正常中国汉族儿童角膜的共焦显微镜研究

目的采用角膜激光共焦显微镜对正常中国汉族儿童活体角膜各层组织结构进行观察,分析正常中国汉族儿童角膜各层细胞的活体细胞形态学特征及密度。方法 49例6～13岁正常中国汉族儿童中央部角膜进行活体共焦显微镜检查,研究角膜各层结构的图象特点,并分析角膜各层细胞的密度,与成年人进行对比。结果中国汉族儿童正常角膜上皮表层细胞排列疏松,边界清楚,胞体较大,核反光较强,又称翼状细胞;基底层细胞排列紧密,呈规则的蜂巢状,胞质反光弱,正常情况下未见细胞核,细胞平均密度为5947.58±769.3个/mm2。前弹力膜为无细胞结构的膜状物,可见串珠状的神经纤维走行。基质层中可见在相对较暗的背景下明亮的角膜基质细胞核。角膜基质内有神经纤维分布。前基质层角膜细胞平均密度为1621.12±123.26个/mm2,后基质层角膜细胞平均密度为984.71±113.17个/mm2,前后基质层细胞密度有显著性差别（P〈0.05）。后弹力层中无细胞结构,为均一无结构组织。内皮细胞层表现为规则的六边形结构,细胞结构清晰,细胞平均密度为3682.38±251.87个/mm2。左右眼及男女之间角膜各层细胞密度的差异无统计学意义（P=0.341～0.611和P=0.194～0.855）。各层角膜细胞的面积和密度与性别和眼别无差异。中国汉族儿童角膜各层细胞的密度较正常成人高。结论角膜激光共焦显微镜能够在实时、活体和三维空间从细胞水平清晰观察中国汉族儿童活体角膜各层细胞的形态结构,可以对角膜各层结构进行定性和定量分析,在儿童角膜病的研究和临床诊断方面是十分有用的工具。     

活体粘连虹膜在角膜激光共焦显微镜下表现及图像分类

目的 应用角膜激光共焦显微镜观察活体粘连虹膜的形态学特征.方法 临床病例观察对比研究.对2008年3月至2011年3月在深圳市眼科医院应用共焦显微镜观察15例各种原因引起虹膜与角膜粘连的患者,进行角膜激光共焦显微镜检查,透过透明的角膜组织观察到了活体粘连虹膜组织的共焦显微镜图像,并对图像进行分类研究.结果 角膜激光共焦显微镜下活体粘连虹膜的形态结构分为6种:(1)树干状支架结构.(2)树枝状支架结构.(3)树丛状支架结构;(4)结果状结构.(5)上皮样结构.(6)深层结构.结论 角膜激光显微镜能够观察特定条件下的活体虹膜显微结构,特别能清晰观察虹膜表面的支架结构和色素团块结构,有助于对各种累及虹膜疾病的深入理解.     

正常人活体角膜组织结构的共焦显微镜观察

目的 用共焦显微镜对正常人活体角膜各层组织结构进行观察和分析。方法 ６０例（１２０只眼）正常人角膜分为３组。Ａ组：５～１４岁,２０例（４０只眼）;Ｂ组：１５～４５岁,２２例（４４只眼）;Ｃ组４６～７０岁,１８例（３６只眼）。共焦显微镜检查的各层角膜图像均被记录,并对各层组织细胞形态、细胞密度及面积的结果进行分析。结果 各层角膜细胞的面积和密度与性别和眼别无差异,Ｂ组和Ｃ组之间无差异。角膜表层上皮细     

颗粒状角膜营养不良活体共焦显微镜形态学研究

目的研究颗粒状角膜营养不良角膜各层组织的共焦显微镜形态改变。方法应用Confoscan2.0共焦显微镜对13例(26眼)颗粒状角膜营养不良患者的角膜进行扫描检查,记录与分析各层角膜图像。结果所有患眼前基质细胞及16/26眼后基质细胞结构不清,排列紊乱,并可见短棒状多形性强反光;6/26眼前弹力层不规则并增厚,神经纤维密度明显下降;6/26眼角膜上皮基底细胞层可见不定型的强反光;2/26眼角膜上皮细胞边界不清,排列呈疏松的蜂窝状,并出现不透明的强反光;所有患者角膜内皮细胞形态基本正常。视力0.3以下的患眼角膜上皮细胞层、上皮基底细胞层、前弹力层、后基质层发生形态异常的比例高于0.3以上的患眼(P<0.05)。结论1.共焦显微镜可活体检查颗粒状角膜营养不良角膜组织各层结构,起到类似病理组织切片的作用。2.前基质层形态异常可能是颗粒状角膜营养不良最基本的共焦显微镜形态特征,病情越重,前基质层以外的其它层次发生形态异常的可能性越大,但内皮细胞层一般不受累。3.共焦显微镜检查对颗粒状角膜营养不良手术方式的选择具有一定的参考价值。     

