中低位直肠癌选择性侧方淋巴结清扫策略

侧方淋巴结转移是中低位进展期直肠癌的较常见转移方式,也是亚洲人群新辅助放化疗后常见的局部复发方式,侧方型复发预后极差。侧方肿大淋巴结是放化疗后侧方型复发的独立危险因素,东西方国家关于放化疗与侧方淋巴结清扫等在中低位进展期直肠癌中的应用存在巨大争议。有限的研究显示,对可疑淋巴结转移病人联合应用放化疗与选择性侧方淋巴结清扫,有望进一步降低局部复发率及改善病人生存。对未接受侧方淋巴结清扫的病人,理论上有必要进行更严密的随访,早期发现侧方型复发,及时手术治疗可能带来长期生存。目前,关于新辅助放化疗后侧方淋巴结转移的诊断及选择性侧方淋巴结清扫的手术指征尚无统一意见,亟需大宗病例前瞻性队列研究加以阐明,以进一步改善病人的局部复发及长期生存,并减少因过度手术带来的并发症及生活质量下降。     

热点聚焦——中低位直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移风险评估与综合治疗策略的制定

侧方型局部复发已成为中低位直肠癌新辅助放化疗后最主要的复发方式, 初诊时存在肿大可疑的侧方淋巴结是导致侧方型复发的主要因素。越来越多的证据支持新辅助放化疗联合侧方淋巴结清扫的治疗策略。侧方淋巴结转移尚缺乏有效的诊断指标, 目前疑诊侧方淋巴结转移主要依据是淋巴结短径大小(5～8 mm), 结合淋巴结影像学特征、肿瘤分化程度、环周切缘、肠壁外脉管受侵及淋巴结对放化疗的反应性等因素有助于更准确选择侧方淋巴结清扫的适应人群。设计侧方淋巴结可疑转移患者的综合治疗策略时, 应兼顾局部复发及全身转移的风险。对高复发风险人群宜采取全程新辅助放化疗策略。同步增量放疗的应用可能成为未来加强局部控制的模式之一, 但对治疗失败患者, 其对侧方淋巴结清扫术实施的安全性影响尚缺乏研究。合并小的侧方淋巴结患者及放化疗后淋巴结消失的患者, 行TME术后应密切关注淋巴结大小变化, 早期发现复发, 早期手术。依据侧方淋巴结转移的风险分层, 应采取不同的综合治疗策略, 以最大限度改善患者的生存及生活质量。     

直肠癌侧方淋巴结清扫争议与共识

直肠癌盆腔侧方淋巴结清扫是直肠癌手术治疗的重要方式之一,随着新辅助放化疗技术的应用,该术式在欧美及我国已较少开展。目前,对该技术的研究主要来自日本及韩国等国家。而该术式对于降低直肠癌局部复发率及改善病人远期生存是否有意义,尤其是预防性侧方淋巴结清扫的作用,尚存在争议。对于新辅助放化疗后仍有侧方淋巴结转移的病人,目前多主张应行侧方淋巴结清扫,而对于侧方淋巴结转移的诊断有赖于影像学的精确判断。该术式虽是创伤较大的手术,但其目前仍是直肠癌外科手术的重要组成部分,应个体化选择病人并结合腹腔镜及机器人等微创技术,提高治疗效果。     

新辅助治疗对局部进展期食管癌淋巴结转移数目及范围的影响

食管癌术前新辅助放化疗可影响转移淋巴结的数目及转移淋巴结的分布。本研究旨在探讨新辅助放化疗如何改变局部进展期食管癌的淋巴结转移模式。     

新辅助治疗后直肠癌侧方淋巴结清扫的意义

侧方淋巴结转移是中低位直肠癌转移的重要途径,也是导致直肠癌复发的主要因素。直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移的治疗策略一直是外科领域争论的热点话题。西方学者主张将新辅助放化疗作为治疗侧方淋巴结转移的主要方法,但新辅助治疗并不能完全消除转移至侧方的淋巴结,对于新辅助治疗后仍然存在侧方淋巴结肿大的病例,如果单纯行全直肠系膜切除,势必导致阳性淋巴结残留而无法达到R0切除。对于这部分病例,如何根据具体病情,合理选择治疗策略,有针对性地进行侧方淋巴结清扫以争取R0切除,对进一步降低局部复发,改善预后,提高病人生活质量具有重要意义。     

