超细内镜辅助金属支架置入治疗结直肠癌合并急性肠梗阻的临床研究（含视频）

目的 探讨超细内镜辅助置入肠道金属支架治疗结直肠癌合并急性肠梗阻的临床疗效。方法 对56例结直肠癌合并急性肠梗阻患者行超细内镜辅助下置入国产肠道金属支架治疗，观察治疗效果。结果 56例患者中直肠癌11例，乙状结肠癌18例 ，降结肠癌13例，横结肠癌9例，升结肠和（或）回盲部癌5例。肠道支架成功置入52例（92.9%），支架置入手术时间30~90 min，无穿孔、出血、感染及心肺功能意外等并发症。24~48 h内急性肠梗阻缓解52例，支架置入成功后缓解率100.0%。支架置入失败4例（7.1%），均急诊外科手术造瘘治疗。46例患者支架置入后7~10 d行肠癌根治术，术后无一例并发吻合口瘘，无一例术后30 d死亡，3年生存率为58.7%（27/46）。结论 超细内镜辅助肠道金属支架置入治疗结直肠癌合并急性肠梗阻安全、有效，能够及时缓解或消除患者肠梗阻症状，外科根治术后并发症发生率低。     

老年人左半结直肠癌致急性肠梗阻的急诊手术治疗探讨

目的：探讨老年人左半结直肠癌致急性肠梗阻的急诊手术治疗方法及效果。方法回顾性分析2008-01～2012-01郑州人民医院收治的103例左半结直肠癌致急性肠梗阻的病例资料。结果左半结肠癌肠梗阻者71例,行左半结肠根治术一期吻合26例,Hartmann术19例,行结肠造口后二期肿瘤切除术7例,腹腔多发转移行结肠造口19例;直肠癌肠梗阻者32例,行肠梗阻套管减压后行直肠癌Dixon根治术5例, Hartmann术16例,因腹腔广泛转移行乙状结肠双腔造口术11例。术后发生吻合口漏6例,切口感染6例,均经积极非手术治疗痊愈。术后肺炎死亡2例。结论老年人左半结直肠癌致急性肠梗阻治疗的首要目标是解除梗阻及挽救患者生命,应根据患者的情况及医院的医疗条件选择合适的手术方式。     

经肛型肠梗阻减压导管在急性结直肠癌梗阻患者的应用体会

目的探讨肠梗阻减压导管对结直肠癌所致急性肠梗阻的治疗作用。方法 2009年5月至2010年3月,对6例肠梗阻患者应用经肛型肠梗阻减压导管。结果经2～5d肠梗阻导管减压治疗,6例急性肠梗阻症状均缓解,均可限期行腹腔镜或开腹一期切除和吻合,术后随访1～6个月,中位数2个月,未见吻合口漏等并发症。结论经肛型肠梗阻减压导管用于治疗急性左半结肠恶性梗阻安全有效,同时可减少肠造瘘口和二期手术的痛苦和风险。     

手术治疗结直肠癌合并急性肠梗阻156例临床分析

目的探讨结直肠癌合并急性肠梗阻患者的手术治疗方法。方法回顾性分析156例行手术治疗的结直肠癌合并急性肠梗阻患者的临床资料。结果本组131例行结肠一期切除吻合术,其中21例行左半结肠切除,行横结肠切除8例,行右半结肠切除术61例,行乙状结肠切除26例,Dixon术15例;行分期手术13例;3例行一期造瘘、二期肿瘤切除肠吻合术;因肿瘤无法切除而行单纯造瘘术9例。本组围手术期死亡3例。153例肠梗阻得到缓解。术后发生切口感染9例,吻合口漏8例,肺部感染2例,输尿管损伤1例,经对症处理后痊愈。随访9个月～5年。术后1年生存率为90.1%(136/151),3年生存率为51.7%(78/151),5年生存率为40.4%(61/151)。结论结直肠癌合并急性肠梗阻确诊后应及早手术治疗。应根据患者的具体情况选择术式,在严格掌握适应证的情况下,尽量争取行一期肠切除吻合术。     