乳化硅油滴在活体角膜内皮的共焦显微镜表现

目的 采用角膜激光共焦显微镜观察乳化硅油滴在活体角膜内皮面的形态,比较并总结其特点.方法 应用自身对照研究.对近年来在深圳市眼科医院就诊的20例(20只眼)临床硅油乳化的患者采用激光角膜共焦显微镜检查其角膜,分析研究其图像特点,总结乳化硅油滴在活体角膜内皮的共焦显微镜表现.结果 乳化硅油滴在角膜内皮面有着不同的大小和排列方式,镶嵌于角膜内皮面,并伴有角膜内皮细胞的明显水肿增大,内皮细胞的结构不清,仅有模糊轮廓.结论 采用新型的激光角膜共焦显微镜可以观察到乳化硅油滴对角膜内皮细胞的直接损害.该检查是一种对人体无害、可以反复进行,并且连续观察角膜内皮变化的工具,对评估乳化硅油滴对角膜的损害具有重要作用.

Abstract：

Objective To study the emulsified silicone oil droplets in the corneal endothelium by in vivo laser confocal microscopy, compare and summarize its characteristics. Methods The corneas of 20 patients (20 eyes) with silicone oil emulsion were examined by in vivo laser confocal microscopy, analyzed the characteristics of the images, and summarized the performance of emulsified silicone oil droplets in corneal endothelium with confocal microscopy. Results Emulsified silicone oil droplets in the corneal endothelium had a different size and arrangement, embedded in the corneal endothelium and come al endothelial cells associated with increased edema; endothelial cell structure was unclear, with only vague outlines. Conlulusions New type of laser corneal confocal microscope can observe the corneal endothelium damage by emulsified silicone oil drops directly. The inspection is a harmless, can be repeated and continuous observation of corneal endothelial changes in the tools. The laser corneal confocal microscope plays an important role on the assessment of silicon emulsion oil droplets on the cornea in the damage.     

中国人正常角膜的共焦显微镜检查

摘要目的探讨正常人共焦显微镜下角膜各层细胞的活体细胞形态学特征及密度.方法对28例(年龄36.6士14.5岁,范围19～68岁)41眼(男14眼,女27眼)正常人中央部角膜进行活体共焦显微镜检查,描述角膜各层结构的图象特点,并分析角膜各层细胞的密度与年龄的相关性.结果上皮表层细胞排列疏松,边界清楚,核反光较强;基底层细胞排列紧密,胞质和核反光弱,偶尔可见点状细胞核,细胞平均密度为5724.41士562.5个/mm2.Bowman's膜为无一定形状的膜状物,仅可分辨的结构是上皮下的念珠状神经纤维.基质层中可见相对较暗的背景下明亮的角膜细胞核.前基质内有放射状分布的神经纤维.前基质层角膜细胞平均密度为1099.10士164.90个/mm     

佩戴角膜接触镜后角膜变化的激光共焦显微镜观察

目的 应用激光共焦显微镜对长期佩戴角膜软性接触镜的患者活体角膜的组织结构变化进行观察.方法 用激光共焦显微镜对长期佩戴角膜软性接触镜的15例患者进行检查,并选择未戴角膜接触镜者11例进行对照,对两组结果进行比较.结果 1.佩戴角膜软性接触镜组与对照组相比,基底上皮细胞密度减少,为3705.00±447.62个/mm2(P＜0.05),角膜上皮层厚度变薄,为54.3±8.44μm(P＜0.05),并有部分剥脱.2.佩戴角膜软性接触镜组角膜内出现白色点状物,朗汉氏细胞数目多,成树枝状改变.3.角膜软性接触镜组与对照组相比神经纤维数量及密度无明显变化(P＞0.05),但曲折度增加,有分支出现(P＜0.05).结论 佩戴角膜软性接触镜,角膜组织可发生一系列改变,激光共焦显微镜与传统光学共焦显微镜相比,图象清晰,深度定位准确,在疾病的早期诊断、治疗和研究中将起重要作用.     

