微淋巴管密度对直肠癌手术远端切除长度的临床意义

目的 研究低位直肠癌的微淋巴管密度(LVD)与直肠癌远端扩散(DIS)长度的关系,探讨LVD在低位直肠癌手术时对决定远端切除长度的价值.方法 92例低位直肠癌手术标本通过苏木精.伊红染色测定DIS,利用淋巴管内皮细胞透明质酸受体(LYVE-1)免疫组织化学法测定LVD,分析LVD与DIS及直肠癌其他临床病理学因素间的关系.结果 44例(47.8%)患者有DIS,为(0.31±0.09)cm;其中有23例(52.3%)淋巴管内癌栓.癌缘LVD明显高于癌内,DIS组明显高于无DIS组.相关分析显示,DIS组中,癌缘LVD与DIS呈正相关(r=0.755,P＜0.01);当癌缘LVD超过38时,DIS均超过1 cm.LYD还与浸润程度、淋巴结转移和淋巴浸润有关.结论 淋巴管内癌栓是直肠癌DIS的主要形式,LVD与DIS的相关关系有助于决定低位直肠癌手术中的远端切除长度.     

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低位直肠癌是指肿瘤下缘距肛缘 7cm以下或位于直肠下 1 /3段的直肠癌。随着对直肠癌转移规律的认识和吻合技术、吻合器械等的发展,保留肛门括约肌的根治术 (简称保肛根治术 )在低位直肠癌的手术中所占比例已高达80%,成为主流术式。1　低位直肠癌保肛根治术的理论基础对低位直肠癌来说,癌肿远侧肠管切除的安全距离是决定能否保肛的主要因素。近 30年的研究表明,直肠癌通过直接浸润、淋巴管癌栓、小静脉癌栓等途径向远侧肠壁内浸润的发生率为 8% ~24%,浸润范围绝大多数在 1cm以内, 1~2cm者仅 2 7% ~5%,超过 2cm者 0~2 5%。临床资料显示切…     

中低位直肠癌逆向转移的研究

目的探讨中低位直肠癌实施直肠全系膜切除术（TME）时，肿瘤平面以下系膜与肠管切除的范围。方法将60例经标准TME切除的中低位直肠癌肿瘤标本，以5mm间距由肿瘤下缘横断面连续取材至下切缘．大组织切片常规苏木精-伊红染色观察转移灶，并进行统计分析。结果有15例（25．0％）患者出现肠系膜逆向转移，转移距离0．5～4．0（2．47±1．06）cm；肠系膜逆向转移与Dukes分期（P〈0．01）、肠旁淋巴结转移（P〈0．01）和组织分化程度（P〈0．05）相关。11例（18．3％）患者为肠壁内逆向浸润，转移距离0．5～4．0（1．64±1．16）cm。肠壁内逆向浸润与组织分化程度相关（P〈0．05）。结论中低位直肠癌实施保肛手术时，宜切除4．0cm远端系膜和2．5cm肠管；肿瘤病理分期晚、有肠旁淋巴结转移和分化程度不良时，最好切除5cm远端系膜和肠管。     

直肠癌远端肠壁浸润的研究

目的 研究直肠癌远端肠壁内浸润情况，为直肠癌手术提供依据。方法将60例直肠癌根治手术标本整体平铺用溶脂法处理后，从肿瘤下极开始每隔0．5cm切取肠壁一块，显微镜下观察肿瘤远端肠壁浸润情况。结果 60例标本中有11例发现肿瘤向远端正常肠壁浸润，浸润阳性率为18．3％。其中浸润≤0．5cm者5例，〉0、5cm而≤1．0cm者2例，〉1．0cm而≤1．5cm者4例。浸润距离最远者为1．5cm共2例。直肠癌远端肠壁浸润与肿瘤的大体类型、组织学类型和浸润深度有关（P〈0．05），与性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、大小、有无淋巴结转移以及Dukes分期无关。结论 直肠癌远端肠壁浸润最远距离为1．5cm，根治手术时肿瘤远端肠壁切除不应少于1．5cm，对于癌肿分化差、浸润较深的病例，术中更应严格遵循切除范围。     

