in the construction industry. Equipment for transporting ready-mixed concrete is frequently used to bring concrete to construction sites, and washing this equipment generates a large amount of recycled water, which is an industrial by-product. In this study, we recycled this water as the pre-wetting water for lightweight aggregate and as mixing water, and we substituted blast furnace slag powder (BS) and fly ash (FA) as cementitious materials (Cm). In addition, we evaluated the fluidity, compressive strength, tensile strength, drying shrinkage, and accelerated carbonation depth of lightweight ternary cementitious mortars (TCMs) containing artificial lightweight aggregate and recycled water. The 28-day compressive strengths of the lightweight TCM specimens with BS and FA were ~47.2–51.7 MPa, except for the specimen with 20% each of BS and FA (40.2 MPa), which was higher than that of the control specimen with 100% OPC (45.9 MPa). Meanwhile, the 28-day tensile strengths of the lightweight TCM specimens containing BS and FA were ~2.81–3.20 MPa, which are ~13.7–29.5% higher than those of the control specimen. In this study, the TCM specimen with 5% each of BS and FA performed the best in terms of the combination of compressive strength, tensile strength, and carbonation resistance.     

Appropriate microbiological diagnostics

In the industrialized world the threat of infectious diseases is mainly due to nosocomial infections and multi-resistant agents. In this context, microbiological evaluations have not only a benefit for the individual patient, but also allow to evaluate the local epidemiologic situation. However, quality and benefits are often compromised by incorrect specimen collection. This review attempts to summarize diagnostic procedures, collection and transport of appropriate specimens and relevant causative agents for prominent clinical manifestations of infectious diseases.     

Sinnvolle Mikrobiologische Diagnostik

In the industrialized world the threat of infectious diseases is mainly due to nosocomial infections and multi-resistant agents. In this context, microbiological evaluations have not only a benefit for the individual patient, but also allow to evaluate the local epidemiologic situation. However, quality and benefits are often compromised by incorrect specimen collection. This review attempts to summarize diagnostic procedures, collection and transport of appropriate specimens and relevant causative agents for prominent clinical manifestations of infectious diseases.     

Serum antibody responses to bacterial enteropathogens in Swedish travelers to south-east Asia

The possibility that serological analysis may be more sensitive than bacteriological examinations of stool samples to detect enteric infections was evaluated in 80 Swedish travellers to South-East Asia. Serum and faecal specimens were collected before, during and after their travel. Serological analyses of pre-travel and any later serum specimen identified infection with enterotoxinogenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Salmonella or Campylobacter jejuni in 28% of the travellers. The seroconversion rate was 72% in travellers excreting the homologous pathogen in their stool; all symptomatic cases and half of those who had an asymptomatic infection seroconverted. Bacteriological examinations of stool samples collected repeatedly during travel identified an enteropathogen in 20% of the travellers. However, the isolation rate decreased to 11%, when only a single routine faecal specimen was examined. Our findings suggest that serological analyses of pre- and post-travel specimens are sufficiently specific and may be at least as sensitive as conventional bacteriology to identify infections with bacterial enteropathogens in travellers. However, reliable serodiagnosis requires collection of pre-travel sera and might therefore only be useful in prospective studies of travellers' diarrhoea.