玛咖不同提取部位对磷酸二酯酶5抑制作用的谱-效关系研究

目的阐明玛咖不同提取部位的指纹图谱特征峰所代表的化学成分对磷酸二酯酶5(PDE5)抑制作用的影响,揭示药效物质基础。方法采用高效液相法建立玛咖不同提取部位的指纹图谱;采用同位素标记法测试不同提取部位对PDE5的抑制率;采用灰度关联分析法和偏最小二乘法分析谱-效关系。结果建立了玛咖不同提取部位的指纹图谱;指纹图谱中共有色谱峰21个,指认了其中5个成分。谱-效关系表明,玛咖对PDE5抑制作用的药效是多种成分共同作用的结果,脂溶性的玛咖酰胺类生物碱(峰22、23、24)对药效活性贡献较大。酶活性测试验证了3种玛咖酰胺具有较好的PDE5抑制作用。结论本实验建立的PDE5抑制剂筛选方法,采用液体闪烁计数,灵敏度高,简便易行;同时揭示了玛咖不同提取部位的指纹图谱与PDE5抑制作用具有相关性,玛咖酰胺类生物碱可能为PDE5抑制作用的药效物质基础,这为玛咖的资源利用和质量控制提供了理论依据。     

南美高原植物玛咖的研究进展

玛咖（Maca）作为一种南美秘鲁的特产高原植物,又名＂秘鲁人参＂,原产于海拔3500～4500m的南美安第斯山区,是十字花科独行菜属的植物（Lepidium Meyenii Walp）,为草本植物[1]。在南美的应用历史已有5800多年,传统上用于强壮身体、提高生育力、改善性功能、抗抑郁、抗贫血等[2],作为近年来国际保健品市场的明星产品之一,玛咖于1992年被联合国粮农组织推荐为可食用的安全食品,向全球推广种植。本文对玛咖的资源现状、化学成分、药理作用和开发应用前景等方面的进展作一简介。     

玛咖挥发油及脂溶性化学成分对比研究

目的：为了对四川引种玛咖的质量评价提供科学依据,现对其挥发油及脂溶性成分进行分析对比。方法：本研究采用水蒸气蒸馏法和石油醚超声提取法分别提取玛咖中的挥发油和脂溶性成分,运用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）法对玛咖挥发油及脂溶性化学成分进行分离测定,结合质谱库检索系统对化合物进行结构鉴定,应用色谱峰面积归一化法计算各成分的相对百分含量。结果：经过结构鉴定,从玛咖挥发油中鉴定出22个挥发性化学成分,占98.85%的比例。脂溶性成分中鉴定出40个化学成分,占73.99%的比例。挥发油成分与脂溶性成分的差别较大,十二烷、喹啉、3-甲氧基苯甲醛、棕榈酸甲酯、亚油酸乙酯为两部分中共有的化合物。结论：首次对四川引种玛咖挥发油和脂溶性化学成分进行GC-MS对比分析,该研究为四川引种玛咖药物资源及其质量标准评价提供依据。     

玛咖化学成分与药理作用研究新进展

玛咖(Maca)因其具有提高免疫功能、提高生育力、改善性功能、强壮身体、改善更年期综合征等作用,越来越受到学术界及工业界的关注,并进行了相关研究与开发应用,市场上出现了众多参差不齐的功能性食品及保健品等产品。近年来,也出现了很多新的研究进展,然而,由于人工栽培混乱,学者们对玛咖的化学成分、药理作用及功能因子的研究不够深入,市场上出现的玛咖产品较为低端、粗劣,给这一较好的药用植物资源造成了不良的影响。该文对近几年有关玛咖的研究开发进行综述与分析,旨在为玛咖今后的研究、产品开发、质量控制等提供参考。     

鹿茸玛咖配伍抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性部位的HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS分析研究