使用刚性引导技术行支架置入术治疗结直肠癌梗阻的疗效分析

目的探讨使用刚性引导技术行金属支架置入术治疗结直肠癌梗阻的可行性及临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2018年9月收治的77例结直肠癌梗阻患者的临床资料,记录使用刚性引导技术行金属支架置入术的操作时间、术后24 h脐水平的腹围缩小程度、术后腹胀缓解时间、术后不良反应,分析技术成功率,临床成功率和并发症。 结果77例结直肠癌梗阻的患者共置入金属支架85枚,技术成功率100%,手术时间30~240（中位50）min,其中6例患者置入2枚金属支架,1例患者置入3枚金属支架。患者术前测量脐水平的腹围为（107.8±12.1）cm,术后24 h降至（83.9±8.2）cm,缩小程度为（23.4±11.2）cm,术后中位腹胀缓解时间为1.9 d（1~6 d）。肠梗阻症状完全治愈62例（80.5%）,症状改善9例（11.7%）,症状无改善6例（7.8%）,临床成功率为93.5%。3例（3.9%）患者出现腹痛症状,1例（1.3%）患者出现少量便血,无患者发生支架移位。26例患者于金属支架置入术后5~14 d行外科手术治疗,出现伤口感染1例,无肠漏、肠梗阻并发症;51例姑息性治疗患者支架通畅率1个月时为92.2%,3个月时为84.7%,6个月时为68.4%,12个月时为46.9%。 结论数字减影血管造影技术（DSA）下金属支架置入术是治疗结直肠癌梗阻的一种安全有效的治疗措施,同时采用刚性的引导技术可提高技术成功率。     

非X线下超细内镜引导肠道支架置入术在晚期结直肠癌中的应用

目的 探讨非X线下超细内镜引导自膨式金属肠道支架置入术在晚期结直肠癌引起的恶性肠梗阻中的临床价值.方法 应用超细内镜引导置入自膨式金属肠道支架治疗结直肠恶性梗阻26例,其中直肠8例,乙状结肠7例,降结肠9例,回盲部2例.分析其临床疗效.结果 26例结直肠癌引起的恶性肠梗阻患者,肠道支架置入成功率100％(26/26),...     

胃出口、十二指肠和近端小肠恶性梗阻的内镜治疗

目的 探讨经内镜金属支架置入术治疗胃出口、十二指肠和近端小肠恶性梗阻的临床价值.方法 对1999年3月至2005年3月经内镜放置金属支架治疗的21例胃出口、十二指肠和近端小肠恶性梗阻患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 21例中20例放置支架成功,成功率为95.2%,其中4例采取经内镜钳道（TTS）方式释放支架,16例为经导丝直接释放支架.19例支架放置后1-3d梗阻症状得到缓解或消除,临床有效率为90.5%,平均生存期4.5个月.1例术后出血,予保守治疗而愈.1例术后1个月支架移位,1例术后2个月肿瘤向支架内浸润生长,导致梗阻复发,均予放置第2根支架后缓解.结论 经内镜放置金属支架治疗胃出口、十二指肠和近端小肠恶性梗阻是一种简单可行、安全有效的方法.     

内镜下肠道支架置入术在治疗结直肠癌并肠梗阻中的应用和价值

目的:评价肠道支架在治疗结直肠癌并急性肠梗阻中的安全性、有效性及临床应用价值.方法:收集南昌大学第一附属医院2010-01/2014-12因结直肠癌性梗阻就诊患者,共263例,在内镜下和/或X射线监测下引导行支架置入治疗,分析放置支架成功率,术后并发症发生率,症状缓解率,手术切除率等指标.结果:258例放置支架成功(98.1%);术后发并穿孔1.1%(3例),出血3.8%(10例)、发热4.6%(12例),其他如支架脱落及移位等3.0%(8例);症状缓解率:腹痛97.3%(256例),腹胀98.1%(258例),肛门排便98.1%(258例);手术切除率:60例为姑息性治疗,198例行于支架置入术后5-13 d后行肠道准备后手术治疗,143例行一期手术切除肿瘤.结论:内镜下肠道支架置入能很好地解除肠梗阻症状,其中急诊内镜下支架置入可作为术前过渡治疗,可以将急诊手术转为择期手术,二期手术转为一期手术,减轻临床医生的手术难度和风险、降低术后等并发症发生率,减轻患者痛苦,提高了患者生存质量,值得大力推广应用.     

