达那唑胶囊人体生物等效性研究

目的 研究达那唑胶囊的人体生物等效性与药动学。方法 18名健康女性志愿者单剂量随机交叉口服达那唑胶囊的受试制剂和参比制剂200mg,用HPLC法测定血浆中达那唑浓度。结果 口服达那唑胶囊的受试制剂和参比制剂的药动学参数:t_1/2(消除半衰期)分别为(8.73±3.33)h和(8.04±4.19)h;达峰时间分别为(3.5±1.3)h和(3.7±1.7)h;达峰浓度分别为(112.40±67.34)ng·ml^-1和(124.79±73.91)ng·ml^-1;AUC_0-24分别为(976.54±633.6)ng·h·ml^-1和(946.64±605.85)ng·h·ml^-1;AUC_0-∞分别为(1189.22±692.75)ng·h·ml^-1和(1118.5±637.11)ng·h·ml^-1;达那唑胶囊的相对生物利用度F为(104.4±17.9)%。对参数经统计学处理,两种制剂的药代动学参数相近。结论 两种达那唑胶囊具有生物等效性。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中卡托普利和人体药动学的研究

目的　建立简便的测定人血浆中卡托普利血药浓度的高效液相色谱法 ,研究卡托普利在健康人体中的药动学参数。方法　以对溴苯乙酰基溴为紫外衍生化试剂 ,采用高效液相色谱紫外检测法测定 18名健康志愿受试者口服单剂量卡托普利受试制剂和参比制剂 ( 5 0mg)后血药浓度。结果　卡托普利的血药浓度标准曲线的线性范围为 2 5～ 12 0 0ng·mL- 1 ,其最低定量限为 2 5ng·mL- 1 ,日内及日间RSD均小于 8%。应用所建立的血药浓度检测方法测定 18名健康志愿受试者口服单剂量卡托普利受试制剂和参比制剂 ( 5 0mg)后血药浓度 ,并计算药动学参数。结果表明口服受试制剂或参比制剂后的tmax分别为( 0 6 4± 0 18)h和 ( 0 82± 0 4 1)h ;Cmax分别为 ( 6 0 0 2± 194 3)ng·mL- 1 和 ( 5 82 7± 175 3)ng·mL- 1 ;AUC0→ 8h分别为 ( 14 4 8 5± 4 83 7)ng·h·mL- 1 和 ( 1389 9± 392 5 )ng·h·mL- 1 ;AUC0→∞ 分别为 ( 186 9 4± 70 1 6 )ng·h·mL- 1 和 ( 1781 8± 6 15 5 )ng·h·mL- 1 。结论　本方法操作便捷 ,灵敏度高 ,为血药浓度监测及药代动力学研究提供了方法学基础     

雷贝拉唑钠肠溶胶囊Beagle犬体内药动学及生物等效性研究

目的：建立HPLC-MS测定方法分析Beagle犬血浆中雷贝拉唑的含量,并作不同厂家两种雷贝拉唑钠肠溶胶囊的药动学及生物等效性研究。方法：6只Beagle犬随机分为两组,采用单剂量双周期交叉试验,分别口服给予60 mg雷贝拉唑钠肠溶胶囊受试制剂或参比制剂,给药后不同时间点采血,测定血药浓度,利用DAS3.0软件计算药动学参数,并比较两个厂家生产的制剂的生物等效性。结果：Beagle犬单次给予雷贝拉唑钠肠溶胶囊受试制剂和参比制剂后的tmax分别为（3.57±0.91）h和（3.43±0.87）h,Cmax分别为（539.03±129.13）ng·mL-1和（554.90±135.75）ng·mL-1,t1/2分别为（2.20±0.90）h和（2.09±0.78）h,药时曲线下面积AUC（0→24 h）分别为（1341.40±442.03）ng·h·mL-1和（1319.41±402.29）ng·h·mL-1。结论：结果表明不同厂家的两种雷贝拉唑钠肠溶胶囊具有生物等效性。     

