儿童甲型H1N1流感12例分析

目的 了解儿童甲型H1N1流感的特点.方法 回顾分析2009年5月1日至2009年7月15日复旦大学附属儿科医院发热门诊及病房诊治的12例甲型H1N1流感的流行特征及临床特点;采取患儿鼻咽拭子标本,冰壶保存立即送上海市疾病预防控制中心,采用实时逆转录核酸扩增聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)进行甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸检测.结果 12例儿童甲型H1N1流感均为输入性病例,5例患儿有明确的甲型H1N1流感患者密切接触史.12例有发热症状,有咳嗽、流涕、食欲不佳症状的各为7例,1例有喘息症状,所有病例均无呕吐和腹泻.11例能准确表述自身感受的患儿中,均无肌肉酸痛,6例有咽痛,3例有腹痛.2例患儿并发肺炎,其中1例患儿病情危重.1例患儿居家隔离对症治疗,11例患儿住院治疗,均参照中国国家卫生部颁布的<甲型HINI流感诊疗方案(2009年试行版第一版)>进行治疗,其中10例息儿接受奥斯他韦抗病毒治疗,未见明显不良反应,所有患儿均痊愈.结论 儿童甲型H1N1流感的症状主要表现为典型的流感症状,大部分患儿临床过程轻微,及时隔离和治疗预后良好,奥斯他韦抗病毒治疗无明显副作用.儿童甲型H1N1流感的流行特征及临床特点尚需要多地区大样本的研究资料.     

儿童2009甲型H1N1流感相关神经系统并发症报道

报道儿童2009甲流H1N1流感相关神经系统并发症的临床特征。方法　对深圳市儿童医院2009 - 11 - 04 - 2010 - 01 - 19因2009甲型H1N1流感住院,并发神经系统并发症的21例患儿进行前瞻性调研,对其临床特征及转归进行总结。结果　在150例儿童危重症2009甲型H1N1流感住院患儿中,神经系统并发症的发生率为14.0%（21/150）,其中脑病18例（85.7%）,惊厥2例（9.5%）,脑炎1例（4.7%）。男14例,女7例;年龄中位数为5岁。12例（57%）入住ICU监护,6例（28.5%）接受气管插管及机械通气。17例80.9%）痊愈出院,1例仍在住院,3例（14%）死于脑病。结论　2009甲型H1N1流感相关神经系统并发症发生率高,严重脑病患儿可以导致死亡。随着2009甲型H1N1流感的流行,这一结果应该引起广泛关注。     

儿童甲型H1N1流感临床诊治与疫苗接种

儿童是甲型H1N1流感的高发人群。其大部分临床表现为发热、咳嗽等常见的上呼吸道感染症状,极少部分可出现急性坏死性脑病、呼吸循环衰竭、多脏器衰竭等危重临床表现,甚至出现死亡。临床确诊主要依靠反转录PCR、特异性探针核酸检测、病毒分离和双份血清病毒的特异性抗体检测等。普通抗病毒治疗对甲型H1N1感染疗效不佳,而奥司他韦治疗效果良好,但已有耐药病例报道。免疫接种仍是预防儿童H1N1流感暴发的最主要、最有效手段。     

2009甲型H1N1流感研究进展

2009年3月在墨西哥出现了一种新型甲型H1N1流感病毒,这是一个四源重排的A型流感病毒:来源于猪流感病毒、禽流感病毒及人流感病毒.其临床特点与季节性流感相似,但重症病例可发生在无基础疾病的青壮年人,这与季节性流感不同,其高危人群为患有基础疾病者、孕妇及肥胖者.尽管已经出现了耐药毒株,但奥司他韦治疗仍然有效.该文主要对2009年流行的甲型H1N1流感病毒的基因特点、临床表现及治疗的最新进展进行综述.     

儿童甲型H1N1流感的流行病学及其治疗进展

甲型H1N1流感是一种急性人畜共患的呼吸道传染性疾病,儿童作为容易感染的群体,其防治显得格外重要.目前的治疗药物主要有神经氨酸酶抑制剂和M_2离子通道阻滞剂两类.该文主要综述了甲型H1N1流感的特点、药物治疗和免疫预防的最新研究进展及中医的治疗,以提高大家对甲型H1N1流感的认识.     

