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1.
胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7  
目的探讨胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤的临床病理学特征及其与黏液囊性肿瘤的鉴别诊断要点。方法复习17例导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤的临床病理学特征,与13例黏液囊性肿瘤对照;行HE染色及免疫组织化学EnVision法染色,检测肿瘤内黏液素MUC(1、2、5AC)的表达。结果17例导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤中10例发生在男性;13例位于胰头。大体切面可观察到15例肿瘤与胰腺主导管相通。镜下可见到胰腺导管增生呈乳头状,并有上皮轻至重度不典型增生的改变。无卵巢样间质,肿瘤内交错出现萎缩或正常的胰腺腺泡和胰岛。9例主要表达MUC2,4例主要表达MUC5AC,4例伴有浸润癌者主要表达MUC1。13例黏液囊性肿瘤中11例发生于中老年女性;胰尾部10例,胰头1例,全胰腺2例;肿瘤与主导管不相通。组织学特征是含有卵巢样间质。肿瘤细胞主要表达MUC5AC,不表达MUC2,伴有浸润癌的2例,癌组织也表达MUC1。结论导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤预后较好,患者性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、卵巢样间质、与主胰管是否相通及表达MUC2和(或)MUC1检测均可帮助诊断,并与黏液囊性肿瘤鉴别。后者主要表达MUC5AC。MUC1阳性提示侵袭性生物学行为。  相似文献   

2.
目的 探讨胰腺囊性肿瘤(pancreatic cystic neoplasm, PCN)的临床病理学特征。方法 收集53例PCN的临床病理资料,行HE及免疫组化EnVision法检测,并复习相关文献。结果 53例PCN中浆液性囊性肿瘤(serous cystic neoplasm, SCN)22例,实性假乳头状肿瘤(solid pseudopapillary neoplasm, SPN)13例(伴高级别转化1例),黏液性囊性肿瘤(mucinous cystic neoplasm, MCN)12例(伴相关浸润性癌2例,伴高级别异型增生1例),导管乳头状黏液性肿瘤(intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, IPMN)6例(伴相关浸润性癌1例,伴原位癌2例)。免疫表型:(1)22例SCN:22例均表达上皮标志物CK、CK7、CK19,10例表达α-inhibin, 22例均不表达CgA、Syn、CD56、vimentin, Ki-67增殖指数均约1%;(2)13例SPN:13例均表达PR、CD10及β-catenin, 6例表达vimentin, 5例...  相似文献   

3.
目的 探讨胰腺胶样癌的临床病理学特征、诊断、鉴别诊断及分子生物学特点.方法 分析4例胰腺胶样癌的临床特点,对标本进行病理形态学观察、免疫组织化学EnVision法和K-ras基因突变检测.结果 4例胶样癌中3例发生在胰头部,患者均为男性;另1例在胰体尾部,为女性;平均发病年龄为56.5岁.其中2例首发症状为腹痛,1例为尿糖增高,1例为查体发现.3例大体形态为囊实性结节,囊内含黏液,1例大体呈实性.低倍镜下,纤维及胰腺组织中可见边界清楚的黏液结节,大的黏液湖中可见纤细的纤维结缔组织间隔成多个小黏液湖;肿瘤细胞漂浮在黏液湖中,呈小巢或条索状,或腺管状,也可看到印戒细胞漂浮其中.3例癌周可见肠型胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤(IPMN),仅例1伴发胰胆管型IPMN.免疫组织化学染色3例MUC2细胞膜阳性,1例MUC1阳性.3例中例1和例3发现K-ras基因突变,突变位点均位于12密码子Gly12Asp(GGT>GAT)和Gly12Arg( GGT> CGT).结论 胰腺胶样癌是少见的胰腺导管腺癌亚型,经常伴发于IPMN和胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤,应与普通胰腺导管腺癌、印戒细胞癌及假性囊肿等病变相鉴别.免疫组织化学MUC2多阳性表达,MUC1多为阴性,K-ras基因突变率较低.  相似文献   

4.
胰腺囊性肿瘤(pancreatic cystic neoplasms,PCN)主要包括浆液性囊腺瘤(serous cystic neoplasm,SCN)、黏液性囊腺瘤(mutinous cystic neoplasm,MCN)、导管内乳头状黏液性囊腺瘤(intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm,IPMN)及实性假乳头状瘤(solid pseudopapillary neoplasm,SPN)等。近年来,随着影像学诊断技术的进展,CT与磁共振的广泛应用,胰腺囊性肿瘤的检出率较前有所提高,但尚不能完全准确区分其组织类型,也没有统一的治疗方案。影像学是PCNs鉴别诊断的主要依据。对于有明显症状、确诊或可疑恶性的PCNs,积极根治性手术治疗可提高大多数患者长期生存率。  相似文献   