2种左甲状腺素钠片的人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究2种左甲状腺素钠片的人体生物等效性。方法:按照两制剂两周期随机交叉设计,26名男女健康受试者分别单剂量口服受试制剂(Berlthyrox)或参比制剂(雷替斯)6片(每片含左甲状腺素钠100μg)。采用放射免疫法测定血清中T4、T3浓度,并计算药动学参数,评价2种制剂的生物等效性。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的T4主要药动学参数分别为:cmax(138.54±16.22)、(147.45±16.92)ng·mL-1,tmax(2.4±1.0)、(2.3±2.2)h,t1/2(253.58±155.94)、(467.97±638.97)h,AUC0～48h(5550.27±679.50)、(5817.83±649.35)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞(48065.79±28322.17)、(85248.31±113292.36)ng·h·mL-1;T3的主要药动学分别为:cmax(1.56±0.23)、(1.55±0.18)ng·mL-1,tmax(39.7±16.5)、(35.4±18.8)h,t1/2(117.55±107.94)、(105.29±65.78)h,AUC0～48h(64.09±7.52)、(65.06±7.60)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞(330.15±250.21)、(307.33±126.61)ng·h·mL-1。受试制剂与参比制剂T4、T3的相对生物利用度分别为(95.9±11.6)%、(99.2±12.6)%。结论:2种左甲状腺素钠片生物等效。     

环孢素A胶囊人体生物利用度及生物等效性研究

采用两阶段双交叉实验设计,研究了19名健康志愿者单剂量口服环孢素A胶囊(受试制剂)和环孢素A软胶囊(参比制剂)的人体生物利用度及生物等效性。采用HPLC法测定全血中的药物浓度。受试制剂和参比制剂的药动学参数分别为AUC0→24h(7993.0±2535.1)和(8295.6±2295.9)ng·h·ml-1、AUC0→∞(8851.7±2815.0)和(9258.0±2523.7)ng·h·ml-1、Cmax(1500.3±348.8)和(1742.9±361.3)ng/ml、Tmax(2.63±0.55)和(1.39±0.49)h、T1/2(7.11±3.24)和(7.04±2.47)h。经统计分析,前三者药动学参数无显著性差异(P>0.05),两种制剂生物等效,而Tmax则差异较大。     

2种头孢地尼制剂在健康人体内的生物等效性研究

目的:研究国产头孢地尼分散片和进口头孢地尼胶囊在健康人体内的药动学和生物利用度,评价二者的生物等效性。方法:20名男性健康志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服受试制剂(国产)或参比制剂(进口)200mg后,采用高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中头孢地尼的浓度,以DAS3.0程序计算药物的药动学参数。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数分别为:cmax(1.818±0.544)、(1.900±0.560)ng·mL-1,tmax(3.800±0.750)、(3.925±0.766)h,AUC0～12h(9279.7±2650.3)、(9977.9±2949.3)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞(9639.9±2768.0)、(10304.4±3077.4)ng·h·mL-1。受试制剂相对生物利用度为(95.5±24.3)%。结论:受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

米索前列醇片人体药动学及生物利用度研究

目的建立人血浆中米索前列醇浓度的液相色谱-质谱-质谱联用测定方法,研究健康受试者口服米索前列醇片受试制剂和参比制剂的药动学及相对生物利用度和生物等效性.方法20名健康女性受试者随机分为2组,先后单剂量、交叉口服受试制剂和参比制剂0.6 mg后,采用液相色谱-质谱-质谱联用测定方法测定血药浓度.结果受试制剂、参比制剂的主要动力学参数为tmax分别为(28.5±12.8)min和(31.9±11.9)min,Cmax分别为(981±737)ng·L-1和(857±600)ng·L-1,t1/2分别为(1.18±0.31)h和(1.12±0.33)h;AUC0-t分别为(1 054±802)ng·h·L-1和(930±575)ng·h·L-1,AUC0-∞分别为(1086±815)ng·h·L-1和(961±589)ng·h·L-1.结论经方差分析、双单侧t检验及90%置信区间法统计表明两制剂具有生物等效性.     