应用专利蓝染色提高直肠癌新辅助放化疗后的淋巴结检测数目

淋巴结转移情况是直肠癌最重要的预后因素之一。据文献报道,新辅助放化疗后,淋巴结的获取数目会有所下降,从而影响准确地进行肿瘤分期。本研究旨在探讨专利蓝染色对淋巴结获取数目的影响,评估更多数Et的淋巴结获取是否具有预后意义。     

进展期低位直肠癌新辅助放化疗后侧方淋巴结清扫的选择和意义

侧方淋巴引流是低位直肠癌3个重要的淋巴引流方向之一。沿引流途径清扫淋巴结是直肠癌根治术基本要求,也决定淋巴结清扫范围。但侧方淋巴结是区域淋巴结还是远处淋巴结,一直存在争议。这带来新辅助放化疗和侧方淋巴结清扫、以及新辅助放化疗对侧方淋巴结转移疗效的争议。笔者综合分析国内外研究进展,对直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移规律、影响侧方淋巴结转移复发危险因素以及放化疗前后MRI检查对侧方淋巴结评估等进行深入阐述,并结合临床实践,探讨进展期低位直肠癌新辅助放化疗后侧方淋巴结清扫的选择和意义。     

中低位直肠癌术前放化疗后淋巴结及病理的变化

目的 探讨中低位直肠癌放化疗后淋巴结数目的变化及病理学的特点.方法 回顾性分析2003年2月至2011年6月收治的局部进展期直肠癌共75例,放化疗后6～8周后接受开腹手术的并发症、淋巴结数目的变化及应用Mandard分级评价其病理学变化及预后.结果 本组所有病例皆为R0切除.其中,54例接受经腹直肠癌切除术(Dixon术)、21例接受经腹会阴联合直肠癌根治术(Miles术),发生2例吻合口漏.共获得1 850枚淋巴结,每例平均(24.7±8.2)枚.其中,29例患者确定为pN+,阳性淋巴结数目共计140枚.全组病例中病理学完全缓解者共计11例(14.7％),病理学部分缓解共计46例(61.3％),而病理学无缓解18例(24％).11例病理学完全缓解病例中5例患者发现术后肿瘤标本中有无细胞黏液池出现,其中2例表现为恶劣预后:无瘤生存时间分别为28个月及11个月,而死亡时间分别为41个月及29个月.结论 中低位直肠癌放化疗后淋巴结数目减少,但仍可满足TNM分期要求.无细胞黏液池的出现可能提示预后不佳.     

PET检查评估直肠癌放化疗后代谢反应对患者预后的判断价值

本研究旨在探讨FDGPET检查对直肠癌患者放化疗的代谢反应与肿瘤术后局部复发率及患者生存率的关系。对原发性直肠癌患者在采用长程新辅助放化疗后行手术切除,在新辅助放化疗前、新辅助放化疗后4周（手术前）分别对患者行FDGPET检查。对患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。2000—2007年间有78例患者纳入本研究（男性53例,女性25例,平均年龄64岁）。     