5.
1定义 1982年,日本学者Ohhashi等报道了4例特殊类型的胰腺肿瘤,伴有胰腺导管扩张和大量黏液分泌。之后,对发生在胰腺的此种类型的肿瘤报道逐渐增加。1996年,WHO将其定义为胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤(intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms,IPMNs),并将它与其他黏液分泌胰腺囊性肿瘤区分开来。WHO(2000年)对胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤的定义为发生在胰腺主导管或其主要分支导管内的乳头状黏液分泌肿瘤,[第一段]  相似文献   

6.
目的 总结并分析胰腺导管内乳头状黏液肿瘤(IPMN)临床病理特征.方法 收集19例IPMN的临床及影像学资料,通过光镜观察及免疫组织化学EnVision法[抗体包括p53、c-erbB-2、Ki-67、p16、Fascin]分析其临床、病理学特征及免疫表型.结果 19例IPMN患者平均年龄59岁,中位年龄61岁,男女比例12:7,6例有长期吸烟史,1例合并结肠腺癌,临床表现为上腹部不适、腹痛、食欲减退、体重下降、脂肪泻等.腹部CT及B超检查多数病例表现为囊性占位性病变,囊内有分隔,囊壁有乳头状回声,个别病例表现为单发或多发实性占位,其中3例行十二指肠镜逆行胰管造影(ERCP)检查见十二指肠乳头处有胶冻样黏液分泌物.18例行肿物及部分胰腺切除术,1例行胰管内肿瘤摘除术,11例主要位于胰头,病理诊断1例为胰腺导管内乳头状黏液腺瘤,3例为交界性IPMN,15例为胰腺导管内乳头状黏液腺癌,其中12例伴有浸润,浸润癌中10例为乳头型和(或)管型,2例为黏液型合并管型,2例为原位癌.大体检杳17例为单发,2例为多发病灶,6例为实性占位,13例表现为囊性或囊实性占位,囊性区部分内肇光滑剑有乳头附着,部分囊腔内充满乳头状组织;镜下检查8例为肠型,7例为胰胆管上皮型,3例为胃型,1例为嗜酸细胞型;导管周围纤维组织均明显增生,16例周围胰腺组织伴有慢性胰腺炎,2例肠壁浸润,淋巴结均未发现转移;术后13例分别随访4~48个月,平均随访20个月,1例术后24个月死于其他原因,1例可疑肝转移,1例姑息手术后胰头占位,10例无复发.免疫组织化学6例p53阳性,5例p16阳性,8例Fascin阳性,c-erbB-2均阴性,Ki-67指数1%~80%,平均38%.结论 IPMN为一组少见的胰腺肿瘤,肿瘤主要位于胰管内,伴有胰管扩张,肿瘤细胞为黏液性,有乳头形成,乳头状黏液腺癌多见,约2/3病例伴有浸润.Ki-67指数超过15%应考虑恶性.肿瘤预后较胰腺导管癌明显要好,治疗主要是局部切除及相应化疗,应长期随访.影像学、ERCP及胰液细胞学检查有助于疾病的早期发现和诊断.  相似文献   

7.
外分泌胰腺的交界性肿瘤   总被引:8,自引:2,他引:6  
传统上外分泌胰腺的肿瘤一般分为良性和恶性两大类 ,但随着对胰腺肿瘤认识的深入 ,也提出了胰腺交界性肿瘤的概念 ,新版WHO肿瘤分类[1] 也列出了外分泌胰腺的交界性肿瘤的类型。目前认为外分泌胰腺的交界性肿瘤包括 :交界性粘液性囊腺瘤 ,导管内乳头状粘液腺瘤伴中度不典型增生 ,胰腺的实性 假乳头瘤。胰腺导管上皮的中度不典型增生也应属交界性病变。一、粘液性囊性肿瘤 (包括交界性粘液性囊腺瘤 )为一类由产生粘液的上皮细胞形成的囊性胰腺肿瘤。过去一直分为良性的粘液性囊腺瘤和恶性的粘液性囊腺癌。1978年Compagno和Oer…  相似文献   

