学龄前儿童腹股沟斜疝手术不同麻醉方法的选择

目的观察3种不同麻醉方法用于学龄前儿童腹股沟斜疝手术的麻醉效果。方法选择4~6岁行腹股沟斜疝手术的患儿60例,美国麻醉师协会(ASA)Ⅰ级。先肌注氯胺酮5 mg/kg,入睡后开通静脉,然后随机均分为3组。A组:由同一麻醉医师行骶麻,用微泵输注丙泊酚维持麻醉,手术开始时追加氯胺酮1 mg/kg;B组:由同一术者行局部麻醉,用微泵输注丙泊酚维持麻醉,局麻开始时追加氯胺酮1mg/kg;C组:单纯用微泵输注丙泊酚加氯胺酮维持麻醉。观察术中平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)的变化,丙泊酚和氯胺酮的用量,术毕清醒时间和躁动评分以及术后恶心、呕吐等并发症。结果 3组术中的MAP、HR变化组间、组内对比无统计学意义(P>0.05),A、B组的丙泊酚和氯胺酮用量比C组少(P<0.05);术毕清醒时间比C组短(P<0.01);躁动评分比C组低(P<0.01);而A、B组无差异(P>0.05);3组术后恶心、呕吐的发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 3种麻醉方法均可安全用于学龄前儿童腹股沟斜疝手术,但以B组操作更简单,安全性更高,医疗费用低,更值得临床选用。     

乳腺瘤切除术中不同剂量氯胺酮静脉复合麻醉效果比较

目的比较乳腺瘤切除术中3种不同剂量氯胺酮静脉复合麻醉的效果,探讨此类手术氯胺酮静脉复合麻醉的最佳剂量。方法153例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级乳腺瘤患者分为3组,氯胺酮用量分别为A组(51例)0.5mg/kg、B组(51例)0.8mg/kg、C组(51例)1mg/kg,3组麻醉中均辅用相同剂量的丙泊酚、咪唑安定和芬太尼。术中监测血压(BP)、心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)、心电监护(ECG),比较术中患者呼吸、循环稳定性及麻醉清醒时间与不良反应。结果A、B组切皮后5分钟和10分钟的SBP、MBP、HR及术后清醒时间、质量与C组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论氯胺酮0.5mg/kg及0.8mg/kg复合丙泊酚、咪唑安定、芬太尼用于乳腺瘤切除术,不良反应小,麻醉效果确切,清醒时间短,质量高,更适合临床麻醉选择。     

芬太尼联合丙泊酚静脉用于宫腔镜手术麻醉效果分析

目的 探讨和评价芬太尼联合丙泊酚静脉用于宫腔镜手术麻醉临床临床效果.方法将拟施宫腔镜手术患者120例,随机分为联合用药组(A组60例)和单一用药组(B组60例).A组先静脉注射芬太尼0.5～1 μg/kg后再静脉注射丙泊酚1～2 mg/kg;B组静脉注射丙泊酚2～3 mg/kg.观察意识消失时间、清醒时间、维持时间、丙泊酚用量;诱导前、诱导后、清醒后HR、MAP、SpO2变化并评价麻醉效果.结果 两组意识消失时间、清醒时间(A组/B组分别为66士5.43/31±8.62、5.13±1.4/6.82士1.63)P均＜0.05,丙泊酚用量(2.11±1.42/3.21±1.63)P＜0.01;A组/B组诱导后、清醒后HR、MAP、SpO2差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);两组麻醉效果在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),且呼吸频率、注射疼痛程度A组明显低于B组(P＜0.05).结论芬太尼联合丙泊酚麻醉效果好,减少了丙泊酚用量,且呼吸频率改变不大、注射疼痛程度低.     

麻醉前肌肉注射不同剂量力月西的镇静及遗忘效应观察

目的 观察麻醉前肌肉注射不同剂量国产咪达唑仑(力月西)的镇静及遗忘效应.方法 44例ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ级拟行硬膜外阻滞的患者,用抽签法随机分成两组,分别于麻醉前30 min肌肉注射力月西0.15mg/kg(A组,n=22)或0.10 mg/kg(B组,n=22),观察用药后30 min内患者的镇静程度及手术后24 h对麻醉手术操作的记忆情况.结果 A组22例患者用药后30min均处于浅睡状态,对麻醉及手术过程均无记忆;B组患者有16例浅睡,6例清醒患者对麻醉操作及手术过程均有记忆,16例浅睡患者中14例对手术过程无记忆,但仅2例对麻醉操作无记忆.结论 两种剂量的力月西均可使患者产生不同程度的镇静和遗忘效应,但0.15 mg/kg力月西的镇静和遗忘效应显著优于0.10mg/kg,且力月西的遗忘效应与镇静深度相关.     