淋巴结区域分拣在结直肠癌根治术中的应用与研究

目的探讨淋巴结区域分拣在结直肠癌根治术中的应用价值。方法本研究纳入2021年1月至2022年3月在天津医科大学总医院普外科实施结直肠癌根治术的307例患者, 根据手术标本淋巴结的处理方式分为分拣组(123例)和未分拣组(184例)。结果分拣组淋巴结总检出数目、阴性淋巴结检出数目较未分拣组增加, 差异均有统计学意义[(26.74±13.08)枚比(16.80±4.87)枚, t=9.381, P<0.001;(25.65±13.25)枚比(16.04±4.87)枚, t=8.979, P<0.001];分拣组阳性淋巴结检出数目较未分拣组增加, 但差异无统计学意义[(1.09±2.28)枚比(0.76±1.34)枚, t=1.589, P=0.113]。分拣组共52例发生转移, 其中10例出现跳跃转移现象。分拣组跳跃转移与非跳跃转移患者的肿瘤位置、TNM分期相比差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论淋巴结区域分拣提高了结直肠癌根治术后标本总淋巴结、阴性淋巴结、阳性淋巴结的检出数目, 保证了分期的准确性, 明确了阳性淋巴结位置以及跳跃转移情况, 为结直肠癌预后评估提供了...     

Lymph Node Retrieval after Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy for Rectal Cancer

Background

Current guidelines recommend the assessment of at least 12 lymph nodes for rectal cancer staging. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy may affect lymph node yield in this malignancy. This study investigated the impact of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy on the number of lymph nodes retrieved from rectal cancer patients.

Methods

An analysis of 162 rectal cancer patients who underwent curative surgery between 2005 and 2010. Seventy-one patients with stage II or III tumors received preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Using multivariate analysis, we assessed the correlation between clinicopathologic variables and number of retrieved lymph nodes. We also evaluated the association between survival and number of lymph nodes obtained.

Results

On multivariate analysis, preoperative chemoradiotherapy was the only variable to independently affect the number of lymph nodes obtained. The mean number of lymph nodes was 14.2 in patients treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy and 19.4 in those not treated (P?P?=?0.003). After chemoradiation, the number of retrieved lymph nodes was inversely correlated with tumor regression grade. Results showed that 5-year overall and disease-free survival were similar whether the patient had 12 or more nodes retrieved or not.

Conclusions

Preoperative chemoradiotherapy reduces the lymph node yield in rectal cancer. The number of retrieved lymph nodes is affected by degree of histopathologic response of the tumor to chemoradiation. Thus, number of lymph nodes should not be used as a surrogate for oncologic adequacy of resection after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer.     

Lymph nodes after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal carcinoma: number, status, and impact on survival

The number and status of lymph nodes examined is crucial for tumor staging. Impact of preoperative chemoradiotherapy on lymph nodes status and survival is still controversial in rectal carcinoma. The aim of this study was (i) to define the impact of preoperative chemoradiotherapy on the number of both retrieved and positive lymph nodes in rectal cancer specimen, (ii) to evaluate the influence of the number of lymph nodes retrieved on survival in patients treated by preoperative chemoradiotherapy. From 1994 to 2004, 495 patients underwent rectal excision for cancer, of which 332 received long course preoperative radiotherapy. Surgery and pathologic assessment were standardized. Multivariate analysis evaluated the influence of clinical and pathologic variables on the number of both retrieved and positive lymph nodes. Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test assessed the relation between survival and the number of lymph nodes retrieved in patients treated by preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Compared with surgery alone, preoperative chemoradiotherapy decreased both the mean number of lymph nodes retrieved (17 vs. 13; P<0.001) and the mean number of positive lymph nodes (2.3 vs. 1.2; P=0.001). Multivariate analysis confirmed the independent impact of preoperative chemoradiotherapy on retrieved and positive lymph nodes. In patients treated by preoperative chemoradiotherapy, the 5-year overall (71%) and disease-free (60%) survival was not associated with the number of lymph nodes retrieved. Although long course preoperative chemoradiotherapy decreases by 24%, the mean number of lymph nodes retrieved and by 48% the mean number of positive lymph nodes, survival was not influenced by the number of lymph nodes retrieved in irradiated rectal specimen.     

