Limited (L4-S1, L5-S1) Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy for Reducing Spasticity in Cerebral Palsy

Summary  Selective posterior rhizotomy is effective for relieving spasticity associated with cerebral palsy. In current techniques dorsal roots from L1/L2 to S1/S2 are selectively divided. With transoperative electromyography (EMG) significant sensory loss has been prevented, but postoperative hypotonia following excessive reduction of the fusimotor drive is still of concern for surgeons and therapists. To decrease the volume of deafferentiated rootlets we proposed a limited selective posterior rhizotomy (LPSR) that limits the extent of the surgery to three (L4-S1) or two (L5-S1) dorsal roots. We present the results of two group of spastic children; group 1 (n=59, 32 quadriplegic and 27 diplegic) who had a L4-S1 LPSR. and group 2 (n=12) in whom L5 and S1 were selectively rhizotomized. Posture, passive movilization, range of joint movement, and muscle tone in hip flexors, adductors, leg flexors and plantar flexors were graded according to the method proposed by Sindou and Jeanmonod. In all groups there was a significant reduction of the mentioned parameters (Friedman test p<0.001) at 6, 12 and 18 months after surgery. The preoperative and postoperative ability to ambulate was classified into five grades. In all groups there was a significant (χ² between p<0.01 and p<0.001) improvement in the quality of their gait. A third of the patients achieved some form of independent ambulation. Our results suggest that extensive selective deafferentation of the lower limbs is not an absolute requisite for reducing muscle tone or achieving functional improvement in spastic children.     

预防选择性脊神经后根切断术并发症探讨

报告采用高选择性脊神经后根切断术(SPR)治疗痉挛型脑瘫46例,获随访34例,优良率97.1％。对手术的机理、并发症预防和几项改进作了详细探讨。     

胫-腓总神经侧侧缝合治疗下肢痉挛性脑瘫近期效果观察

目的：提出一种治疗下肢痉挛性脑瘫的新方法并探讨其机制。方法：6例下肢痉挛性脑瘫患者。将支配痉挛肌群和支配其拮抗肌群的胫神经和腓总神经干进行侧侧缝合；大腿后侧切口显露两神经干的近端约5cm后相互靠拢，切开两神经相邻面的神经外膜和束膜约2cm，切至神经纤维后，再相互并拢缝合外膜。4例患者手术同时辅以内收肌切断或跟腱延长术。结果：经过5-10个月的随访，6名患者的肢体痉挛，畸形均有缓解，其中5例患儿在不附加额外刺激的情况下，已无痉挛发作，恢复了患肢的主要功能。肢体功能尚随着时间的延长而进一步改善。结论：胫-腓总神经侧侧缝合后，脑瘫患者术后痉挛肌群可获得部分拮抗肌群神经的支配从而通过改变大脑皮层定位来最终缓解肢体痉挛，是治疗脑瘫的新的有效方法之一。     

高选择性腰骶神经后根切断术治疗痉挛性脑瘫

于1995年11月～1997年1月,应用高选择性腰骶神经后根切断术治疗以双下肢痉挛为主的脑瘫56例,男38例,女18例,平均9.6岁(4～46岁),达3个月以上随访者36例,所有病例肌张力均较术前降低Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,9例在手术同时或Ⅱ期行传统骨科矫形手术,取得较满意的近期疗效。介绍了手术操作要点及应注意的技术问题,强调肌力、肌张力及关节畸形情况检查的重要性,后根切断比例范围应个体化。并对手术适应证、并发症等问题进行讨论。     

选择性脊神经后根切断结合矫形手术治疗脑瘫所致肢体痉挛

作者采用选择性脊神经后根切断术(SPR)结合矫形术治疗39例脑瘫所致肢体痉挛患者,通过临床实践和6月～4年随访观察,发现SPR能够有效地解除肌肉痉挛,纠正动力性畸形,不易复发,但对于较明显的固定挛缩畸形,必须同时配合Ⅱ期矫形手术,方能达到预期效果。强调术后肌力强化训练的必要性。对于手术患者年龄选择、手术适应证、手术操作技术、神经根切断比例及疗效判断标准提出了自己的看法。     