8.
胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的CT表现   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
目的分析胰腺实性假乳头状瘤(SPTP)的CT表现,提高正确诊断率。方法回顾分析经手术病理证实的21例胰腺实性假乳头状瘤,患者术前均经CT平扫及三期增强检查,复习CT影像表现并与病理结果对照。结果21例胰腺实性假乳头状瘤中13例位于胰头,8例位于体尾部,肿瘤直径2~15cm。19例与周围组织界限清,具有完整的包膜,以囊实性为主,囊最大直径4cm,囊壁厚0.2~3cm;仅2例为实性。位于胰头的肿瘤胰管及胆总管扩张不明显。CT平扫示肿瘤密度不均匀;CT增强扫描示动脉期实性部分轻度强化,门脉期及延迟期强化程度逐渐增加。结论CT对胰腺肿瘤的诊断具有一定的价值,病理变化是CT表现的基础。  相似文献   

9.
胰腺囊实性肿瘤八例临床病理学观察   总被引:52,自引:0,他引:52  
Meng Y  Yu J  Kang X  Duan W  Zheng J  Yao L  Hu M  Yang D 《中华病理学杂志》1999,28(6):409-412
目的 观察胰腺囊实性肿瘤的临床病理特点,分析其分化表型,探讨其组织发生。方法 组织学、免疫组化和电镜技术。结果 8例患者均为女性,年龄14 ̄33岁,平均25.3岁,手术后均无复发。肿瘤较大,有包膜,由实性肿瘤与囊性坏死区混合组成。组织学上,肿瘤细胞较一致,均由实性片块、假乳头样及两者的过渡型生长方式组成。瘤细胞退变、出血、泡沫细胞和胆固醇裂隙常见。免疫组化:8例均表达α-1-抗胰蛋白酶和溶菌酶,6  相似文献   

10.
胰腺实性-假乳头状肿瘤   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
胰腺实性-假乳头状肿瘤是主要发病于年轻女性的非常少见的肿瘤。尽管具有低度恶性潜能,但10%~15%的病例具有转移播散可能导致死亡的侵袭性生物行为。迄今为止,还没有可靠的病理学因素能够预示这些肿瘤的预后。在胰腺实性-假乳头状肿瘤中尚未发现参与胰腺导管腺癌发病的主要因子galectin-3。实性-假乳头状肿瘤中时常有PR阳性的报道,但ER是否存在尚不清楚。作者分析了5例实性-假乳头状肿瘤,其中4例为胰腺肿瘤,1例为转移病例。转移性结节明显的形态学特征具有多边形或梭形细胞,核多形性和较多核分裂像,呈弥漫、浸润性生长方式。  相似文献   

11.
Invasive ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas remains an almost universally lethal disease. Despite strenuous research efforts, the prognosis of the disease has not improved in the past decades. However, knowledge of pancreatic tumorigenesis and the identification and characterization of the precursor lesions that give rise to invasive pancreatic cancer have dramatically improved. This, coupled with the finding that it takes almost two decades for a pancreatic cell with an initial mutation to develop into a metastatic pancreatic cancer provides hope for the early detection of curable pancreatic neoplasms. We present a review of established precursor lesions of pancreatic cancer, including pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (including intraductal oncocytic papillary neoplasm and intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm), and mucinous cystic neoplasm.  相似文献   

12.
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) is a grossly visible (≥1 cm), mucin-producing neoplasm that arises in the main pancreatic duct and/or its branches. Patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm can present with symptoms caused by obstruction of the pancreatic duct system, or they can be asymptomatic. There are 3 clinical subtypes of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm: main duct, branch duct, and mixed. Five histologic types of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm are recognized: gastric foveolar type, intestinal type, pancreatobiliary type, intraductal oncocytic papillary neoplasm, and intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm. Noninvasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms are classified into 3 grades based on the degree of cytoarchitectural atypia: low-, intermediate-, and high-grade dysplasia. The most important prognosticator, however, is the presence or absence of an associated invasive carcinoma. Some main duct-intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms progress into invasive carcinoma, mainly tubular adenocarcinoma (conventional pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma) and colloid carcinoma. Branch duct-intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms have a low risk for malignant transformation. Preoperative prediction of the malignant potential of an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm is of growing importance because pancreatic surgery has its complications, and many small intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, especially branch duct-intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, have an extremely low risk of progressing to an invasive cancer. Although most clinical decision making relies on imaging, a better understanding of the molecular genetics of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm could help identify molecular markers of high-risk lesions. When surgery is performed, intraoperative frozen section assessment of the pancreatic resection margin can guide the extent of resection. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms are often multifocal, and surgically resected patients should be followed for metachronous disease.  相似文献   

