后腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术(附22例报告)

目的：探讨后腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术的临床效果。方法：采用后腹腔途径对22例确诊为肾盂输尿管连接部(UPJ)梗阻的患者施行腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术。结果：22例手术全部成功。手术时间70～180min，平均108min；术中出血量5～50ml，平均16ml；术后住院时间6～8d，平均7．2d。围术期无并发症。16例术后获随访3～15个月，UPJ吻合口无狭窄，肾积水得到改善。结论：后腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术是治疗UPJ梗阻有效、安全及微创的方法，值得临床推广使用。     

后腹腔镜辅助下小切口肾盂成形术(附8例报告)

目的：探讨后腹腔镜辅助下小切口离断性肾盂成形术的临床效果。方法：采用后腹腔途径,在腹腔镜辅助下作小切口,为8例肾盂输尿管连接部（UPJ）梗阻的患者施行离断性肾盂成形术。结果：8例手术全部成功。手术时间65～110min,平均78min;术中出血量10～50ml,平均30ml;术后平均住院时间9d。围手术期无并发症发生。术后随访5～18个月,UPJ吻合口无狭窄,肾积水得到改善。结论：后腹腔镜辅助下小切口离断性肾盂成形术是治疗UPJ梗阻有效、安全、微创且简便易行的手术方法,值得进一步在临床上推广。     

腹膜后腹腔镜肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接处梗阻的临床价值

目的:探讨腹膜后腹腔镜肾盂成形术治疗输尿管连接部(ureteropelvic junction,UPJ)梗阻的适应证、手术技巧及临床应用价值。方法:回顾分析腹膜后腹腔镜肾盂成形术治疗17例UPJ梗阻患者的临床资料。其中男11例,女6例,22～38岁,高位输尿管开口2例,UPJ完全闭锁4例,单纯重度肾积水7例,异位血管压迫4例,合并肾盂结石3例。结果:17例手术均获成功,手术时间80～240min,平均120min,出血50～130ml,平均85ml,术后平均住院8.5d(7～10d)。围手术期无并发症发生。随访3～12个月,UPJ吻合无狭窄,肾积水、肾功能均获改善。结论:基层医院行腹膜后腹腔镜肾盂成形术是治疗UPJ梗阻有效、安全的术式,可代替开放手术,作为UPJ梗阻患者的首选术式。     

腹腔镜手术治疗肾盂输尿管连接处梗阻 (附26例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜离断肾盂成形术的操作方法和临床效果。方法:26例诊断为肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻(uretero-pelvic junction obstruction,UPJO)患者经腹腔途径行腹腔镜肾盂成形术。结果:25例手术成功,手术时间70~210min,平均126min;出血40~100ml,平均60ml;平均住院8d。术后6~12个月经B超、IVP检查,手术侧肾积水减轻或消失,肾盂输尿管连接部(ureteropelvic junction,UPJ)吻合口无狭窄,肾盂、输尿管排尿功能良好。结论:腹腔镜离断肾盂成形术创伤小,患者恢复快,安全可靠,是治疗UPJO的有效微创手术之一,值得临床推广应用。     

腹腔镜离断式肾盂输尿管成形术治疗UPJO肾积水230例经验总结

目的:探讨腹腔镜离断式肾盂输尿管成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻(UPJO)肾积水的临床疗效及总结手术经验。方法:回顾性分析我院2012年10月～2018年10月收治的230例UPJO患者的临床资料。其中先天性UPJO 180例,获得性UPJO 50例,含肾盂输尿管连接部(UPJ)成形术后狭窄10例,输尿管镜下钬激光碎石或经皮肾镜取石术后狭窄30例及球囊扩张术后狭窄10例。采用经腹腹腔镜行离断式肾盂输尿管成形术,术前及术中对体位、Trocar布置、游离和吻合各环节做了细节优化。术后定期随访,分别于拔除双J管后1、3、6、12个月门诊复查B超检查及尿常规,测量肾盂前后径扩张程度及肾实质厚度。结果:所有手术均成功完成,5例中转开放。平均随访时间12(6～36)个月,B超提示肾积水较术前减轻,部分患者ECT及CTU提示肾实质厚度增加,梗阻程度较前减轻,患肾功能不同程度恢复,术前腰背部不适、腹痛及发热等症状主观上明显改善。6例术后出现UPJ再狭窄,3例经输尿管镜检+双J管再置2个月后拔管梗阻缓解,2例行再次腹腔镜肾盂输尿管成形术后改善,1例失访。结论:腹腔镜离断式肾盂输尿管成形术治疗UPJO肾积水安全、有效,术后并发症发生率低,改善肾积水和肾功能结果满意。严格掌握手术适应证、耐心细致的操作和正确处理术中遇到的困难是做好腹腔镜离断式肾盂输尿管成形术的关键。     