愈美分散片人体药动学及制剂生物等效性研究

建立了同时测定人血浆中氧去甲右美沙芬及愈创木酚甘油醚浓度的高效液相色谱 紫外检测法 ,并初步研究了以上两种药物在人体内的药动学性质。运用此法对 18名健康男性受试者单剂量交叉口服愈美分散片 (受试制剂 )和速立糖浆 (参比制剂 )后的酶水解血浆进行测定 ,并绘制了血浆药物浓度 时间曲线。口服愈美分散片测得 :氧去甲右美沙芬Tmax为 (1 89± 0 5 3)h ,Cmax为 (892 6±315 0 )ng/mL ,AUC0 -t为 (4 15 3 2± 115 1 9)ng·h·mL-1;愈创木酚甘油醚Tmax为 (0 6 5± 0 2 7)h ,Cmax为 (15 45 1± 493 6 )ng/mL ,AUC0 -t为 (2 6 89 8± 72 8 2 )ng·h·mL-1。口服速立糖浆测得 :氧去甲右美沙芬Tmax为 (1 81± 0 2 5 )h ,Cmax为 (85 5 0± 2 0 7 6 )ng/mL ,AUC0 -t为 (4 0 0 1 8± 75 3 5 )ng·h·mL-1;愈创木酚甘油醚Tmax 为 (0 5 0± 0 2 1)h ,Cmax 为 (1942 4± 437 6 )ng/mL ,AUC0 -t为 (3382 8±85 6 5 )ng·h·mL-1。氧去甲右美沙芬的相对生物利用度平均为 (10 3 6± 19 3) % ,愈创木酚甘油醚的相对生物利用度平均为 (86 9± 13 4) %。统计结果表明 ,两种制剂生物等效     

盐酸氟西汀口腔崩解片人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究盐酸氟西汀口腔崩解片在健康人体内的药动学及相对生物利用度。方法:18名健康志愿者分别单剂量交叉口服盐酸氟西汀口腔崩解片(受试制剂)和盐酸氟西汀胶囊(参比制剂)40mg,用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,以3p97程序计算药动学参数并进行生物等效性评价。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂在体内血药浓度药-时曲线呈一室模型,tmax分别为(5·17±1·10)、(5·11±1·02)h,Cmax分别为(76·24±38·42)、(77·92±34·97)ng·mL-1,AUC0～150分别为(3216·21±899·69)、(3220·62±1275·57)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞分别为(3570·60±1299·29)、(3662·49±1444·69)ng·h·mL-1。经组间t检验,受试制剂与参比制剂药动学参数无显著性差异(P>0·05),受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(96·47±10·43)%。结论:盐酸氟西汀口腔崩解片与盐酸氟西汀胶囊具有生物等效性。     

辛伐他汀口腔崩解片的人体生物等效性研究

目的:比较2种辛伐他汀制剂的人体生物等效性。方法:18名健康男性志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服辛伐他汀口腔崩解片(受试制剂)与辛伐他汀片(参比制剂)40mg,用液-质联用法测定人血浆中药物浓度,并用3p97软件计算药动学参数和生物利用度。结果:2种辛伐他汀制剂在人体内药-时曲线符合一室模型,受试制剂与参比制剂的Cmax分别为(6.73±5.22)、(7.08±5.41)ng·mL-1,tmax分别为(2.11±0.74)、(1.89±0.85)h,AUC0～12分别为(19.83±19.09)、(19.98±18.20)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞分别为(22.18±20.09)、(22.41±21.07)ng·h·mL-1。受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(99.25±13.11)%。结论:2种辛伐他汀制剂具有生物等效性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.