应用Photoshop对侧面相测量进行软组织侧貌分析的可行性研究

目的：通过对侧面像和头颅定位片进行测量，探寻一种更为简单实用的软组织测量辅助分析方法。方法：选择正畸门诊病例40名，应用Photoshop软件对其侧面像进行定点测量，将所得数值与通过常规头影测量所得数值进行对比研究。结果：两种方法所得的全面凸角、面凸角和Z角之间不存在统计学的差别，而两组的鼻唇角则存在统计学差别；不同方法评价上下唇基角所得出的数值高度相关。结论：应用Photoshop对侧面相测量进行软组织侧貌分析表现出了良好的可行性。     

Computer assisted pantropic urethral pressure profile

Summary A computerized method for urethral pressure measurement along the whole length and at every angle of the urethra is presented. The main advantage is the exact study of physiological versus artificial factors in pressure distribution in the urethra. Details of the technique are presented.     

Computer software for the professional. Its evolution and current status

The development of software during the past 30 years has been just as dramatic in many respects as that of hardware. Whereas future developments in hardware technology can be expected to provide smaller, cheaper, and more powerful computers as has been the case during the past 25 years, future developments in software technology can be expected to play the equally important role of expanding the user base for computers, thus making it economically feasible to exploit new technologies on the hardware side. Although today's computer software offerings are very broad indeed in terms of the variety of tasks they perform, one can reasonably expect that entirely new uses will be found for computers, through the development of new types of software, in the future. By exploiting the huge memory capacities of today's newer computers, future software will be much easier to use and will be capable of carrying out several tasks simultaneously. It will also be much more forgiving, adapting itself automatically to the work style (and probably also to the mistakes) of the user. By incorporating at least a part of what constitutes the stock of knowledge in particular applications, so-called "expert systems," one may expect future software, particularly in areas such as financial and statistical analysis, to enable the computer to work more as a partner or colleague than as an unintelligent (albeit very fast) tool. Perhaps to an even greater extent in the future than has been true to date, the evolution of the computer as a useful tool will depend on software, rather than hardware, innovation. The hardware advances necessary to place hearing, speaking, seeing, and even thinking computers on everyone's desktop, each of which would be able to provide ready access to truly mind-boggling quantities of information, is at hand. Only the software really remains to be developed.     

Computer aided reduction and imaging

Reduction is one of the key procedures in orthopedic trauma surgery and has been acknowledged as one of the conditions for a good outcome in intraarticular and extra-articular fractures. The information available to the surgeon during the reduction maneuver can be divided into visual and tactile information. The optimal implementation of these parameters, combined with the surgeon's individual experience, will significantly affect the results of the operation. Anatomical regions where a limited direct view through the approach is supported by intraoperative imaging are intra-articular fractures of the elbow, forearm, acetabulum, proximal tibia, pilon, and hindfoot, and extra-articular fractures of the spine, pelvis, femur, and tibial shaft. Surgery in these regions is demanding since the approaches limit the visual control of the axes and also the anatomical reduction within the joint. Computer aided orthopedic surgery (CAOS) was introduced to increase the accuracy of selected procedures in orthopedic surgery. One of the most frequently applied applications is pedicle screw insertion in posterior spinal surgery. The current working group has identified computer aided reduction and implant positioning as an unresolved area of CAOS that would be highly relevant to the operative treatment of fractures. The development of tools for computer aided reduction is of major importance and is much desired by the orthopedic community. Such a reduction tool would be a significant step forward in the development of orthopedic trauma care. It would facilitate new procedures and new operations and also help to attain a completely new level with regard to what we can achieve in terms of minimal invasiveness and increased precision. The synergies of the expert group are deployed to develop the required software modules and hardware. Other areas of computer aided orthopedic surgery will certainly benefit from the integration of this technology as well.     

Computer software for the on-line measurement of the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-dimension relationship.

A microcomputer system was designed to measure the end-systolic pressure-dimension relationship (ESPDR), an index of cardiac contractility that is independent of preload, afterload, and heart rate. To test the system, pressure-dimension data were obtained from swine left ventricles and from a mathematical model of the heart. Algorithms for filtering, location of end-systole, selection of the measurement interval, and calculation of the ESPDR were evaluated on the basis of speed, precision, accuracy, and robustness. The resulting program runs on an IBM-AT and measures ESPDR on-line within 60 seconds of the start of data acquisition. By reducing the time spent in data analysis and providing rapid feedback of information, the on-line software has increased productivity and facilitated improvements in experimental technique.     