激光共焦显微镜对正常人中央角膜的观察

目的:利用激光共焦显微镜观察正常人的中央角膜组织结构和细胞形态。方法:对54例(68眼)患者进行激光共焦显微镜连续扫描,使用激光共焦显微镜对其角膜中央区进行检查,拍摄各层角膜图像,观察组织结构和细胞形态,对细胞密度进行计数并分析。结果:角膜组织学结构:上皮细胞较其它细胞的体积小,数量多,随深度增加细胞逐渐变小。Bowman膜较薄,无明显细胞结构,层间有神经走形。基质层的细胞核围成"网眼"状结构,随深度加深,"网眼"变大,排列变松。Descemet膜表现为一个与后基质层和内皮层交织的移行带。内皮细胞为六边形结构,排列规则。角膜细胞密度:在各年龄组间,上皮细胞表层与基底层之间的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),前基质层细胞密度与中、后基质层密度之间有统计学差异(P<0.05)。A组和D组的内皮细胞密度有统计学差异(P<0.05)。其余各年龄段的角膜各层细胞密度,随年龄的增加,数差异均无统计学意义。结论:激光共焦显微镜可以在实时、活体和三维空间从细胞水平对角膜各层结构进行无创的定性定量分析,较传统光学共焦显微镜能获得更清晰、更密集的角膜图像,对角膜疾病的基础研究与临床诊断具有很高的价值。     

人体角膜内皮细胞的共焦显微镜研究

目的应用共焦显微镜观察活体角膜内皮细胞的形态学特征。方法应用共焦显微镜观察正常人（20例）、角膜炎（12例）、角膜移植术后（19例）、葡萄膜炎（5例）、大疱性角膜病变（3例）、角膜白斑（6例）、角膜营养不良（7例）、青光眼（10例）、圆锥角膜（17例）等患者的角膜内皮,分析所得活体角膜内皮图象,总结其形态学特征。结果活体共焦显微镜下角膜内皮的图象主要有8种：①完全正常角膜内皮。②水肿角膜内皮。③失代偿角膜内皮。④“激活”角膜内皮。⑤排斥角膜内皮。⑥有KP角膜内皮。⑦有“疣状物”的角膜内皮。⑧“双核”角膜内皮细胞。结论共焦显微镜能对活体角膜内皮进行实时、无创、准确以及可重复、可比较的观察。     

Sjoegren综合征患者的角膜激光共焦显微镜活体观察

目的应用激光共焦显微镜观察Sjoegren综合征（SS）患者角膜各层的形态改变。方法应用激光共焦显微镜对15例（30眼）SS患者和15例（30眼）同龄正常对照组的角膜进行检查，获取角膜全层图像，并进行比较、分析。结果与对照组相比，SS组角膜上皮各层细胞密度均明显下降，并出现炎性细胞和树突状细胞浸润。角膜基质细胞呈多突起星状，细胞体积增大，胞核反光减弱，胞质反光增强，浅基质出现炎性细胞浸润。SS组较对照组角膜上皮下神经纤维变细，弯曲度变大，走行方向明显改变，部分神经纤维断裂。结论SS患者不仅角膜上皮、浅基质细胞、上皮下神经出现明显改变，且角膜基质细胞形态与角膜免疫状态均出现异常。     

In vivo confocal microscopy in hydroxychloroquine-induced keratopathy

Background Vortex keratopathy, arising as a side effect of several medications, is characterized by golden-brown deposits in the cornea. Methods A 41-year-old woman treated for sarcoidosis with hydroxychloroquine therapy and suffering from vortex keratopathy was examined by in vivo confocal microscopy. Scans of both corneas were performed. Results By slit lamp examination, the left but not the right eye showed a golden-brown deposit throughout the cornea. In vivo confocal microscopy revealed the presence of highly reflective, dot-like intracellular inclusions concentrated in the basal epithelial layer. They were also detected within the anterior and posterior stroma, but not within the endothelium. In regions of the anterior stroma, devoid of inclusions, hyperreflective ramified keratocytes were observed, forming an extended interconnecting network. Conclusion In addition to the granular deposits, in vivo confocal microscopy revealed hyperreflective, possibly phagocytic keratocytes.     