目的对鹿茸玛咖提取物各萃取部位的体外乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制作用进行研究,并对其活性部位进行化学成分分析。方法以鹿茸玛咖提取物的各极性溶剂萃取部位为研究对象,以体外抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性为指标,研究鹿茸玛咖提取物各萃取部位对乙酰胆碱酯酶的体外抑制作用;采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术对鹿茸玛咖抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性部位化学成分进行分析。结果鹿茸玛咖乙酸乙酯萃取部位能够抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性,具有抗老年痴呆的潜在作用,经液质联用分析推测出乙酸乙酯萃取部位中的6个玛咖酰胺和2个鹿茸寡肽类的结构。结论鹿茸玛咖乙酸乙酯萃取部位为鹿茸玛咖抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性部位,其中含有的玛咖酰胺类成分和鹿茸寡肽类成分是鹿茸玛咖提取物体外抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶的主要物质基础。     

鹿茸玛咖配伍抑制单胺氧化酶活性部位筛选研究

目的从鹿茸玛咖配伍提取物中筛选抑制单胺氧化酶的活性部位。方法采用不同极性溶剂对鹿茸玛咖配伍提取物进行萃取得到各极性部位,应用酶标法测定鹿茸玛咖配伍提取物和各极性部位单胺氧化酶的抑制活性。结果鹿茸玛咖配伍提取物和各极性部位均具有单胺氧化酶抑制活性,在1.0 mg/m L浓度下各自的单胺氧化酶抑制率分别为氯仿萃取层(28.4%)、乙酸乙酯萃取层(46.2%)、正丁醇萃取层(40.6%)、鹿茸玛咖配伍提取物(34.0%)。结论鹿茸玛咖配伍提取物含有单胺氧化酶抑制剂,其中乙酸乙酯层抑制活性最强,为鹿茸玛咖配伍提取物的抑制单胺氧化酶活性部位,为鹿茸玛咖配伍提取物的深入开发提供科学依据。     

玛咖酰胺研究进展

玛咖因其丰富的营养价值和多样的药用价值被作为食品和传统药材长期食用。玛咖酰胺为其特征性化合物,是一系列非极性长链脂肪酸的氮苄基酰胺类化合物,具有神经保护及神经系统调节等活性。综述了玛咖酰胺的种类,及其化学合成、检测方法、生物活性的国内外研究进展,为进一步研究及开发利用提供参考。     

云南玛咖产业发展现状及促进对策分析

药食植物玛咖是重要的保健品原料,近年来云南省玛咖产业发展迅速,但由于起步较晚、基础薄弱,种植、加工与国外相比仍有较大的差距。本文从玛咖生产基地、加工企业、优势区域布局、种植与初加工技术体系、经济效益等方面阐述了云南省玛咖产业发展现状,并对制约其产业发展的主要因素进行分析,并提出了应加强组织领导,抓好宏观调控;加大财政投入,拓宽投融资渠道;加快原料生产加工基地建设;加强现代科技研发工作,建立科技支撑体系;加快培育龙头企业;构建市场营销体系;促进集聚发展,严格质量标准等促进对策。     

从发明专利看“玛咖热”

通过检索截至2014年10月底我国玛咖相关发明专利申请文献,从授权量、技术领域、主要申请地区和申请人进行统计分析,阐述我国"玛咖热"现状,并提出玛咖产业发展建议,以期为相关领域的研究提供参考。     

丽江产玛咖中的1个新玛咖酰胺

目的研究产自丽江的玛咖Lepidium meyenii的干燥根茎的化学成分和生物活性。方法样品经90%乙醇水提取后,再经硅胶柱、微孔树脂(MCI)和高效液相色谱法等方法分离有效成分,通过核磁共振技术(包括二维核磁HSQC、HMBC和COSY)进行结构鉴定,采用MTT法对新化合物进行抗肿瘤活性测试。结果从玛咖根中分离得到3个玛咖酰胺类化合物,分别鉴定为N-(3,4-二甲氧基苄基)十六碳-9Z-烯酰胺(1)、N-苄基-13-酮基-9E,11E-十八碳二烯酰胺(2)和N-(3,4-二甲氧基苄基)-十六碳酰胺(3)。结论化合物1为新化合物,命名为玛咖新胺A;该化合物对人5种癌细胞(NB4、A549、SHSY5Y、PC3、MCF7)没有明显细胞毒活性。     