直肠癌侧方淋巴结清扫的个性化治疗策略

随着全直肠系膜切除术和新辅助放化疗的广泛应用,中低位直肠癌患者的预后明显改善。近年来随着腹腔镜和机器人手术系统等微创技术应用于直肠癌根治性手术,以及肿瘤分子标志物和基因测序技术的发展,直肠癌治疗已进入个体化精准医疗时代。在这样的时代背景下,关于中低位直肠癌侧方淋巴结清扫必要性的争议愈发引人注目,其包括与新辅助治疗的关系,侧方淋巴结清扫的手术指征、范围及神经保护等多个方面。作为进展期中低位直肠癌重要治疗手段,直面争议,增加侧方淋巴结清扫相关循证医学证据是当务之急。     

中低位直肠癌术前放化疗后原发瘤消退与淋巴结转移的关系

目的探讨淋巴结转移情况与肿瘤消退在中低位直肠癌术前放化疗后的关系。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2010年11月间北京军区总医院收治的71例局部进展期（T3～4NxM0）中低位直肠癌（肿瘤位于腹膜反折以下）患者的临床资料。对切除术后标本进行病理检查,了解淋巴结状态和原发肿瘤之间的关系。结果71例患者全部按计划完成术前放化疗,12例获得病理完全缓解,其中1例未行手术,予以随访观察。70例接受直肠癌根治术的患者术后病理示,39例原发肿瘤降至T0-2期,其中淋巴结转移5例（12．8％）;31例原发肿瘤仍处于B。期,其中淋巴结转移10例（32．3％）;两者比较差异有统计学意义（P=0．029）。结论中低位直肠癌术前放化疗后,肿瘤消退程度与淋巴结转移减少具有一致性。     

Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation for Rectal Cancer Reduces Lymph Node Harvest in Proctectomy Specimens

Purpose  The purpose of this study was to compare the number of lymph nodes retrieved following proctectomy for rectal cancer in patients either receiving no neoadjuvant therapy versus those treated with standard preoperative chemoradiation. Methods  A retrospective review was performed of all consecutive patients that underwent proctectomy for rectal cancer from 1997–2006. Specimens from patients that received neoadjuvant therapy were compared to patients that did not receive preoperative chemoradiation. Results  Of a total of 286 patients, 188 received neoadjuvant therapy and 88 did not. More patients with stage II or higher cancers received neoadjuvant therapy. Overall, fewer neoadjuvant patients underwent an anastomotic procedure than the no neoadjuvant group (17% vs. 7% APR). Significantly fewer total lymph nodes were retrieved in the neoadjuvant therapy patients compared to those who did not receive preoperatively therapy (Neo 14.6 ± 0.6 vs. No-Neo 17.2 ± 1.1, p < 0.029). Conclusions  Standard neoadjuvant therapy significantly decreases the number of lymph nodes retrieved following proctectomy for patients with rectal cancers. Quality initiatives or performance measures evaluating lymph node harvest following proctectomy should reflect the use of preoperative chemoradiation. Study presented at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons in St. Louis, Missouri.     

超低位直肠癌新辅助治疗后淋巴结分布及转移规律

目的探讨新辅助治疗对超低位直肠癌淋巴结转移及其微转移规律及分布的影响,为手术方式的选择提供依据。方法运用大组织切片苏木精．伊红染色和组织芯片CK20染色方法,研究超低位直肠癌新辅助治疗组（21例）与直接手术组（23例）行Miles手术后的大体标本。结果新辅助治疗组21例患者直肠系膜共检获淋巴结138枚．其中转移淋巴结39枚,微转移12枚：7例为淋巴结癌转移。2例为淋巴结微转移,6例为病理完全缓解。直接手术组23例患者的直肠系膜共检获淋巴结415枚,其中转移淋巴结169枚,微转移59枚：12例为淋巴结癌转移,4例为淋巴结微转移。两组直肠系膜外带与前区的转移淋巴结分别占21．5％（11／51）与29．0％（49／169）、17．6％（9／51）与17．2％（29／169）。坐骨直肠窝转移淋巴结分别占该区总淋巴结的25．0％（3／12）与22．2％（8／36）,该区淋巴结转移或微转移者分别占总病例数的4．8％（1／21）与13．0％（3／23）。结论新辅助治疗影响超低位直肠癌区域淋巴结的转移与分布．新辅助治疗组肛门括约肌累及较直接手术组显著降低。坐骨直肠窝内极少发生淋巴结转移,Miles手术作为超低位直肠癌新辅助治疗后标准术式的价值应重新评估。     