LASIK术后共焦显微镜观察

目的　利用共焦显微镜观察LASIK术后角膜愈合情况。方法　 15例 3 0只眼行LASIK术 ,术前、术后 1天、 1周、 1个月和 3个月分别作共焦显微镜检查 ,对角膜基质细胞进行定性和定量分析 ,及对内皮细胞进行定量观察 ,通过Z -scan测量角膜瓣厚度。结果　术后不同时间前基质细胞数量上与术前比较 ,无统计学意义上差异 (F =1 76,P >0 0 5 ) ,早期细胞核形态比术前略显长椭圆形、体大 ,术后 3个月趋于正常 ;后基质细胞无论形态上和还是数量上与术前比较无明显差异 (F =0 7,P >0 0 5 ) ;角膜内皮细胞计数术前、术后 3个月平均分别为 2 781 73± 194 5 6个 /mm2 和 2 685 7±194 5 6个 /mm2 ,二者差异无意义 (t =0 188,P >0 0 5 )。术后 3个月角膜瓣厚度平均为 117 60±13 96μm ,无一例超过 15 0 μm。 结论　共焦显微镜可无创伤、活体上、客观地观察角膜病理情况 ,是观察LASIK术后角膜愈合情况的一种有用的检测手段 ;同时角膜瓣厚度受多种因素影响 ,厂家设定刀头的预定厚度准确性有待进一步提高。     

The microstructure of cornea verticillata in Fabry disease and amiodarone-induced keratopathy: a confocal laser-scanning microscopy study

Purpose  The purpose of this study is to describe cornea verticillata in Fabry disease and in amiodarone-induced keratopathy and to compare the corneal microstructure of both types. Patients and methods  Ten eyes from ten normal subjects, 28 eyes from 22 patients with Fabry disease confirmed by molecular genetic studies, and 16 eyes from 11 patients receiving amiodarone were examined by slit-lamp microscopy and in-vivo confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM) with following three-dimensional reconstruction of the individual corneal layers. Five patients with Fabry disease were monitored during the course of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). Results  Evidence of cornea verticillata was found by slit-lamp microscopy both in patients with Fabry disease and in those with amiodarone-induced keratopathy; CLSM revealed the same pattern of hyper-reflective deposits in the basal cell layer of corneal epithelium in both sets of patients. Microdot changes in the anterior stroma were more prevalent in patients receiving amiodarone but do not presuppose the simultaneous presence of cornea verticillata. The bulbar conjunctiva was found to be normal in all patients. The tarsal conjunctival epithelium contained round hyper-reflective structures, which are also encountered physiologically, but these were more common in patients with Fabry disease. In one out of the five patients examined, monitoring of corneal changes over time during ERT disclosed a regressive tendency of the deposits in the epithelial basal cell layer documented by CLSM. Conclusions  The microstructural corneal changes typically seen in cornea verticillata in both Fabry disease and in amiodarone-induced keratopathy can be successfully visualized by confocal in-vivo microscopy at the level of the basal cell layer. By analogy, with the grading system for cornea verticillata based on slit-lamp microscopy, staging of these deposits in the basal cell layer can also be performed following in-vivo CLSM. The microdots in the anterior stroma as well as the changes observed in the tarsal conjunctiva should be regarded as having less diagnostic value because such changes may also occur in normal subjects. The utility of CLSM as a tool for monitoring ERT in Fabry disease over time needs to be confirmed in studies with larger sample sizes conducted over a longer period. Partly presented during the annual meeting of the German Society of Ophthalmology (DOG) in Berlin 2007. Competing interests  Andrey Zhivov, MD, and Rudolf F. Guthoff, MD are consultants to Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany. Karen Falke, Armin Büttner MD, Michael Schittkowski MD, Oliver Stachs PhD, Robert Kraak MD, have no financial interests to declare.     

In vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy of the cornea in dry eye

Background We carried out an investigation into the morphological and quantitative corneal properties in dry eye with various underlying pathologies.Methods Ten patients with aqueous tear deficiency, 8 with dysthyroid ophthalmopathy, 8 with chronic lagophthalmos and 10 normal participants were examined. Confocal microscope images were taken at the centre and at the lower and upper periphery of the cornea. Quantitative and morphological assessments of the epithelium, of the sub-basal nerves, of the stroma and the endothelium were made. The epithelial and corneal thicknesses were measured.Results The mean superficial and intermediate epithelial cell densities in the central cornea in the patient groups were significantly lower than in normal participants (p<0.01). The peripheral epithelial thickness was smaller (p<0.01); it was smallest in the lagophthalmos group. The cornea was thinner in the patient groups (p<0.01). For sub-basal nerves, the density had decreased (p<0.05), and in lagophthalmos the number of beadlike formations had increased (p<0.001); in some patients we found irregular branching patterns.Conclusions Dry eye patients showed significant alterations in the cornea, presumably due to increased desquamation of the superficial cell layer. This was most pronounced at the lower periphery of the cornea in patients with exposure keratopathy.The authors had no financial relationship with the organisation that supported the research.The authors had full control of all primary data and agree to allow Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology to review the data if requested.The results were partly presented at DOG in 2005.     

正常人球结膜激光共焦显微镜下的形态学分析

背景激光共焦显做镜可从细胞水平对正常和病变组织进行活体观察,在眼表系统中的应用越来越广泛,但国内对正常球结膜的活体激光共焦显微镜检测结果报道较少。目的利用活体激光共焦显微镜观察分析正常球结膜的形态。方法应用德国海德堡激光共焦显微镜（HRT3）对健康志愿者15例21眼的上方、鼻下方、鼻侧、颞侧球结膜进行扫描,分辨率为1μm,激光波长为670nm,观察视野为400μm×400Ixm。分析球结膜细胞的形态,对球结膜上皮细胞进行计数,并计算杯状细胞和树突状细胞（DE）的密度。结果球结膜表层上皮细胞胞核小,边界模糊。基底上皮细胞边界清晰但胞核不可见。类似杯状细胞的细胞呈卵圆形,胞体较大,细胞内充满高反光均一明亮颗粒,成群或散在分布,上皮表面的孔洞结构可能是已经分泌排出内容物的杯状细胞。DE呈高反光颗粒,伴树枝状突起,分布于球结膜上皮各层。球结膜基质由密集的白色网状纤维构成,其问可见含有细胞成分的血管穿过。球结膜表层上皮细胞密度和基底上皮细胞密度分别为（2556±692）mm^2。和（2985±376）mm^2,杯状细胞和DC的密度分别为（77±39）mm^2。和（26±35）mm^2。经统计学分析各方位上皮细胞密度差异无统计学意义（P=0．204,P=0．130）,各方位杯状细胞和DC的差异有统计学意义（P=0．001,P=0．000）。结论激光共焦显微镜是活体研究人类球结膜形态的有用工具,有助于眼表疾病的诊断和治疗。     

共焦显微镜对翼状胬肉及其周围角膜的组织病理学观察

目的 探讨角膜共焦显微镜下翼状胬肉及其周围角膜的组织病理学和细胞学特征.方法 前瞻性自身对照研究.单眼初发性翼状胬肉患者40例,应用角膜共焦显微镜观察胬肉形态,对侧无胬肉眼为对照.记录翼状胬肉、中央角膜、翼状胬肉周边角膜各层细胞图像,并对各层细胞形态、密度的结果采用配对t检验进行分析.结果 共焦显微镜下翼状胬肉的表层细胞胞体发亮,边界发暗,胬肉基质中可见毛细血管内血流,有时可见内含小圆形细胞的微囊样结构及Langerhans细胞.翼状胬肉周边角膜翼状上皮细胞、基底上皮细胞形态不规则,部分被拉长并扭曲;中央及周边各层上皮细胞平均密度小于对照眼(t=-3.92、-3.55、-3.36、-2.61、-4.31、-4.11,P均＜0.05);翼状胬肉眼角膜上皮下Langerhans细胞平均密度大于对照眼(t=3.75、4.23,p均＜0.05);角膜上皮基底细胞层下神经纤维比较杂乱,神经弯曲度大(t=5.02,P＜0.01),分支多(t=2.51,P＜0.05).结论 共焦显微镜可观察到翼状胬肉细胞水平的特征.翼状胬肉患者胬肉周边角膜上皮细胞、上皮下Langerhans细胞、上皮基底细胞层下神经、前基质细胞及角膜厚度均有变化.     