经肠镜导管减压术在急性低位结直肠梗阻中的应用

目的初步评价经肛型肠梗阻减压导管在急性低位结直肠梗阻中的应用价值。方法2004年11月至2005年12月,11例急性完全性机械性低位结直肠梗阻患者行肠梗阻导管置入术,冲洗引流7 d 后手术。结果 11例患者9例成功,2例失败,其中1例系导丝无法通过狭窄部、另1例是肿块位于横结肠中部。成功9例患者的腹围由术前的(91±4)cm,减小到(82±2)cm;导管内每天引流量-600～3 200 ml 不等,术后7 d 腹部平片较术前明显好转。结论肠梗阻减压导管治疗急性低位结直肠梗阻是有效的,安全的,有望成为治疗急性低位结直肠梗阻的首选措施。     

急性结直肠梗阻内镜下金属支架引流术的操作要点和疗效评价

急性结直肠梗阻是一种临床常见的急诊,15％～20％的结直肠癌以急性肠梗阻为首发症状,传统的治疗观念是急诊手术,剖腹探查解除梗阻和结肠造瘘。随着结肠镜技术的发展,内镜下金属支架引流术已成为了治疗急性结直肠梗阻的首选方法。     

Clinical outcomes and patency of self-expanding metal stents in patients with malignant colorectal obstruction: a prospective single center study

BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS: Self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) have been used as a palliative treatment for malignant colorectal obstruction. However, the reports about primary stent patency rate and associated factors have been limited. This study was performed to evaluate clinical outcomes and factors associated with long-term complications and patency of SEMS in patients with malignant colorectal obstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who underwent palliative endoscopic placement with uncovered SEMS for a malignant colorectal obstruction were prospectively enrolled at Seoul National University Hospital between April 2005 and August 2007. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients underwent 51 SEMS placements. Obstruction sites were rectum in 15 patients (30.6%), descending or sigmoid colon in 25 (51.0%), and transverse colon in nine (18.4%), respectively. The causes of obstruction were colorectal cancer in 36 patients (73.5%), direct invasion of gastric cancer in seven (14.3%) and others in six (12.2%). Technical success was achieved in 100% and clinical success in 86%, and there was one procedure-related perforation. Re-obstruction and migration occurred in 16% and 6%, respectively, during mean follow-up period of 331 days. Median stent patency duration was 204 days, and patency rates at 30, 90, and 180 days were 91.2%, 81.0%, and 53.3%, respectively, which was not associated with patient demographics, site of obstruction, or palliative chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic SEMS placement is a safe and effective palliative treatment for malignant colorectal obstruction, and overall long-term complication and patency were favorable irrespective of the palliative chemotherapy.     

Preoperative Colonoscopy for Detection of Synchronous Neoplasms after Insertion of Self-Expandable Metal Stents in Occlusive Colorectal Cancer: Comparison of Covered and Uncovered Stents

Background/Aims

In patients with occlusive colorectal cancers, a complete preoperative evaluation of the colon proximal to the obstruction is often impossible. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of preoperative colonoscopy after stent placement and to determine whether the success rate of colonoscopy differs between covered and uncovered stents.

Methods

Seventy-three patients with malignant colorectal obstruction were enrolled prospectively. In patients with a resectable cancer, a preoperative colonoscopy was performed after insertion of a self-expandable metal stent (SEMS). The success rate of complete preoperative colonoscopy was compared between covered and uncovered stents.

Results

Forty-five of 73 patients who underwent stent placement had a resectable cancer (61.6%). A complete preoperative colonoscopy was possible in 40 of 45 patients (88.9%). The success rate of complete preoperative colonoscopy was significantly lower in the covered-stent group when the obstructing mass lesion was located in the sigmoid colon (p=0.024). Synchronous cancer was detected in one patient (2.2%). Stent migration was observed in four patients with a covered stent.

Conclusions

A preoperative complete colonoscopy after SEMS placement was feasible and safe in most patients with malignant colorectal obstruction. Uncovered stents seem to have more advantages than covered stents in preoperative colonoscopy proximal to the obstruction.     

Update on the Indications and Use of Colonic Stents

Self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) placement is a minimally invasive option for achieving acute colonic decompression in obstructed colorectal cancer. Colorectal stenting offers nonoperative, immediate, and effective colon decompression and allows bowel preparation for an elective oncologic resection. Patients who benefit the most are high-risk surgical patients and candidates for laparoscopic resection with complete obstruction, because emergency surgery can be avoided in more than 90% of patients. Colonic stent placement also offers effective palliation of malignant colonic obstruction, although it carries risks of delayed complications. When performed by experienced endoscopists, the technical success rate is high with a low procedural complication rate. Despite concerns of tumor seeding following endoscopic colorectal stent placement, no difference exists in oncologic long-term survival between patients who undergo stent placement followed by elective resection and those undergoing emergency bowel resection. Colorectal stents have also been used in selected patients with benign colonic strictures. Uncovered metal stents should be avoided in these patients, and fully covered stents are associated with high risk of migration. Patients with benign colonic stricture with acute colonic obstruction who are at high risk for emergency surgery can gain temporary relief of obstruction after SEMS placement; the stent can be removed en bloc with the colon specimen at surgery. This article reviews the techniques and indications of SEMS placement for benign and malignant colorectal obstructions.     