儿童甲型H1N1流感临床特点

<正>甲型H1N1流感是由流感病毒H1N1亚型引起的急性呼吸道传染病。其临床特点与流感病毒的亚型及其变异有关,也与人体的免疫状况和当时的流行情况有关。2009年3月北美发生猪流感,世界卫生组织于2009-04-30宣布不再使用猪流感一词,开始使用甲型H1N1流感。它具有起病急、传染性强、流行广泛、传播迅速的特点。儿童感     

儿童重症甲型H1N1流感43例临床分析

目的 探讨小儿重症甲型H1N1流感的临床特点及治疗.方法 回顾分析2009年11月 - 2010 年1月长春市儿童医院收治的43例重症甲型H1N1流感患儿的临床特点及治疗情况.结果 43例均为本土病例,男32例,女11例;年龄最大13岁,最小6个月.重症43例中有8例危重症.有明确甲型H1N1流感接触史者7例.均以呼吸道感染为首发症状、体征,包括发热、咳嗽、喘息和肺部啰音、双肺阴影等改变,均以呼吸系统损害为重.危重症可出现呼吸衰竭、多脏器衰竭,部分出现肺水肿、肺出血,病情危重.所有患儿均参照卫生部颁布的<甲型H1N1流感诊疗方案>进行治疗,全部治愈出院.结论 儿童重症甲型H1N1流感主要表现为呼吸系统症状、体征,大部分经过良好,但危重症病例病情进展迅速,病势凶险,很快出现呼吸衰竭,可伴有各个脏器受损,应及时应用机械通气治疗.     

八例儿童重症甲型H1N1流感病例临床分析

目的 分析儿童重症甲型H1N1流感病例的临床特征.方法 总结8例重症甲型H1N1流感病例的临床表现和诊治经过.结果 8例患儿均否认传染病接触史.4例有基础疾病,分别为肾病综合征、先天性甲状腺功能低下症、支气管哮喘及贫血.8例均有咳嗽和发热,咳嗽有痰,高热为主(5例),均有气促,出现在病程0.5～6 d,且进行性加重,3～24 h后出现呼吸衰竭;X线胸片为局限性渗出病变,类似支原体肺炎表现;血常规示7例中性粒细胞比例升高,6例CRP明显升高;均伴有呼吸衰竭,2例并发中毒性脑病.8例患儿均予抗病毒药物和脏器支持治疗,均使用了丙种球蛋白,部分患儿使用了皮质激素治疗,6例需要呼吸机支持,机械通气时间3～6 d,无一例死亡.结论 儿童重症甲型H1N1流感多是以严重低氧血症为突出表现的重症肺炎,经过及时有效的干预可避免严重急性呼吸窘迫综合征的发生,降低病死率.     

儿童甲型H1N1流感重症的早期识别

<正>2009年3月,墨西哥和美国西南部地区首次报告甲型H1N1流感流行,并在短期内导致了全球性大流行。根据WHO资料,至2010-01-15,全球至少有13000例实验室确诊病例死亡,推测实际死亡人数更大。2009年5月,中国大陆报告首例甲型H1N1流感病例,随后报告病例逐渐增多,并演变为严重影响健康的公共卫生事件[1-2]。     

2009年新甲型H1N1流感

新甲型H1N1流感[novel influenza A(H1N1)virus infection]是一种由变异后的新型甲型H1N1流感病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病.2009年3月首先在墨西哥出现,目前已蔓延全球,世界卫生组织已将流感大流行预警级别升至最高级别6级.与严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)、人高致病性禽流感(avian influenza virus,A/H5N1)相比,该病传染性强,传播速度快,流行强度大.     