激光共焦显微镜对LASIK术后角膜组织改变的临床观察

目的应用激光共焦显微镜观察准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术（LASIK）术后角膜组织的形态学改变。方法选择2007年3月至2007年9月行LASIK手术的患者60例（118只眼）,年龄（23.8±38.2）岁（18～37岁）,术前球镜（-2.75±9.12）D,并分别于术前、术后1周、1个月、3个月、6个月、1年分别作激光共焦显微镜检查。结果 LASIK术后角膜基质细胞数量上与术前比较,无统计学意义上差异（F=1.76,P〉005）,术后角膜层间远期异常颗粒长期存在,且随时间延长而减少;中央角膜可见低细胞区,中央角膜神经纤维能够达到形态学修复。结论 LASIK术后远期角膜稳定性未见明显改变,该术式安全可行。     

In vivo confocal microscopy of pigmented conjunctival tumors

PURPOSE: To analyze the appearance of conjunctival pigmented tumors as seen by in vivo confocal microscopy. METHODS: Twenty-eight pigmented conjunctival tumors including 6 nevi, 13 acquired melanoses, 7 conjunctival melanomas, and 2 extrascleral growths of uveal melanomas were examined by in vivo confocal microscopy using the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRTII)/Rostock Cornea Modul (RCM). Confocal images were analyzed using predefined criteria by an observer masked to final histological diagnosis and a preliminary diagnosis was established. After excision, histology and immunohistochemistry using antibodies against S-100, Melan-A, HMB-45, Ki-67, CD3, and CD68 were performed in all specimens and compared with in vivo confocal images of the same lesions. RESULTS: Confocal microscopy images confirmed typical histopathological features of conjunctival pigmented tumors. Nest or diffuse collections of medium-sized uniform hyper- or hyperreflective cells in the stroma and stromal cysts lined with a multilayered epithelium were visible in 100% of conjunctival nevi. Small dendritic cells were typically observed in 100% of primary acquired melanoses (PAM) without atypia and in 2 out of 6 nevi. Large networks of hyperreflective dendritic cells were present in 100% of PAM with atypia. Whereas images of PAM without atypia and secondary complexion-associated melanosis showed hyperreflective granules confined to the basal epithelium in 67% of lesions, PAM with atypia presented with hyperreflective granules and patches throughout the epithelium in all cases. Malignant melanomas of the conjunctiva and extrascleral growths of uveal melanomas demonstrated large hyperreflective cells with prominent nuclei and nucleoli. In vivo confocal microscopy showed a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 100% to establish the correct diagnosis of conjunctival melanoma compared with histology. CONCLUSIONS: High correlations were found between in vivo confocal microscopy using near-infrared laser light and histology in the diagnosis of pigmented conjunctival lesions. In vivo confocal microscopy seems to be a valuable new tool in the differential diagnosis and follow-up of pigmented conjunctival tumors. It does not replace histology, but may assist in performing guided biopsy in tumors suspected clinically and/or with in vivo microscopy. In addition, in vivo confocal microscopy may support the clinical diagnosis of extrascleral involvement in uveal melanoma.     

In vivo confocal microscopy of pre-endothelial deposits

BACKGROUND: Deposits in various layers of the cornea might result from long-term medical therapy, photorefractive surgery, and longterm use of contact lenses or corneal dystrophies. METHODS: A 46-year-old woman was referred to our department with the suspected diagnosis of posterior polymorphous dystrophy. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy revealed bilateral small-sized deposits in the posterior part of the cornea. In vivo confocal microscopy was performed to evaluate these deposits in detail. RESULTS: In vivo confocal microscopy of the cornea identified hyperreflec-tive "dot-like" structures in the deep stromal layer and anterior to the endothelial cell layer. The morphology and number of keratocytes of the posterior stroma and of endothelial cells appeared normal. CONCLUSIONS: In vivo confocal microscopy is a very useful tool to analyze and visualize pre-endothelial deposits. Because there is no family history of corneal disease, the exact origin of the pre-endothelial deposits in our case remains unclear.