Recovery profile for magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric daycase--sevoflurane vs. isoflurane

BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is gaining ground over other investigations particular in study of brain and soft tissues. The MRI procedure is painless but requires an immobile patient for a successful study. Children are required to be sedated or anesthetized for this procedure. We compared two inhalational anesthetics, namely sevoflurane and isoflurane, for the recovery profile of each with aim to determine the ideal drug for early discharge of children. PATIENT AND METHODS: 100 patients aged 3 yrs to 10 yrs (ASA I and II) were divided into Group S (Sevoflurane), Group I (Isoflurane). The induction time, duration of the MRI study, recovery and discharge times were recorded. The data were subjected to Students t-test and Levene's test for equal variance. RESULTS: In Group S, 27 male and 23 female were enrolled in comparison to 30 male and 20 female in Group 1. The induction time in Group S resulted in a mean of 133.7 seconds +/- 19.32), Group I yielded a mean of 157.44 seconds (+/- 24.20) p > 0.05). The mean recovery time with Group S was 124.4 seconds (+/- 31.57) when compared with Group I a mean of 376.46 seconds (+/- 58.20) p < 0.05. The mean discharge time in Group S was 25.20 minutes (+/- 5.71) in comparison to a mean of 37.40 minutes (+/- 7.43) p < 0.05 in Group I. CONCLUSION: Sevoflurane can be an ideal inhalational anesthetic for Volatile Induction and Maintenance Anesthesia (VIMA) in children under going daycase MRI examinations.     

Computer vision techniques for breast tumor ultrasound analysis

In this paper, we present a new approach to the segmentation and analysis of solid breast nodules in ultrasonography. We have applied computer vision techniques to segment the nodules and analyze a series of diagnostic criteria which can help discriminate malignant and benignant tumors. The segmentation is carried out in a semiautomatic way, whereas the analysis of the diagnostic criteria involves several computational methods. The techniques which we propose have provided quite satisfactory results and show the usefulness of image processing in the diagnosis through medical imaging.     

Computer assisted pedicle screw fixation: clinical experience with a newly developed software

We have used software, recently developed at Cochin University of Science and Technology, to perform computer assisted pedicle screw placement in forty pedicles of ten patients with fractured thoracolumbar vertebrae from January 2002 to February 2004. A pre-operative CT scan section at the pedicle level is taken one vertebra above and one below the involved vertebra. The dicom image is converted into a bitmap image and reference lines are drawn through the transverse processes and the spinous processes. The screw trajectory is drawn in the image at the most suitable path of the pedicle. Intraoperatively reference pins are placed exactly at the same areas in the transverse processes and the spinous processes. The intraoperative image is live captured using a camera and is matched with the preoperative image and the awl is advanced into the pedicle corresponding to the screw trajectory in the CT image. Out of forty pedicles instrumented in ten patients using computer assistance, the pedicle wall violation as demonstrated with 1 mm thin CT scans was less than AMIOT Grade 2. Ideal placement was noted in 80% and clinically insignificant perforation (Grade 2&3) in the rest. Computer assisted pedicle screw fixation appears to be a good technique for the accurate placement of pedicle screws in fractured vertebrae.     

面部轮廓修复的快速测量分析诊断系统

目的 开发面部轮廓修复的快速测量、美学分析及诊断的数字化平台。方法对依据东方经典美学标准，采用Microsoft Visual Studio 6．0 SP4＋OCX进行编程。结果成功建立了快速诊断平台，该平台的测量分析结果与手工量结果没有明显差异；测量速度比手工测量快34-37倍。结论面部轮廓可以用精确数字进行量化描述；可以通过计算机图像分析技术实现对面部轮廓进行快速测量并自动进行美学分析和综合评价。     

面部轮廓修复的快速测量分析诊断系统

目的开发面部轮廓修复的快速测量、美学分析及诊断的数字化平台.方法对依据东方经典美学标准,采用Microsoft Visual Studio 6.0 SP4+OCX进行编程.结果成功建立了快速诊断平台,该平台的测量分析结果与手工测量结果没有明显差异;测量速度比手工测量快34～37倍.结论面部轮廓可以用精确数字进行量化描述;可以通过计算机图像分析技术实现对面部轮廓进行快速测量并自动进行美学分析和综合评价.     