Neurological complications and pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection

Aim: To report on a different clinical course of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection among children who were neurologically impaired before the acute onset of the disease, in comparison with children who were neurologically intact. Methods: In a period of 6 months, six children with neurological complications associated with pandemic A (H1N1) infection were identified in a single institution paediatric emergency room. The children suffered from seizures or altered mental status during pandemic A (H1N1) infection. All children underwent extensive clinical and laboratory assessment. Three children were neurologically impaired before the acute onset of the H1N1 infection. The other three were neurologically intact before the acute viral infection. Results: In all six patients, pandemic influenza A (H1N1) viral RNA was detected in nasopharyngeal specimens but none in the cerebrospinal fluid. Five children fully recovered or returned to baseline at discharge. The clinical course of the disease and recovery were different between the children who were neurologically impaired before the acute viral infection and those who were neurologically intact. Conclusions: It is possible that children with various neurological conditions are in a higher risk to develop further neurological complications during pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection.     

甲型H1N1流感的研究进展

甲型H1N1流感病毒是人流感病毒基因、禽流感病毒基因和猪流感病毒基因混合的重配株,其造成的疫情来势凶猛,引起世界各国的广泛关注.为了早发现、早诊断、早治疗及有效地预防甲型H1N1流感,本文综述了甲型H1N1流感病毒的特点、流行病学、致人发病的机制、甲型H1N1流感患者的临床表现、实验室检查及有效的治疗和预防措施.     

Analysis of Fatal Cases of Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infections in Pediatric Patients with Leukemia

Background: Pandemic influenza A/H1N1/2009 virus usually causes mild illness in healthy children. Chronic medical conditions are recognized as increasing the risk for complications of influenza virus infection. Although most studies including children with acute leukemia and H1N1 virus have reported no deaths, some anectodal reports with low patient numbers have reported mortality rates as high as 28.5%. Here, we report patients with leukemia and H1N1 virus and review the literature. Methods: Medical records of all children with leukemia and H1N1 virus in our institution were reviewed for demographic, clinical, and laboratory data. We also carried out a systematic review of the English-language literature. Among the 24 articles found, only patients with leukemia and pandemic H1N1 infections were reviewed by two independent reviewers. Results: Eight of 98 children who received chemotherapy for leukemia were diagnosed with pandemic H1N1 infection. One developed pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and died. Another one developed hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and died due to secondary infection during the 6th week of treatment for HLH. In our study, 2 of 8 patients had a fatal course (25%), compared with an overall mortality of 2.5% in the studies retrieved from PubMed (6/232). Conclusion: Pandemic H1N1 influenza virus caused mortality in patients with ARDS or HLH; an unexpected finding for pandemic H1N1 (2009) influenza virus. Thus, for children with leukemia and infected with H1N1 virus, short- and long-term complications should be kept in mind during evaluation.     

Human swine influenza A [H1N1]: Practical advice for clinicians early in the pandemic

The influenza pandemic the world was waiting for may have arrived, but the early indications are that the first wave of human swine influenza A [H1N1], also referred to as H1N1 Mexico 09 or “swine flu”, is highly transmissible but of no greater virulence than seasonal influenza to date. The new swine flu H1N1 virus is a mixture of avian, porcine and human influenza RNA. With twenty thousand confirmed cases worldwide and 117 deaths within 7 weeks of the first acknowledgement of a possible pandemic by Mexican and WHO experts, the mortality rate is less than 0.1% and the majority of deaths centred upon the origin of the epidemic in Mexico [83%]. Swine flu is thus far a relatively mild illness seen predominantly in those who are healthy and under 25 years of age, perhaps reflecting protection from previous human influenza exposure in older people. As the virus spreads internationally, border protection issues have surfaced and public health initiatives are being progressively rolled out to minimise the transmission. Vaccines are being developed which will be trialled in the coming months with a likely availability by August 2009, in time for the northern hemisphere autumn and winter. Vigilance without alarm appears to be the recommendation so far.     

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) has not been described earlier in the context of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, although certain populations are thought to be at risk for complicated pandemic influenza A disease. Here, we report the second case of HLH after infection with the influenza A H1N1 virus treated with peroral oseltamivir successfully.     