咪唑安定复合芬太尼在阑尾切除术中的应用体会

目的 观察咪唑安定复合芬太尼在硬膜外麻醉阑尾切除术的临床应用效果.方法 行阑尾切除手术患者100例,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,随机分为M组和MF组两组,每组各50例.M组静注0.06mg/kg咪唑安定,MF组静注0.06mg/kg咪唑安定和0.75μg/kg芬太尼.记录用药前、后5分钟、分离阑尾时以及阑尾切除后5分钟平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、呼吸(RR)、氧饱和度(SpO2)变化,两组均为T12～L1硬膜外穿刺,麻醉平面T6～L3,观察两组患者术中牵拉反应、镇静程度及不良反应等发生情况.结果 与用药前比较,两组用药后5分钟、分离阑尾时以及阑尾切除后5分钟MAP明显下降,MF组抑制牵拉反应和镇静效果明显优于M组.结论 咪唑安定复合芬太尼静脉给药辅助硬膜外阻滞麻醉,在抑制牵拉反应和术中镇静镇痛方面取得较好效果.     

全麻与全麻复合硬膜外阻滞用于腹腔镜全子宫切除术的比较

目的:比较单纯全麻与全麻复合硬膜外阻滞在妇科腹腔镜手术时的麻醉用药量、血流动力学变化、血糖浓度等的不同。方法:40例腹腔镜下行全子宫切除手术的病人。随机分为单纯全麻组(A组,n=20),全麻复合硬膜外阻滞组(B组,n=20)。麻醉维持:A组静脉应用丙泊酚,维库溴铵,异氟醚吸入;B组经硬膜外导管间断给予利多卡因,并静脉辅以丙泊酚、异氟醚吸入。结果:术中麻醉维持用药量,A组吸入异丙酚及丙泊酚,维库溴铵用药量大于B组,两组间差异有显著性(P<0.01),充气、切除子宫、手术结束等术中各时点,A组平均血压及心率均高于B组,两组间差异有显著性(P<0.05)。两组病人手术开始后各时点的血糖浓度较诱导前均显著升高(P<0.01),子宫切除及拔管后B组血糖浓度均低于A组,两组间比较差异有非常显著意义(P<0.01)。结论:全麻联合硬膜外阻滞有利于抑制腹腔镜手术中的应激反应和改善糖代谢,使全麻用药量减少,苏醒及拔管的时间缩短。全麻复合硬膜外麻醉是腹腔镜手术较为理想的麻醉方法。     

静脉给予右美托咪定与丙泊酚用于蛛网膜下腔麻醉中度镇静的临床效果比较

目的评估并比较静脉给予右美托咪定与丙泊酚用于蛛网膜下腔麻醉中度镇静的临床效果。方法选取2014年6月至2016年11月于我院拟行蛛网膜下腔麻醉下手术患者126例为本研究试验对象,随机分为A、B和C组,每组各42例。A组患者给予首剂量1μg/kg右美托咪定,缓慢静注10min以上,继以0.5μg/kg/h维持麻醉;B组给予首剂量1mg/kg丙泊酚,静注10min以上,随后以2mg/kg/h维持麻醉;C组仅静注NaCl注射液。记录患者的有效麻醉持续时间、改良OAA/S评分恢复至4以上所需时间及患者的术中/术后不良反应,并评估患者的整体满意度。结果 A组患者恢复至OAA/S≥4所需时间(27.05±2.25vs 15.26±1.88和3.88±1.78min,P=0.01)及有效麻醉持续时间(225.52±5.60vs 139.59±3.02和138.42±4.95min,P=0.03)显著长于B、C两组。A组与B组相比表现更为深度的镇静水平,且A组的3级满意度比例明显高于B、C两组(77.5%vs 55.5%和37.5%,P=0.04)。三组的各项不良反应指标均无显著统计学差异。结论与丙泊酚相比,右美托咪定在蛛网膜下腔麻醉中的中度镇静作用效果更显著且患者满意度更高。     