淋巴管内皮透明质酸受体1在结直肠癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的 明确淋巴管特异性标记物淋巴管内皮透明质酸受体1（LYVE-1）的表达情况,并探讨其表达与结直肠癌淋巴结转移及预后的关系。方法选取40例结直肠癌标本及其癌旁组织．采用实时定量PCR检测LYVE-1mRNA水平．采用免疫组织化学染色检测LYVE-1蛋白表达水平、淋巴管密度（LVD）及MVD．分析LYVE-1表达和LVD计数与淋巴结转移及患者预后的关系。结果结直肠癌组织中LYVE-1的表达和LVD计数明显高于正常组织（P〈0．05）。有淋巴结转移者LYVE-1表达水平和LVD计数均明显高于无淋巴结转移者（P〈0．05）。低LVD组术后复发率和3年生存率分别为46．7％和90．1％,高LVD组则分别为60．0％和56．7％（均P〈0．05）;而LYVE-1的表达则与术后复发及预后无明显相关（均P〉0．05）。结论LYVE-1特异性表达于淋巴管,与结直肠癌淋巴结转移密切相关：LVD可用于评价预后。     

中低位直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移的危险因素分析

目的探讨影响中低位直肠癌患者侧方淋巴结转移的相关因素。方法回顾性分析新疆医科大学附属肿瘤医院2004年6月至2010年6月间行根治性切除并侧方淋巴结清扫的203例中低位直肠癌（距肛缘10cm以内）患者的临床资料,采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析侧方淋巴结转移的危险因素。结果203例中低位直肠癌患者共清扫侧方淋巴结3349枚,平均清扫17枚／例,阳性淋巴结数221枚。侧方淋巴结转移度为6．6％（221／3349）。单因素分析显示,年龄、家族史、肿瘤长度、大体类型、组织类型、分化程度、浸润深度、侵犯周径、术前CEA、脉管癌栓、上方淋巴结转移与中低位直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移有关（均P〈0．05）。多因素分析显示,低龄、低分化、浸润型、T4期及存在上方淋巴结转移是中低位直肠癌患者侧方淋巴结转移的独立高危因素（均P〈0．05）。结论对于低龄、低分化、浸润型、T4期及存在上方淋巴结转移等中低位直肠癌患者,由于具有较高的侧方淋巴结转移概率．采用选择性侧方淋巴清扫的手术方案更为合理。     

直肠癌直肠系膜播散的临床病理观察

目的探讨直肠癌根治术直肠系膜的合理切除范围。方法采用连续病理切片方法观察40例直肠癌的手术标本。结果40例直肠癌中发现直肠系膜有癌播散6例(15%),播散方式有肿瘤直接浸润、在系膜中形成孤立癌灶、血管和(或)淋巴管的转移。播散范围均在肿瘤下缘4cm之内。直肠癌直肠系膜播散与肿瘤分型、分化程度、肠壁浸润深度相关,与肿瘤大小及癌胚抗原(CEA)水平无相关。结论直肠癌根治术中直肠系膜的远端切缘应超过肿瘤下缘4cm。     

大切片CK20染色对中下段直肠癌远端转移的研究

目的 探讨中下段直肠癌远端壁内浸润和系膜转移的频率、类型,确定合适的病灶远端切除长度.方法 收集中山大学肿瘤医院2004年8月至2005年12月中下段直肠癌标本34例,山东省立医院2006年10月至2007年10月中下段直肠癌标本28例,分别用HE和CK20(cytokeratin,CK)染色,观察中下段直肠癌远端癌灶存在形式及分布规律.Logistic回归分析筛选与中下段直肠癌发生远端壁内浸润和系膜转移的临床病理因素.结果 直肠癌远端肠壁浸润形式为:黏膜下或肌肉间浸润发生率为16%(10/62),扩散距离0.5～1.0 cm.直肠癌远端系膜转移形式为:淋巴结转移、脉管转移、周围神经转移、孤立癌灶,发生率为24%(15/62),扩散距离0.5～4.0 cm.CK20染色观察3例患者存在远端系膜癌灶.Logistic单因素分析显示,血CEA水平、淋巴结转移、环周切缘癌浸润(circumferential margin involvement,CMI)和TNM分期与中下段直肠癌远端肠壁浸润和系膜转移有关.多因素分析显示,TNM分期是中下段直肠癌远端转移的独立影响因素(Wald=9.567,P=0.002).结论 TNM分期是影响中下段直肠癌远端壁内浸润和系膜转移的独立因素.直肠癌手术切除远端肠管长度达1.5 cm即可,但必须保证切除远端系膜长度不少于5 cm.     