小肠减压管联合结肠金属支架置入治疗恶性结肠梗阻的临床研究

目的 探索小肠减压管联合结肠金属支架置入治疗恶性结肠梗阻的临床价值。方法 回顾性队列研究收集2010年6月至2018年9月在浙江大学医学院附属杭州市第一人民医院消化科因恶性结肠梗阻接受消化内镜治疗的患者，根据治疗方案，分为小肠减压管联合结肠金属支架置入组（联合组）和单纯结肠金属支架置入组（单纯组），比较两组在支架操作成功率、并发症发生率、后续外科手术吻合方式及并发症发生率、住院天数及治疗费用等方面的差异。结果 共纳入83例患者，其中联合组18例，单纯组65例，两组患者一般情况比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。联合组与单纯组支架置入成功率比较差异无统计学意义[100%（18/18）比 98.5%（64/65），?2=0.280，P=0.597），支架置入术后并发症发生率比较差异也无统计学意义[5.6%（1/18）比 21.9%（14/64），?2=2.432，P=0.119）。联合在有8例、单纯组有24例在我院行外科手术治疗，联合组支架置入到外科手术时间（6.75±1.28）d，短于单纯组的（9.58±5.76）d（t=3.649，P=0.000），联合组外科术后感染并发症发生率12.5%（1/8），低于单纯组的54.2%（13/24）（P=0.045）。两组手术吻合方式、住院天数、住院费用比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 内镜下金属支架置入或联合小肠减压管治疗恶性肠梗阻安全有效，且金属支架置入前使用小肠减压管可缩短接受外科手术时间，降低外科手术后感染发生率。     

Histological findings after placement of a self-expanding stent in rectal carcinoma with complete obstruction--case report

Patients with acute obstruction due to colorectal carcinomas frequently require emergency surgery. However, such emergency procedures are associated with various complications, a high mortality rate and a poor prognosis. If the obstruction could be immediately relieved, the patient could later undergo an elective operation with a much better prognosis. Recently, expanding metallic stents have been used to treat obstruction due to colorectal carcinoma. In the case reported here, we initially inserted a colonoscopic retrograde bowel drainage tube per anus to achieve decompression. We then placed a self-expanding metallic stent, since we anticipated a prolonged preoperative period due to high fever, congestive heart failure, cerebral infarction, and persistent high blood sugar concentrations. The patient had no complications for 57 days after placement of the stent, and eventually underwent an elective operation. Histologically, the side of the cancerous lesion compressed by the stent was thin and consisted solely of a serosal layer. Implantation of a metallic stent is safe for the treatment of acute malignant obstruction. Stent placement is indicated not only as a palliative treatment for inoperable or recurrent cases, but also as a preoperative procedure before elective surgical resection.     

Long-term release of a malignant ileal obstruction by placement of a colorectal self-expandable metal stent

An 84-year-old man underwent the Hartmann procedure with an R1 resection for advanced rectal cancer. One year after surgery, the patient presented with abdominal pain and vomiting. Abdominal radiography and computed tomography revealed an expanding small bowel and ileal obstruction caused by invasion of local, recurrent rectal cancer. In order to release the ileal obstruction, a colorectal self-expandable metal stent was placed via a through-the-scope technique using a colonoscope inserted through a stoma in the transverse colon. After stent placement, the patient’s clinical symptoms and signs improved and the symptoms of obstruction did not recur. No major complications associated with the placement of the stent were observed during the 7-month follow-up period. Thus, self-expandable metal stents are a safe and effective palliative treatment for malignant gastroduodenal or colorectal obstructions, and as a bridge to surgery. However, endoscopic placement of these stents in cases of malignant small bowel obstruction is not yet feasible because of the limitations of endoscopic access and the stent delivery system. To our knowledge, this is the first report of malignant ileal obstruction treated with a colorectal self-expandable metal stent using a colonoscope. This case indicates that colorectal self-expandable metal stents can be effectively and safely used to treat malignant ileal obstructions.     