2009 Influenza A H1N1 infections: delays in starting treatment with oseltamivir were associated with a more severe disease

Respiratory failure has been the main severe complication described in pediatric patients with influenza A H1N1 2009 (pandemic H1N1) infection. We describe the pandemic H1N1 2009 disease in children who required hospital admission and the patients' data associated with pediatric intensive care unit admission. Respiratory failure was the main complication. Extrapulmonary manifestations were also observed. Of the 127 patients, 24 required pediatric intensive care unit admission. Four patients died. Patients admitted with chronic conditions and those in whom oseltamivir was delayed more than 72 hours had a more severe disease.     

2009甲型H1N1流感住院患儿多中心临床研究

目的 了解2009年全国多中心2009甲型H1N1流感住院患儿的临床特征,探讨危重症的高危因素和死亡原因.方法 对2009年秋冬季全国17家医院的810例2009甲型H1N1流感住院患儿的临床表现、实验室检查结果以及治疗和转归进行回顾性总结和分析.结果 810例住院患儿中,男508例,女302例,年龄中位数为43个月,其中＜5岁550例(67.9%),合并基础疾病148例(18.5%).常见的表现及例数为:发热780例(96.3%),流涕294例(36.3%),鼻塞192例(23.7%),咽痛147例(18.1%),咳嗽759例(93.7%),咯痰347例(42.8%),喘息219例(27.0%),呼吸困难163例(20.1%),呕吐130例(16.0%),腹泻66例(8.1%),烦躁79例(9.8%),嗜睡64例(7.9%),惊厥32例(4.0%).常见的实验室异常为:外周血白细胞计数增高或降低377例(46.5%),乳酸脱氢酶增高346例(42.7%),C反应蛋白增高306例(37.8%),天冬氨酸转氨酶增高257例(31.7%),肌酸激酶增高174例(21.5%).586例(72.3%)合并肺炎,49例(6.0%)合并脑炎/脑病,30例(3.7%)合并心肌炎.危重症患儿183例,其基础疾病、外周血白细胞计数增高、中性粒细胞比率增高、淋巴细胞比率降低和C反应蛋白增高的发生率明显高于非危重症患儿.19例死亡,占危重患儿的10.4%,8例死于脑炎/脑病,10例主要死于严重肺炎和急性呼吸窘迫综合征,其中5例同时伴有脑炎/脑病,1例死于继发性真菌性脑膜炎.结论 2009甲型H1N1流感容易引起全身多脏器损害.有基础疾病、外周血白细胞计数增高、中性粒细胞比率增高、淋巴细胞比率降低和C反应蛋白增高可能是发生危重症病例的高危因素.合并严重肺炎和急性呼吸窘迫综合征,以及脑炎/脑病是导致死亡的主要因素.     

Serum KL‐6 and surfactant protein D in children with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza infection

Background: A global pandemic influenza A (H1N1) outbreak occurred in 2009. Rapid progress of respiratory distress is one of the characteristic features of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection. The physiologic mechanism causing hypoxia in pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection, however, has not been elucidated. Methods: The serum levels of KL‐6 and surfactant protein D (SP‐D) were evaluated in 21 cases of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection associated with chest radiographic abnormality in order to estimate alveolar involvement. The clinical features were also analyzed. Results: All of the patients had high fever, and rapidly progressed to respiratory distress within several days of disease onset. Despite mild radiographic abnormality in these patients, dyspnea was severe and they had low blood oxygen saturation levels. Many of the patients had a history of allergic diseases including asthma. Serum KL‐6 and SP‐D levels on admission were 191 ± 69 U/mL and 32.6 ± 18.9 ng/mL, respectively. These two levels were still below the upper normal limit 1 week later. There were no clear relationships between specific clinical symptoms and KL‐6 or SP‐D levels. All patients were treated with oseltamivir and/or zanamivir, and improved without mechanical ventilation management. Conclusion: KL‐6 and SP‐D elevation were not significant in pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection associated with chest radiographic abnormality. In pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection, alveolar involvement was estimated to be little, and severe respiratory distress was probably caused by obstruction of peripheral bronchi.