直肠癌远端壁内扩散的病理分析

５０例直肠癌切除标本，远端壁内扩散为２１例，其中１９例扩散距离〈１ｃｍ。其与癌的大体类型、大小、组织类类型和分化程度、肠壁浸润深度、淋巴结转移不同程度的关系。据此，考虚标本固定的因素，对中低位直肠远端切除长度进行了探讨。     

中下段直肠癌远端壁内浸润和系膜转移的研究

目的 探讨中下段直肠癌远端壁内浸润和系膜转移的频率、类型,确定合适的远端切除长度.方法 对中山大学肿瘤医院2004年8月至2005年12月中下段直肠癌标本34例和山东省立医院2006年10月至2007年10月中下段直肠癌标本28例做病理学检查.用Logistic回归分析筛选与中下段直肠癌发生远端壁内浸润和系膜转移的临床病理因素.结果 直肠癌远端肠壁浸润形式为:黏膜下或肌肉间浸润,发生率为16%(10/62),浸润距离为0.5～1.0 cm.直肠癌远端系膜转移形式为:淋巴结转移、脉管转移、围神经转移、孤立癌灶,转移率为19%(12/62),浸润距离为0.5-4.0cm.Logistic单因素分析:血癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)水平、淋巴结转移、环周切缘癌浸润和Dukes分期与中下段直肠癌远端肠壁浸润和系膜转移有关.多因素分析:Dukes分期是独立影响因素.结论 Dukes分期是影响中下段直肠癌远端壁内浸润和系膜转移的独立因素(Wald=8.386,P=0.004).直肠癌手术切除远端肠管的长度最少为1.5 cm,但必须保证切除远端系膜的长度＞5.0 cm.     

The role of the lymphatic system and its specific growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor C, for lymphogenic metastasis in prostate cancer

OBJECTIVE: To compare prostate carcinoma, with and with no lymph node metastasis, to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissue for lymphatic vessel density (LVD) and the expression of the lymph-endothelial specific growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C), to determine their role in lymphogenic metastasis. PATIENTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lymphatic vessels were stained using lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 and assessed in standard areas. The expression of VEGF-C was assessed by the number of positive epithelial cells. The data were compared with the clinical staging. RESULTS: The lowest LVD was found in tumorous areas as opposed to periphery and nontumorous tissue (P = 0.007; P < 0.001). The highest LVD was in BPH tissue (P < 0.001). There was no correlation with clinical staging. There was more VEGF-C staining in pN1 than in pN0 and in BPH specimens (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: LVD is not a prognostic variable for the process of lymphogenic metastasis in prostate cancer. VEGF-C is up-regulated in prostate cancer and its correlation with lymph node status suggests a role for the development of lymph node metastasis, e.g. via an increased permeability of lymphatic vessels.     

Presence of distal intramural spread after preoperative combined-modality therapy for adenocarcinoma of the rectum: what is now the appropriate distal resection margin?

BACKGROUND: Preoperative combined-modality therapy (CMT) is considered the treatment approach of choice for rectal cancer. To examine the effect of CMT on distal intramural spread (DIS), we determined the extent of DIS in rectal cancer specimens after CMT. METHODS: Specimens from 20 patients after preoperative CMT and total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer were analyzed for extent of DIS. Specimens were washed, fixed in formalin, and sectioned in 5-mm cuts from the distal border of the residual tumor to the distal resection margin. RESULTS: Eleven patients (55%) had DIS. Two patients had a complete pathologic response (10%). The mean extent of DIS was 0.50 cm (standard deviation, 0.64 cm; range, 0.0 to 2.5 cm). Only 1 patient in the study had DIS beyond 1 cm from the residual tumor. Six of the patients have died at a median of 30.4 months after operation (range, 19.0 to 51.1 months). No correlation was found between the extent of residual DIS and survival. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that the vast majority of patients with rectal cancer after neoadjuvant CMT have no tumor cells beyond 1 cm from the residual tumor. Our data suggest that a 2-cm margin of resection when feasible from the macroscopic tumor margin after neoadjuvant CMT is adequate.     