盆腔侧方淋巴结转移对低位直肠癌预后的影响

目的 探讨盆腔侧方淋巴结转移对低位直肠癌预后的影响.方法 对1994年至2005年行根治性切除联合盆腔侧方淋巴结清扫的176例低位直肠癌患者的资料进行回顾性分析.探讨低位直肠癌患者盆腔侧方淋巴结转移对其预后的影响.结果 全组盆腔侧方淋巴结转移33例(18.8%),其中髂内及直肠中动脉根部淋巴结转移占51.5%,闭孔淋巴结转移占39.4%.年龄≤40岁、浸润型癌、T3-4期、上方淋巴结转移患者的盆腔侧方淋巴结转移率较高(P＜0.05).全组5年生存率为64.1%,TNM分期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期患者5年生存率分别为94.1%、79.1%、42.1%.癌灶大小、浸润深度、上方淋巴结转移、盆腔侧方淋巴结转移是影响低位直肠癌患者预后的重要因素(P＜0.05).盆腔侧方淋巴结阴性患者5年生存率为73.6%,而侧方淋巴结转移患者为21.4%,两组差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 盆腔侧方淋巴结转移是影响低位直肠癌预后的重要因素.     

Decreased axillary lymph node retrieval in patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess our clinical impression that fewer lymph nodes are retrieved after level I and II axillary dissection after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and whether there is a positive correlation between the total number of lymph nodes retrieved and the number of diseased lymph nodes. METHODS: Patients included those with stage IIB, IIIA, and IIIB breast cancer of whom 77 had neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 58 had initial surgery only. All had modified radical mastectomy with in continuity level I and II axillary dissection. RESULTS: Patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy had 14.3 +/- 6.7 lymph nodes detected versus 16.9 +/- 8.8 (mean +/- SD; P <0.057) for those with initial surgery only. The number of positive nodes were 3.7 +/- 4.7 versus 6.6 +/- 8.7 (mean +/- SD; P <0.033) respectively and the number of negative nodes were 10.6 +/- 7.5 versus 10.4 +/- 8 (mean +/- SD; P <0.9). The correlation between the number of positive lymph nodes and the total number of lymph nodes was r = 0.58; P <0.001. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that fewer lymph nodes are retrieved after level I and II axillary dissection after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The total number of lymph nodes retrieved increases directly with the number of positive lymph nodes in patients not treated with chemotherapy.     

淋巴结检出数和淋巴结转移度对Ⅱ～Ⅲ期结直肠癌患者预后的影响

目的 探讨淋巴结检出数和淋巴结转移度（LNR）对Ⅱ～Ⅲ期结直肠癌患者预后的影响.方法 回顾性分析507例Ⅱ～Ⅲ期结直肠癌患者的临床病理资料和随访资料.结果 507例患者共计检出淋巴结5801枚;转移淋巴结1122枚;淋巴结转移数与检出数呈正相关（r=0.171,P＜0.01）.淋巴结检出数大于或等于12枚与小于12枚的Ⅱ期患者,5年生存率分别为80.5%和62.7%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;而Ⅲ期患者则差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.不同LNR的Ⅱ～Ⅲ期结直肠癌患者5年生存率差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.不同淋巴结转移区域的同一LNR组患者的5年生存率差异也有统计学意义（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）.结论 淋巴结检出数对Ⅱ期结直肠癌患者预后的影响更为明显.为了获得更准确的分期及更好的预后,术中应尽量检出12枚/例以上淋巴结.LNR是Ⅱ～Ⅲ期结直肠癌的预后因素,用其评估患者预后时应兼顾淋巴结转移区域.