13.
Some biliary diseases mimic pancreatic diseases pathologically as well as pathogenetically. Such diseases can be called “biliary diseases with pancreatic counterparts”. Biliary intraepithelial neoplasm (BilIN), intraductal papillary neoplasm of bile ducts (IPNB), hepatobiliary mucinous cystic neoplasm (hMCN), and IgG4-inflammatory pseudotumor represent the biliary counterparts of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasm (PanIN), intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of pancreas (IPMN), pancreatic MCN, and mass forming type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP), respectively. BilIN and PanIN represent pre-invasive intraepithelial stages of nodular sclerosing cholangiocarcinoma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, respectively. IPNB and IPMN are grossly visible, predominant papillary, intraductal neoplasms that may progress to invasive carcinoma. Morphologically similar MCNs with subepithelial ovarian-like stroma occur in both the hepatobiliary system as well as the pancreas. IgG4-inflammatory pseudotumor, usually of the lymphoplasmacytic type, and mass forming type 1 AIP represent IgG4-related disease in the biliary tree and pancreas respectively. The biliary tract, which is associated with the peribiliary glands, including the pancreatic acini, can be regarded as an incomplete pancreas, so several diseases mimicking pancreatic diseases may be expected to occur in the biliary tract (biliary diseases with pancreatic counterparts).  相似文献   

14.
The increasing use of radiological imaging has led to greater detection of small and asymptomatic cystic lesions of the pancreas. Most are resectable, but not all are neoplastic. This review provides an update on the histopathology, immunohistochemistry, molecular biology, pathogenesis and management of cystic neoplasms of the exocrine pancreas. These include the serous, the mucinous cystic, the intraductal papillary mucinous and the solid pseudopapillary neoplasms. Recently reported variants are described and very rare cystic variants of other pancreatic epithelial and mesenchymal neoplasms are briefly mentioned.  相似文献   

15.
There are peribiliary glands around the biliary tract, and these glands drain into the bile duct lumen. Interestingly, small amounts of pancreatic exocrine acini are intermingled with these glands. Experimental studies using animals suggest that the biliary tract shows some potential for pancreatic differentiation. It is noteworth that the biliary tract and pancreas have similar pathological features. IgG4‐related sclerosing cholangitis and autoimmune pancreatitis are representative inflammatory diseases with similar features. Intraductal papillary neoplasms are found in the biliary tract and also in the pancreas: intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB) and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas (IPMN). IPNB and IPMN share common histologic and phenotypic features and biological behaviors. Interestingly, mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN) arises in both the pancreas and the heaptobiliary system. Intraductal tubular neoplasia is found in both the biliary tract and pancreas as well. Intraepithelial neoplasm is found in the biliary tract and pancreas: biliary intraepithelial neoplasm (BilIN) and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasm (PanIN). BilIN and PanIN are followed by conventional invasive adenocarcinoma, while IPNB and IPMN are followed by tubular adenocarcinoma and mucinous carcinoma in both organs. Further study of the biliary tract's pathophysiology based on its similarity to pancreatic counterparts is warranted.  相似文献   

16.
Cystic tumors and tumor-like lesions of the pancreas are rare, but have attracted a great deal of attention because they are easily recognized with new imaging methods and, in contrast to ductal adenocarcinoma, they can usually be cured surgically. The increasing resection rate in recent years has also increased our knowledge of cystic pancreatic tumors by conspicuously enlarging their morphological spectrum. Known entities have been better characterized (i.e. solid pseudopapillary neoplasm, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm) and new ones described (serous oligocystic adenoma, mucinous non-neoplastic cyst, acinar cell cystadenoma and cystic hamartoma). This review discusses the most important cystic tumors and tumor-like lesions, presents a new classification, and summarizes the immunohistochemical differential diagnosis.  相似文献   

17.
Although cystic neoplasms and lesions of the pancreas are rare, they have attracted a great deal of attention because of their potential curability. Since, in recent years, several new entities have been identified, the relative frequency of the tumors and their classification need to be reevaluated. In a series of 1454 tumorous lesions of the pancreas collected between 1971 and 2003 in our surgical pathology files and consultation files, all cystic pancreatic neoplasms and tumor-like lesions were identified and typed both histologically and immunohistochemically. There were 418 cases (29%) showing cysts with a diameter ranging between 0.5 cm and 27 cm. Most common were solid pseudopapillary neoplasms (21%) and intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasms (18%). When only the cystic neoplasms and lesions that had been resected in a single institution were considered, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms were the most frequent cystic neoplasms, while solid pseudopapillary neoplasms took fifth place behind ductal adenocarcinomas with cystic features, serous cystic neoplasms and mucinous cystic neoplasms. The most frequent cystic tumor-like lesions were pancreatitis-associated pseudocysts. New and rare entities that have recently been identified are mucinous nonneoplastic cysts, acinar cell cystadenomas and cystic hamartomas. Bearing in mind that figures from referral centers such as ours may be biased regarding the relative frequency of lesions, we concluded from our data that intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasms are the most frequently occurring pancreatic cystic neoplasms, rather than solid pseudopapillary neoplasms. It was possible to classify all cystic lesions encountered in our files or described in the literature in a new system that distinguishes between neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions, with further subdivisions into epithelial (adenomas, borderline neoplasms and carcinomas) and nonepithelial tumors. This classification is easy to handle and enables a distinction on the basis of clinical behavior and prognosis.  相似文献   