Lymphatic vessel density, microvessel density and lymphangiogenic growth factor expression in colorectal cancer

OBJECTIVE: Microvessel density (MVD) has been studied as a prognostic marker in human cancers. Quantification of lymphatic vessel density (LVD) is now possible by using new antibodies. Expression of the lymphangiogenic growth factors, VEGF-C and VEGF-D, is associated with poorer clinicopathological outcomes in various tumours. The aim of this study was to quantify LVD and MVD in colorectal cancer, determine the relationship between LVD, MVD and clinicopathological variables and examine the relationship between LVD and tumour expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D. METHOD: Thirty primary colorectal cancers were immunostained for CD34, lymph vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1), VEGF-A and VEGF-D using standard techniques. LVD and MVD were determined by Chalkley grid counting. Tumours were assessed for the presence or absence of LYVE-1 positive lymphatics at different areas within the tumour and the tumour was scored for VEGF-C and VEGF-D immunostaining intensity at the invading tumour edge. Non-parametric tests were used for statistical analysis and a P-value of <0.05 was taken as significant. RESULTS: Lymph vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 was an excellent lymphatic vessel marker. Within normal bowel wall, lymphatic vessels were found rarely in the superficial colonic mucosa, but were numerous in the submucosa and muscularis propria. In the majority of tumours, lymphatic vessels were located in the peri-tumoural area, intra-tumoural vessels were sparse and tended to be narrow with closed lumina. At the invading tumour edge, VEGF-C expression was higher (P = 0.028) and VEGF-D expression lower (P = 0.011), in tumours in which lymphatic vessels were present. No significant differences between LVD and any clinicopathological variable or route of metastasis were identified. CONCLUSION: Lymphatic vessel density and MVD can be quantified in colorectal carcinoma using immunohistochemical techniques. The balance between expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D at the invading tumour edge may enhance lymphatic metastasis, by promoting tumour lymphangiogenesis or by activation of pre-existing lymphatic vessels. No relationship was identified between LVD and clinicopathological variables.     

乳腺癌癌周淋巴管密度对腋淋巴结转移状态的影响

目的探讨乳腺癌患者癌周组织中淋巴管密度（1ymphaticvesseldensity,LVD）与同侧腋淋巴结转移数量及转移水平的关系。方法对接受乳腺癌改良根治术的浸润性乳腺癌95例,采用D2—40单克隆抗体免疫组织化学法检测乳腺癌癌灶周边组织微淋巴管,计数LVD,分析其与同侧乳腺癌腋淋巴结转移的关系。结果95例乳腺癌癌周组织LVD与腋淋巴结转移数量呈正相关（r=0．856）,与腋淋巴结转移水平亦有显著相关性（r=0．664）。结论乳腺癌组织中癌周淋巴管密度与乳腺癌的淋巴结转移数目及淋巴结转移水平密切相关。     

全直肠系膜切除术安全远切端距离的临床研究

目的 探讨全直肠系膜切除术(TME)原则下直肠癌低位前切除术的安全远切端距离.方法 回顾性分析5年间412例TME原则下直肠癌低位前切除术患者的临床资料,比较不同远切端距离(DML)分组间并发症发生率、远处转移率、复发率和生存率的差异.结果 DML＜2 cm组,2～3 cm(含2 cm和3 cm)组,＞3 cm组患者术后并发症发生率和远处转移率差异均无统计学意义(P=0.494和P=0.906).DML＜2 cm组局部复发率(19.30%)显著高于DML2～3 cm组(8.37%,P=0.015)和DML＞3 cm组(7.69%,P=0.029),后两组局部复发率差异无统计学意义(P=0.833).DML＜2 cm组,2～3 cm组,＞3 cm组3年生存率依次为69.4%,86.5%,89.9%;5年生存率依次为63.0%,70.7%,71.1%.DML＜2 cm组总生存率显著低于2～3 cm组和＞3 cm组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.030和P=0.040).DML2～3 cm组和＞3 cm组总生存率之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.707).结论 遵循TME原则下的直肠癌低位前切除术,＜2 cm的远切端距离是不足够的;对于分化较好的直肠腺癌,≥2 cm是可接受的远切端安全距离.     