玛咖药理毒理研究进展

玛咖(Lepidium meyenii Walper, Maca)为十字花科独行菜属一年生或两年生草本植物,源自南美洲,有悠久的食用历史。除了秘鲁当地人食用玛咖,全世界对玛咖的需求都在增长,玛咖在20世纪90年代初引入我国,并于2011年获批为新资源食品,现阶段我国云南、西藏等高海拔地区均成功引种玛咖。研究表明,玛咖对生殖系统具有调节性激素、改善性功能、抑制前列腺增生的作用;对消化系统具有促进胃肠运动、预防肝损伤的作用;对神经系统具有改善记忆力、抗抑郁、保护神经和镇痛的作用;对免疫系统具有增强细胞免疫和体液免疫的作用;对血液循环系统具有降低舒张压和收缩压的作用;还具有抗炎、抗疲劳、抗氧化、抗紫外辐射及抗骨质疏松等作用。相关毒理研究表明,玛咖无细胞毒性、体外肝毒性、急性毒性、长期毒性以及生殖毒性。现查阅近些年的玛咖药理毒理相关文献,对玛咖药理作用研究、毒理研究进行了归纳、梳理和总结,未发现玛咖具有不良反应,且具有多种药理作用及营养保健功能。希望能为玛咖今后的药用实验及临床研究提供帮助和参考。     

Effect of short-term and long-term treatments with three ecotypes of Lepidium meyenii (MACA) on spermatogenesis in rats

Lepidium meyenii (Brassicaceae), known as Maca, is a Peruvian hypocotyl that grows exclusively between 4000 and 4500 m above sea level in the central Andes. Maca is traditionally employed in the Andean region for its supposed fertility-enhancing properties. The study aimed to test the hypothesis that different ecotypes of Maca (Red, Yellow and Black) after short-term (7 days) and long-term (42 days) treatment affects differentially spermatogenesis adult rats. After 7 days of treatment with Yellow and Red Maca, the length of stage VIII was increased (P<0.05), whereas with Black Maca stages II-VI and VIII were increased (P<0.05). Daily sperm production (DSP) was increased in the group treated with Black Maca compared with control values (P<0.05). Red or Yellow Maca did not alter DSP and epididymal sperm motility was not affected by treatment with any ecotype of Maca. After 42 days of treatment, Black Maca was the only ecotype that enhanced DSP (P<0.05). Moreover, Black Maca was the only that increased epididymal sperm motility (P<0.05). In relation to the control group, Red Maca did not affect testicular and epididymal weight nor epididymal sperm motility and sperm count; however, prostate weight was reduced (P<0.05). Black or Yellow Maca did not affect prostate weight. In conclusion, there were differences in the biological response of the three ecotypes of Maca (Yellow, Red and Black). Black Maca appeared to have more beneficial effect on sperm counts and epididymal sperm motility.     