18.
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas is a rare but well-established entity in contrast to intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the biliary tract. The aim of this study was to compare the clinicopathologic features of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the biliary tract and of the pancreas. Twenty patients who underwent resection for intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the biliary tract were compared with 29 cases resected for intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas. Clinicopathologic characteristics and resection specimens of all patients were reassessed and immunohistochemically screened for expression of a distinct set of tumor markers. Median ages of patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the biliary tract and of the pancreas were 66 and 62 years, respectively (P < .05). Twelve patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the biliary tract (60%) had neoplasms with infiltrating carcinoma, compared with 6 patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas (21%, P < .05). Cytokeratin 7 and 20 expressions were equal in biliary and pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. Cytokeratin 20 expression was mainly found in intestinal-type tumors. Gastric, pancreaticobiliary, and oncocytic subtypes were all observed in the intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the biliary tract group. The distribution was significantly different from the intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas group. The 3-year overall survival rate of malignant biliary and pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm was 63% and 65%, respectively (P = .798). Positive lymph nodes and a high expression of membranous mucin were associated with a significantly shorter overall survival in patients with malignant intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. Finally, p53 and Ki67 proliferation index were both associated with the carcinogenesis of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, whereas DPC4 and CDX2 were not. Clinicopathologic features of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the biliary tract largely resemble those of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas, although intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the biliary tract was associated with a higher malignancy rate at the time of surgical treatment. The level of membranous mucin expression and positive lymph nodes are significant prognosticators in patients with malignant intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm.  相似文献   

19.
Although a broad range of pancreatic, gastrointestinal, thoracic, and abdominal pathology may be sampled by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA), certain difficulties tend to recur because of the frequency of certain sample types and because of the nature of their individual cytomorphologic profiles. With this in mind, we review certain pitfalls that may befall cytopathologists with EUS-guided FNA. We discuss the diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and of other pancreatic epithelioid tumors including pancreatic endocrine neoplasms, solid pseudopapillary tumors, and acinar cell carcinomas. We also discuss the diagnosis of pancreatic cystic neoplasia including intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and mucinous cystic neoplasms and the diagnosis of gastrointestinal mesenchymal neoplasia with particular attention to gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Finally, we discuss the interpretation of lymph node aspirates.  相似文献   

20.
We herein summarize the pathology and most recent advances in the molecular genetics of serous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. They typically present as relatively large, well-demarcated tumors (mean size, 6 cm), predominantly occurring in females. Pre-operative diagnosis remains challenging; imaging findings and cyst fluid analysis often prove non-specific and fine-needle aspiration often does not yield diagnostic cells. Pathologically, they are characterized by a distinctive cytology referred to as “serous.” Although they have ductal differentiation, they distinctly lack the mucin production that characterizes most other pancreatic ductal tumors, including ductal adenocarcinoma and its variants, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) and mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN). They instead produce abundant glycogen (glycogen-rich adenoma). Serous cystadenomas also lack the molecular alterations that characterize ductal neoplasms, such as mutation of KRAS (high prevalence in most mucinous ductal neoplasms), inactivation of SMAD4 (seen in ductal adenocarcinomas), and mutations in GNAS (seen in some IPMNs) and RNF43 (detected in MCNs and IPMNs). Instead, new molecular and immunohistochemical observations place serous pancreatic tumors closer to “clear cell neoplasms” seen in various other organs that are associated with the von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) pathway, such as clear cell renal cell carcinomas and capillary hemangioblastomas. Patients with VHL syndrome have an increased risk of developing serous pancreatic tumors and somatic mutations of the VHL gene are common in these tumors along with modification of its downstream effectors including hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF1), glucose uptake and transporter-1 (GLUT-1), a common factor in clear cell (glycogen-rich) tumors, as well as expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), thought to be a factor in the striking capillarization of serous cystadenomas and other non-pancreatic clear cell tumors. VEGF may prove to be of significant diagnostic value since its elevation in cyst fluid has recently been found highly sensitive and specific for serous neoplasms. These molecular alterations establish serous tumors as prototypes of clear cell tumorigenesis and angiogenesis and may prove helpful both as diagnostic and non-surgical therapeutic targets.  相似文献   

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