乳腺癌癌周淋巴管密度对腋淋巴结转移状态的影响

目的探讨乳腺癌患者乳腺组织中癌周淋巴管密度（LVD）与同侧腋淋巴结转移数量及转移水平的关系。方法收集本院2009年6月至2010年6月接受乳腺癌改良根治术的浸润性乳腺癌95例,免疫组织化学法检测乳腺癌癌灶周边组织微淋巴管,计数LVD,分析其与同侧乳腺癌腋淋巴结转移的相关关系。结果95例乳腺癌癌周组织LVD与腋淋巴结转移数量呈正相关（r=0．856）,与腋淋巴结转移水平亦有显著相关性（r=0．664）。结论乳腺癌组织中癌周淋巴管密度与乳腺癌的淋巴结转移数目及淋巴结转移水平密切相关。     

腹腔镜低位直肠癌切除经肛门套入式吻合保肛术首例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜低位直肠癌切除经肛门套入式吻合保肛术的可行性和安全性。方法腹部手术：按4孔法Trocar,用超声刀剪完成清扫肠系膜根部其周围淋巴结,系膜下动静脉根部结扎切断,直肠游离至尾骨尖肿瘤远端5cm。肛门手术：采用5针悬吊法暴露术野,距齿状线上缘1cm处环型切开,沿黏膜下锐性向上剥离至提肛肌平面,切断直肠,将直肠肿瘤及远端乙状结肠一并从肛门移出体外切除,行套入式近端结肠全层与直肠黏膜及肠黏膜下用可吸收线间断缝合。结果手术时间为160min,腹部手术约为120min,经肛门套入式吻合操作40min,术中失血量约为60ml,术后3d肠蠕动恢复肛门排气,术后第6天进流质饮食,术后第7天拔出腹腔引流管,各Trocar口愈合良好。术后病理：直肠高中分化腺癌,癌组织浸润肠壁深肌层,淋巴结未见转移癌（0/29）,T2N0M0;术后未发生并发症。术后腹部手术真正微创、无切口美观,随访4周一切良好。结论腹腔镜低位直肠癌切除经肛门套入式吻合保肛术式安全可行。     

COX-2和VEGF-C表达与NSCLC淋巴转移的关系

目的探讨环氧化酶-2(COX-2)和血管内皮生长因子-C(VEGF-C)表达与淋巴管形成和淋巴结转移之间的关系。方法用免疫组化链霉素抗生物素蛋白-过氧化物酶(SP)法检测65例非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)及16例正常肺组织中COX-2、VEGF-C及其受体VEGFR-3的表达;以VEGFR-3作标记计数肿瘤LVD,并结合临床病理特征进行统计学分析。结果65例NSCLC中COX-2和VEGF-C表达阳性率分别为76.9%(50/65)、72.3%(47/65)。COX-2表达与淋巴结转移(r=0.489,P<0.01)、临床分期(r=0.354,P<0.05)、VEGF0C(r=0.640,P<0.01)和LVD(r=0.518,P<0.01)呈正相关,而与病理分化程度呈负相关(r=-0.427,P<0.01)。VEGF-C表达与淋巴结转移(r=0.453,P<0.01)、临床分期(r=0.442,P<0.01)和LVD(r=0.624,P<0.01)呈正相关,与病理分化程度也呈负相关(r=-0.525,P<0.01)。结论NSCLC中COX-2与VEGF-C均高表达,COX-2可能通过VEGF-C促进肿瘤淋巴管生成和淋巴结转移。研究COX-2和VEGF-C在肿瘤中的协同作用有助于揭示肿瘤侵袭和转移的机制。