玛咖对虚寒及虚热证大鼠环核苷酸水平及神经-内分泌-免疫网络的影响

研究玛咖对虚寒及虚热证大鼠环核苷酸、神经递质水平、下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴及免疫功能的影响,探讨玛咖的寒热药性。SD大鼠分为空白组、虚寒模型组、虚寒肉桂组(30 g·kg-1)、虚寒玛咖高剂量组(2.4 g·kg-1)、虚寒玛咖低剂量组(1.2 g·kg-1)、虚热模型组、虚热黄柏组(5 g·kg-1)、虚热玛咖高剂量组(2.4 g·kg-1)、虚热玛咖低剂量组(1.2 g·kg-1);采用每日肌肉注射氢化可的松琥珀酸钠、地塞米松磷酸钠注射液1次,连续21 d的方法制备虚寒、虚热证动物模型;通过放免法检测环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)、环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、多巴胺(DA)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)、促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)、促肾上腺激素释放激素(ACTH)、皮质酮(CORT)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、补体3(C3)、补体4(C4)含量变化。玛咖高剂量组和玛咖低剂量组均能使虚寒证大鼠整体状态及体质量得到明显改善(P<0.01,P<0.05),使cAMP,cAMP/cGMP,NE,DA,ACTH均明显升高(P<0.01,P<0.001),而5-HT明显降低(P<0.01,P<0.001);虚热玛咖高剂量组、低剂量组的体质量,cAMP,cAMP/cGMP,NE,DA,5-HT,ACTH无统计学意义;玛咖对虚寒、虚热证大鼠的CORT,IgM,IgG,C3含量均有显著调节作用(P<0.01,P<0.05,P<0.001)。玛咖对大鼠体质量、环核苷酸、神经递质水平及HPA轴的调整与肉桂一致,与黄柏相反;对机体免疫功能有双向调节作用;用药理学实验方法通过同类比较、异类反证,从对环核苷酸水平和神经-内分泌-免疫网络的影响证实玛咖药性微温。     

Dose-response effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) aqueous extract on testicular function and weight of different organs in adult rats

Lepidium meyenii (Brassicaceae) known as Maca grows exclusively between 4000 and 4500 m over the sea level in the Peruvian central Andes. The dried hypocotyls of Maca are traditionally used as food and for its supposed fertility-enhancing properties. A dose-response study was performed to determine the effect of 7 days oral administration of an aqueous lyophilized extract of Maca at 0.01-5 g/kg (corresponding to 0.022-11 g dry hypocotyls of Maca/kg) on body and different organ weights, stages of the seminiferous tubules, epididymal sperm count and motility, and serum testosterone and estradiol levels in rats. In doses up to 5 g extract/kg, no toxicity was observed. Almost all organ weights were similar in controls and in the Maca extract-treated groups. Seminal vesicles weight was significantly reduced at 0.01 and 0.10 g extract/kg. Maca increased in length of stages VII-VIII of the seminiferous tubules in a dose-response fashion, with highest response at 1.0 g/kg, while caput/corpus epididymal sperm count increased at the 1.0 g dose. Cauda epididymal sperm count, sperm motility, and serum estradiol level were not affected at any of the doses studied. Serum testosterone was lower at 0.10 g extract/kg. Low-seminal vesicle weights correlated with low-serum testosterone levels (R2=0.33; P<0.0001) and low-testosterone/estradiol ratio (R2=0.35; P<0.0001). Increase in epididymal sperm count was related to lengths of stages VII-VIII. Highest effect on stages VII-VIII of the seminiferous tubules was observed at 1.0 g Maca aqueous extract/kg. The present study demonstrated that Maca extract in doses up to 5 g/kg (equivalent to the intake of 770 g hypocotyls in a man of 70 kg) was safe and that higher effect on reproductive parameters was elicited with a dose of 1 g extract/kg corresponding to 2.2 g dry Maca hypocotyls/kg.     

Effect of ethanol extract of Lepidium meyenii Walp. on osteoporosis in ovariectomized rat

Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.) is a cruciferous plant from the Andes of Peru. The root of Maca is traditionally employed for its supposed properties in aphrodisiacs and improving fertility, it also has been widely used to help alleviate the symptoms of menopause. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of ethanol extract of Maca on postmenopausal osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: Sham-operated and ovariectomized groups were fed with equivolume of distilled water, and the remaining ovariectomized groups were orally administrated with ethanol extract of Maca at 0.096 and 0.24 g/kg for 28 weeks. The findings derived from the basis of bone mineral density, biomechanical, biochemical and histopathological parameters indicated that higher dose of ethanol extract of Maca was effective in the prevention of estrogen deficient bone loss.     