EpHLA: an innovative and user-friendly software automating the HLAMatchmaker algorithm for antibody analysis

The global challenge for solid organ transplantation programs is to distribute organs to the highly sensitized recipients. The purpose of this work is to describe and test the functionality of the EpHLA software, a program that automates the analysis of acceptable and unacceptable HLA epitopes on the basis of the HLAMatchmaker algorithm. HLAMatchmaker considers small configurations of polymorphic residues referred to as eplets as essential components of HLA-epitopes. Currently, the analyses require the creation of temporary files and the manual cut and paste of laboratory tests results between electronic spreadsheets, which is time-consuming and prone to administrative errors. RESULTS: The EpHLA software was developed in Object Pascal programming language and uses the HLAMatchmaker algorithm to generate histocompatibility reports. The automated generation of reports requires the integration of files containing the results of laboratory tests (HLA typing, anti-HLA antibody signature) and public data banks (NMDP, IMGT). The integration and the access to this data were accomplished by means of the framework called eDAFramework. The eDAFramework was developed in Object Pascal and PHP and it provides data access functionalities for software developed in these languages. The tool functionality was successfully tested in comparison to actual, manually derived reports of patients from a renal transplantation program with related donors. CONCLUSIONS: We successfully developed software, which enables the automated definition of the epitope specificities of HLA antibodies. This new tool will benefit the management of recipient/donor pairs selection for highly sensitized patients.     

中国美貌汉族女性侧貌特征分析

目的通过测量并分析中国美貌汉族女性侧貌组织的角度,探讨中国公众审美标准,为美容整形提供可参考数据。方法选取30例时尚杂志、电影、电视剧作品中的汉族美貌女性侧面照片（网络上选取）,由同一位经验丰富的临床医师使用同一台计算机在连续时间内对所有照片进行标准化处理。采用Photoshop5．0图像处理软件对导入计算机中的图片进行定点,分别测量13项常用侧貌组织角度。结果中国汉族美貌女性侧貌与美貌白种人和黑种人之间相似之处是前鼻角（G—N—Prn）、颈颏角（G-Pg／C·Me）;中国汉族美貌女性同白种人相似之处是上唇角（Cm—Sn．Ls）、面突角（G—Pm．Pg）。结论不同人种的美貌女性侧貌之间存在相似的可测量的面部美学特征。     

不同影像学方法测量斜坡椎管角的一致性分析

目的：测量斜坡椎管角在不同骨科患者群的数值范围,分析X线及CT矢状位重建法测量斜坡椎管角的一致性,并探讨斜坡椎管角的测量对枕颈融合术的临床意义。方法纳入189例无上颈髓压迫症患者和37例枕颈部序列异常合并上颈髓压迫症患者,测量颈椎中立位和过屈、过伸位侧位X线片上斜坡椎管角的数值。随机选取有或无上颈髓压迫症患者各10例的颈椎中立位X线和CT正中矢状重建图像,由2位测量者重复测量斜坡椎管角并计算组内相关系数。结果无上颈髓压迫症状者过屈位、中立位和过伸位的斜坡椎管角均显著大于枕颈部序列异常合并上颈髓压迫症患者（P＜0．01）;前者斜坡椎管角数值的变化范围为23．87°±10．23°,后者为19．10°±7．96°（P＜0．01）;说明后者的枕颈复合体较前者僵硬并处于异常屈曲位。 X线法测量斜坡椎管角的观察者之间组内相关系数为0．619,低于CT重建法的相应值0．897;X线法的观察者组内相关系数在观察者1和观察者2分别为0．635和0．657,也低于CT重建法的相应值0．937和0．924;CT重建法较X线法具有更好的一致性。结论本研究得出了不同骨科患者群斜坡椎管角的数值范围,为枕颈融合术患者的体位摆放和枕颈部固定融合角度的选择提供了理论依据,并为术中准确测量斜坡椎管角提供了具体方法。     

Computer analysis of hypoxemia during hemodialysis.

Arterial oxygen partial pressure decreases during hemodialysis if acetate as buffer is used or if certain types of bioincompatible dialyzer membranes are used. Several hypotheses considering the main cause of this hypoxemia have been proposed. To gain more insight into the mechanisms leading to this hypoxemia, a mathematical model for the computerized simulation of exchange processes during hemodialysis has been used. To simulate the ventilation-perfusion ratio (VA/Q), a simplified two-compartment model of the lung has been applied. The simulation results reveal that hypoxemia during hemodialysis has two reasons. In acetate hemodialysis, the main cause is a shift of the CO2-bicarbonate equilibrium caused by "consumption" of hydrogen ions during acetate metabolization resulting in hypoventilation due to a decrease in CO2 partial pressure. During hemodialysis with bioincompatible dialyzer membranes, the hypoxemia may be explained by an increase in inhomogeneity of the VA/Q ratio in the lung. The loss of CO2 and bicarbonate into the dialysate during acetate hemodialysis has only a minor effect on arterial PO2 and cannot explain the observed hypoxemia. The decrease of O2 diffusing capacity during hemodialysis with bioincompatible membranes has only a negligible effect on the arterial PO2. The simulation results show also that the venous PO2 in the brain may fall below a critical level of less than 25 mm Hg, thereby possibly causing oxygen deficiency in the cortex.