丙泊酚伍用麻黄碱用于胃镜检查的临床观察

目的:观察丙泊酚伍用麻黄碱用于无痛胃镜检查对麻醉质量和麻醉安全性的影响。方法:150例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级患者随机分为三组,每组50例。A组:单纯静脉注射丙泊酚至患者入睡、睫毛反射消失后开始置入胃镜检查;B组:先静脉注射芬太尼0.5μg/kg,2 min后注入丙泊酚至患者入睡、睫毛反射消失后开始置入胃镜检查;C组:先静脉注射芬太尼0.5μg/kg,2 min后注入丙泊酚至患者入睡、睫毛反射消失,再注入麻黄碱0.1 mg/kg后置入胃镜检查。记录各组丙泊酚用量、麻醉效果、血压及心率变化情况、不良反应、苏醒时间及苏醒质量。结果:B组较A组丙泊酚用量显著减少,麻醉效果显著优于A组,但并不能显著减轻丙泊酚对循环的影响。C组较A组丙泊酚用量显著减少,麻醉效果显著提高,且循环稳定,不良反应显著减少,同时较A、B组缩短了苏醒时间并显著提高了苏醒质量。结论:丙泊酚伍用麻黄碱用于无痛胃镜检查可防治麻醉中循环波动、减少不良反应并能缩短清醒时间、改善清醒质量,从面提高麻醉质量和麻醉安全性。     

硬膜外麻醉下使女性患者意识消失的丙泊酚血浆靶浓度的半数有效剂量

目的:探讨硬膜外麻醉下使女性患者意识消失的丙泊酚血浆靶浓度的半数有效剂量。方法:选择100例拟行子宫和/或卵巢切除的患者,常规给予硬膜外麻醉。术前按序贯法靶控输注丙泊酚,初始血浆靶浓度为3.8μg/mL,递增(减)梯度为0.2μg/mL。以呼之不应和睫毛反射消失作为入睡指标,将患者分为入睡组51例和未睡组49例。监测患者脑电双频谱指数和血流动力学指标。结果:硬膜外麻醉下靶控输注丙泊酚使女性患者意识消失的血浆靶浓度的半数有效剂量为3.2μg/mL。应用丙泊酚后入睡组和未入睡组的脑电双频谱指数最低值分别为(61.2±4.65)和(80.4±4.68),二者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:通过调节丙泊酚的血浆靶控输注浓度,将硬膜外麻醉下女性患者的镇静程度调整到最佳水平,脑电双频谱指数可以很好地反映其麻醉镇静深度。     

丙泊酚复合氯胺酮应用于小儿眼科手术的临床研究

目的观察丙泊酚复合氯胺酮应用于小儿眼科手术麻醉时对呼吸循环的影响及麻醉恢复情况,并与单纯氯胺酮作比较,探讨一种较为理想的复合用药方法。方法择期行眼科手术的患儿40例,采用随机数字表法分为2组:A组20例,肌注氯胺酮6.0～8.0mg/kg,术中酌情静脉追加氯胺酮1.0～2.0mg·kg-1/次;B组20例,肌注氯胺酮2.0～3.0mg/kg,并于手术开始前2min静脉注射丙泊酚1mg/kg,后以氯胺酮1.5～2.5mg/(kg·h)和丙泊酚6～10mg/(kg·h)持续静脉微泵输注,术毕前5min同时停用。监测心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、RR及SPO2的变化,并记录氯胺酮的用量、术后的清醒情况及恶心呕吐的发生率。结果A组患儿的MAP、HR在手术开始后明显高于基础值(P<0.05);B组患儿在手术开始时MAP和HR较基础值稍有增加(P<0.05),但术中渐降至术前水平或稍低,并保持平稳至术毕;两组患儿的SPO2和RR与基础值相比无显著差异。B组术中氯胺酮的用量和清醒时间明显少于A组,呼吸抑制和术后呕吐发生率亦明显低于A组(P<0.01)。结论与单纯氯胺酮相比,丙泊酚复合氯胺酮能更好的保持呼吸循环稳定,缩短术后清醒时间,减少恶心呕吐的发生,是一种较理想的小儿眼科手术麻醉方法。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.