Delayed ischemic gangrene change of distal limb despite optimal decompressed colostomy constructed in obstructed sigmoid colon cancer： A case report

Creating blow-hole colostomy for decompression couldprovide a time-saving and efficient surgical procedure fora severely debilitated case with a completely obstructedcolorectal cancer.Complications are reported as prolapse,retraction,and paracolostomal abscess.However,complication with an ischemic distal limb has not beenreported.We report a case of critical intra-abdominaldisease after decompressed colostomy for relievingmalignant sigmoid colon obstruction;a potential fatalcondition should be alerted.A 76-year-old male visitedour emergency department for symptoms related toobstructed sigmoid colon tumor with foul-odor vomituscontaining fecal-like materials.An emergent blow-holecolostomy proximal to an obstructed sigmoid lesion wascreated,and resolution of complete colon obstructionwas pursued.Unfortunately,extensive abdominal painfuldistention with board-like abdomen and sudden onset ofhigh fever with leukocytopenia developed subsequently.Such surgical abdomen rendered a secondarylaparotomy with resection of the sigmoid tumor alongwith an ischemic colon segment located proximally upto the previously created colostomy.Eventually,thepatient had an uneventful postoperative hospital stay.In the present article,we have described an emergentcondition of sudden onset of distal limb ischemia afterblow-hole colostomy and concluded that despite the decompressed colostomy would resolve acute malignantcolon obstruction efficiently;impending ischemic bowelmay progress with a possible irreversible peritonitis.Any patient,who undergoes a decompressed colostomywithout resection of the obstructed lesion,should bemonitored with leukocyte count and abdominal conditionsurvey frequently.     

Colorectal stenting as an effective therapy for preoperative and palliative treatment of large bowel obstruction: 9 years’ experience

Background Since their introduction, selfextending metal stents (SEMS) have established themselves as an option in the treatment of obstructive colorectal cancer. Thanks to stenting, patients traditionally treated with emergency surgery can now be converted to scheduled surgery with mechanical preparation of the colon and primary anastomosis. Stenting represents a valid one-step surgical alternative for intestinal obstruction of the colon. Methods We performed a prospective study of 95 patients (mean age, 68 years; range 48–94) with large bowel obstruction due to colorectal cancer treated with SEMS placed under fluoroscopic guidance, some as a bridge to surgery (group A) and others with palliative intent (group B). Computed tomography was performed for diagnostic purposes and to study the extent of disease. Results Treatment was palliative in 28 cases (group B) and as a bridge to surgery in 67 (group A). The latter group underwent mechanical preparation of the colon and elective surgery. No patients died as a result of the procedure. In 90 cases (95%), treatment was effective and the obstruction resolved. Complications were 4 cases of perforation, 1 of tenesmus, 4 obstructions and 4 migrations. In 7 cases, a second stent was inserted to allow subsequent scheduled surgery. Conclusions Self-extending stents resolve colorectal cancer obstruction and allow optimal patient staging and scheduled surgical treatment. Stenting is also a useful option in advanced or irresectable tumors, avoiding the need for surgery and offering good palliation.     

Outcomes after stenting for malignant large bowel obstruction without radiologist support

AIM: To assess outcomes after colonic stent insertion for obstructing colorectal malignancies performed by an endoscopist without radiologist support.METHODS: This is a retrospective study of all stents inserted by a single surgeon in a District General Hospital over an eight year period. All stents were inserted for patients with acute large bowel obstruction secondary to a malignant colorectal pathology either for palliation or as a bridge to surgery. Procedures were performed by a single surgeon endoscopically with fluoroscopic control in the X-ray department but without the support of an interventional radiologist. Data was collected prospectively on a pre-designed database.RESULTS: The indication for all stent procedures was an obstructing colorectal malignancy. Out of 53 patients, the overall success rate was 90.6%. Eight patients had a stent intended as a bridge to surgery and 45 as a palliative procedure. Technical success was achieved in 50 out of 53 procedures (94.3%) and clinical success in 48 of those remaining 50 (96.0%). Those with unsuccessful technical or clinical procedures went on to have defunctioning stomas to treat their obstruction. There were six complications from the technically successful stents (12.0%). These included one migration, one persisting obstructive symptoms and four cases of tumour overgrowth of the stents at a later date. Haemorrhagic complications, perforation or mortality were not observed in our series. Our results are comparable to several other studies assessing stent outcomes for obstructing bowel cancer.CONCLUSION: Our data suggests that colorectal stents can be inserted without radiologist support by an adequately trained individual with good outcomes.