玛咖醇提取物对小鼠的抗衰老作用

目的探讨玛咖醇提取物的抗衰老作用及其机制。方法采用自然衰老小鼠为模型,连续ig给予玛咖醇提取物60 d后,测定小鼠血清、肝脏、心脏组织中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(G SH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(M DA)的水平以及皮肤羟脯氨酸水平,免疫功能实验采用PHA刺激淋巴细胞转化及免疫器官指数的方法。结果玛咖醇提取物能显著提高老龄小鼠心脏和肝脏中G SH-Px活性及血清和肝脏中SOD活性,降低血清及肝脏中M DA水平,增加皮肤羟脯氨酸水平,提高PHA刺激的淋巴细胞转化率。结论玛咖醇提取物可能通过改善自由基代谢、增强细胞免疫发挥其抗衰老作用。     

基于“关联网络”探索外来药物的中药药性——以玛咖为例＊

目的 提出一种基于“外来药物-药理作用-传统中药-药性”关联网络研究外来药物药性的新方法，并以玛咖为例对其进行阐释与验证。方法 首先整理玛咖药理作用的综述类文献，建立玛咖与其药理作用的关联，并查找相关的用药规律分析文献，建立玛咖的药理作用与传统中药的关联，再以《中国药典》或《中药学》教材为依据获取传统中药与药性的关联，最终构建出“玛咖-药理作用-传统中药-药性”关联网络，进一步从该网络中解拆出每个药理作用的“药理作用-传统中药-药性”关联网络并进行网络拓扑分析，再通过处理相关数据计算玛咖的药性占比。结果 本研究的结果与现有研究基本一致，玛咖的药性应为：性微温，味甘、辛、苦；归肾、肝、脾经；功效是滋肾益精，疏肝止痛，健脾补气。结论 本研究所提出的方法有助于外来药物中药化的进程，为拓展中药新资源提供了一种新思路。     

Lepidium meyenii Walp. improves sexual behaviour in male rats independently from its action on spontaneous locomotor activity

Lepidium meyenii Walpers (Maca) is traditionally employed in the Andean region for its supposed properties to improve energy and fertility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of acute and chronic Maca pulverised root oral administration on rat sexual behaviour. Sixty male sexually experienced rats (20 group) were daily treated for 15 days with Maca 15 mg kg(-1), Maca 75 mg kg(-1) or saline 0.5 ml kg(-1). The following sexual performance parameters were evaluated at first and last day of treatment: 1st mount (ML), 1st intromission (IL), ejaculation (EL) and postejaculatory (PEL) latencies, intercopulatory interval (ICI) and copulatory efficacy (CE). An activity cage test was carried out to evaluate if Maca-induced locomotion changes could indirectly improve rat sexual performances. It was observed that both lower and higher Maca doses acutely decreased ML, IL and ICI in a significant way (P < 0.05), while only the 75 mg kg(-1) dose decreased the PEL (T = 29, P < 0.05). This effect seems to be the only one dose-dependent. After 15 days of treatment, both doses are able to significantly decrease ML, IL, EL and PEL, while the 75 mg kg(-1) dose decreased the ICI (T = 40, P < 0.05) too. IL, EL and PEL variations seem to be dose-related after chronic treatment. Moreover, chronic Maca treatment induced an apparently not dose-related increase in rat locomotion, during the second 10-min period of observation in the activity cage. The late in Maca-induced locomotion modification excludes that improvement of tested sexual performance parameters is related to an increase in rat aspecific activity. Thus, it was concluded that both acute and chronic Maca oral administration significantly improve sexual performance parameters in male rats.     

中药黄芪抗肿瘤研究进展

通过系统查阅近年来的相关文献,对中药黄芪的抗肿瘤活性成分以及其抗肿瘤作用研究、作用机理探讨等进行了较为系统的归纳和综述,以期为该药物进一步的研究和开发提供参考.