机器人辅助腹腔镜肾盂成形术

目的探讨机器人辅助腹腔镜肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部(UPJ)狭窄所致肾积水的临床疗效。方法采用经腹腔途径施行机器人辅助腹腔镜肾盂成形术治疗UPJ狭窄25例，男18例，女7例。B超提示重度肾积水10例、中度10例、轻度5例。IVU均显影。结果25例手术均获成功。手术时间60—200min，平均90min；出血量40-80ml；术后住院时间6—9d，平均7d。术后随访3-32个月，25例腰痛症状均消失，逆行肾盂造影(RP)示UPJ吻合口无狭窄；肾积水减轻，10例重度肾积水者中8例转为中度、2例转为轻度，10例中度积水者中3例转为轻度、7例积水消失，5例轻度肾积水者积水消失。IVU、CT尿路造影(CTU)显影良好者18例，显影改善者7例。结论机器人辅助腹腔镜肾盂成形术治疗UPJ狭窄所致肾积水使手术效率提高，操作更加精确，疗效满意。     

后腹腔镜肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的临床价值

目的探讨后腹腔镜肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部（UPJ）梗阻的适应证选择、手术技巧及临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析经后腹腔镜肾盂成形术治疗的13例UPJ梗阻患者的临床资料。患者中男7例，女6例，年龄11—47岁。钬激光腔内切开失败1例，高位输尿管开口1例，狭窄段〉2cm或UPJ完全闭锁3例，单纯重度肾积水4例，异位血管压迫2例，合并肾盂结石2例。结果13例手术均获成功。手术时间120～200min，平均175min；出血量60～110ml，平均75ml。术后平均住院时间7．5d（5～8d）。围手术期无并发症。随访3—19个月，UPJ吻合口无狭窄，肾积水、肾功能均得到改善。结论后腹腔镜肾盂成形术是治疗UPJ梗阻的有效、可行的微创手术。可以替代开放手术，成为腔内切开治疗失败、高位输尿管开口、异位血管压迫或伴有重度肾积水、结石的UPJ梗阻患者的首选术式。     

腹腔镜下离断式肾盂瓣法肾盂成形术15例报告

目的 探讨腹腔镜下离断式肾盂瓣法肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部长段狭窄或修剪狭窄段后吻合有张力的临床效果.方法 2005年1月-2010年5月对8例肾盂输尿管连接部长段狭窄和7例修剪狭窄段后吻合有张力者施行经腹腔途径离断式肾盂瓣法肾盂成形术,充分游离肾盂及狭窄段输尿管后,切除狭窄段输尿管,沿肾盂中部以上外侧缘做一切口,从上斜向下,至距肾实质1 cm,然后将肾盂的下半部分向下翻转形成肾盂瓣,与输尿管间断缝合,多余肾盂在距肾实质1 cm处切除,缝合.结果 15例手术均取得成功,手术时间80-145 min,平均92 min.术中出血量30-100 ml,平均53 ml.术后1-2 d拔除引流管.术后5-6 d拔除导尿管出院,无尿漏.术后4周拔除双J管.15例随访5-50个月,平均25个月,腰部疼痛等症状消失;B超提示肾盂积水明显改善,中度肾积水3例,轻度肾积水9例,无明显肾积水3例;IVU显示肾盂缩小,显影好转,其中12例在15 min内显影,3例显影略有延迟.结论腹腔镜下离断式肾盂瓣法肾盂成形术安全、可行.     

腹腔镜手术治疗肾盂输尿管移行处狭窄

目的:评价腹腔镜手术治疗肾盂输尿管移行处狭窄(UPJ)的临床效果。方法:经腹腔路径对19例确诊的UPJ行腹腔镜离断式肾盂输尿管成形术,男12例,女7例,肾脏积水重度6例,中度8例,轻度5例,IVU13例显影良好,6例显影延迟。结果:19例手术全部成功,手术时间110~240min,平均150min,术中出血50~100m1,术后住院6~10d,平均7.8d,无严重并发症发生,随访3~15个月,肾积水程度均减轻,IVU无吻合口狭窄。结论:腹腔镜下离断式肾盂输尿管成形术治疗UPJ有效、可行,可以替代开放手术。     

腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术

目的　探讨腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术的临床疗效。　方法　采用经腹腔途径施行腹腔镜离断式肾盂成形术治疗输尿管肾盂连接部 (UPJ)梗阻 18例。男 11例 ,女 7例。B超提示重度积水 8例、中度 7例、轻度 3例。IVU显影良好 10例 ,显影差或不显影 8例。　结果　 18例手术均获成功。手术时间 10 0～ 2 10min ,平均 14 2min ;出血量 4 0～ 2 0 0ml。术后平均住院时间 7.4d。术后尿漏 1例。随访 3～ 12个月 ,UPJ吻合口无狭窄 ,肾积水减轻 ,中度积水 4例、轻度 7例、肾积水消失 7例 ;肾功能改善、IVU显影良好 14例 ,显影改善 4例。　结论　腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术是治疗UPJ梗阻的有效、可行的微创手术 ,可以替代开放手术。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.