影响痉挛性脑瘫SPR术后行走能力的因素及其意义分析

目的：研究影响SPR术后行走功能的预后因素,为痉挛性脑瘫的治疗方案提供依据。方法：128例无独立行走能力的痉挛性脑瘫患儿术前及术后进行肌张力检查、步态评分、判定爬行能力、蹲位起立能力、双踝背伸能力及脑瘫分类,并进行统计分析。结果：爬行能力、起立能力、脑瘫类型和踝背伸能力与术后行走能力呈显著正相关,而术前肌张力水平与术后行走能力无明显相关性。结论：爬行能力、起立能力和脑瘫类型是SPR术后行走能力强有力的预后因素。功能训练对术后功能的重要意义。     

Secondary Procedures for Elbow Flexion Restoration in Late Obstetric Brachial Plexus Palsy

Even though total absence of elbow flexion in obstetric brachial plexus palsy (OBPP) is rare, weakness is a frequent problem. Numerous procedures for elbow flexion restoration in late obstetric brachial plexus palsy have been described. In this study, children with OBPP who underwent secondary reconstruction for elbow flexion restoration were studied. A retrospective review of 15 patients (16 elbows) who underwent 16 pedicled and eight free-muscle transfers for elbow flexion restoration was conducted. The mean follow-up period was 8.4 ± 2.9 years (range, 25 months to 12.2 years). The mean age at operation (elbow surgery) was 5.4 ± 1.9 years. The total arc of elbow motion was the result of the active elbow flexion less the flexion contracture. There was significant improvement in biceps muscle power from an average grading of 2.49 ± 0.80 preoperatively to 3.64 ± 0.46 postoperatively (p < 0.001). Thirteen of 16 elbows (81%) achieved good and excellent results (≥M3+); and three elbows (19%) fair results (M3− or M3). The average arc of motion was significantly improved from 36° ± 25° preoperatively to 94° ± 26° postoperatively (p < 0.001). The preoperative and postoperative average elbow flexion contracture was 10.9° ± 8.9° and 20° ± 12.2°, respectively. Pedicled and/or free-muscle transfers can significantly improve elbow flexion in late obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Choice of the procedure should be individualized and determined on the basis of the type of paralysis, availability of donor muscles, previous reconstruction, and experience of the surgeon.     

脊髓圆锥部选择性脊神经前、后根切断术治疗痉挛性脑瘫

探讨脊髓圆锥部选择性脊神经前,后根切断术治疗痉挛性脑瘫的疗效。方法１９９４－１９９８年在脊髓圆锥部进行选择性脊神经后根切断术的同时进行选择脊神经切断术治疗痉挛性脑瘫２８例。并选１０例双下肢痉挛性脑瘫患者作同体两侧肢体不同方法治疗对照,右侧行ＳＰＲ＋ＳＡＲ手术,左侧仅行ＳＰＲ手术。结果脊髓圆锥部手术较腰骶部传统术式具有切口小,创伤小,出血少,操作简捷,手术时间短和并发症少等优点。按刘小林疗效评价标准     

Hip Surveillance for Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Survey of Orthopaedic Surgeons in India

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to assess Indian orthopaedic surgeons’ current practices and beliefs regarding hip surveillance for children with cerebral palsy (CP), to determine potential support for developing hip surveillance guidelines, and to identify knowledge gaps and key obstacles to guideline implementation in India.MethodsAn anonymous, cross-sectional online survey was sent to approximately 350 Paediatric Orthopaedic Society of India (POSI) members who were queried on their practices and beliefs about hip surveillance for children with CP, as well as perceived challenges and requirements for the successful implementation of hip surveillance guidelines in the Indian context.ResultsOut of 107 responses obtained from POSI members, almost all (96.2%) agreed that hip displacement requires standardized monitoring, using surveillance and surgery to prevent hip dislocation. Approximately half (51.5%) of respondents reported using existing hip surveillance guidelines, with most (41.2%) using the Australian guidelines. Almost all (97%) surgeons indicated that hip surveillance guidelines in India are needed, with 100% expressing interest in following guidelines specific to India. Respondents most frequently indicated late referrals to orthopaedics (81.2%), loss of patients to follow-up (78.2%), and lack of resources (43.6%) as challenges to successful hip surveillance in India. Perceived requirements for implementation included developing Indian-specific guidelines (83.2%) as well as educating surgeons (56.4%), physiotherapists/pediatricians (90.1%), and families (82.2%).ConclusionOrthopaedic surgeons practicing in India understand the importance of preventing hip dislocations in children with CP through hip surveillance and timely surgical intervention. The results demonstrated strong support for the development of hip surveillance guidelines designed specifically for the Indian healthcare system.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43465-021-00432-3.