脑卒中后继发癫90例临床分析

目的探讨脑卒中后癫的临床特点。方法对794例脑卒中病例中90例继发癫患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果卒中后癫癎的发生率为11.3%,发作类型以单纯部分性发作最多(42.2%),急性期癫癎发作占78.9%,恢复期癫发作占21.1%,卒中后癫的发生率在病灶部位间(皮质/皮质下)有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论卒中后癫的原因与病程和病变部位有关,卒中急性期继发癫者预后较差,急性期和恢复期继发癫均应给予正规的抗癫治疗。     

脑血管病继发癫86例临床分析

目的探讨脑血管病继发癫发作的临床特征、脑电图特点,可能的病理机制、药物治疗及其预后转归。方法对我院神经内科近3a脑血管病继发癫发作86例患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 86例患者中脑出血41例(47.7%),脑梗死27例(31.4%),蛛网膜下腔出血18例(20.9%),全面强直—阵挛发作46例(53.49%),部分运动性发作继发全面强直—阵挛发作20例(23.26%),部分运动性发作17例(19.77%),癫持续状态3例(3.49%)。脑电图异常74例。结论出血性脑血管病癫发生率较高,以全面性强直阵挛发作为主,动态脑电图对治疗和判断预后有很大帮助。经抗癫药物治疗,随访1a,75例无再发作,2例死亡。有9例需长期服抗癫药。患者一般预后良好。     

脑卒中与癫的临床分析

目的探讨卒中后癫的临床表现、特点及发病机制。方法对1060例脑卒中病例中102例继发性癫患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析研究。结果卒中后癫发生率为10%,早期癫发作6.04%,晚期癫发作3.96%。卒中后癫的发生率与病灶部位(皮质下/皮质)差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),与卒中类型无明显差异。结论脑卒中是癫发作的重要病因,皮质病变更易导致癫发作。积极控制发作可改善预后。     

颞叶癫发作期临床表现及脑电图特点分析

目的探讨颞叶癫患者发作期临床特征、脑电图特点及其临床意义。方法对14例患者的46次发作的临床特点及脑电图进行分析。结果46次发作中,16次为单纯部分性发作,30次为复杂部分性发作,2次继发全面性发作,单纯部分发作频率高而持续时间短,复杂部分发作持续时间长但发作频率低并常见发作后朦胧状态。发作时脑电图表现以中高波幅慢波起始最多见,10例患者可以得到定侧。4例患者通过分析临床表现及脑电图改变定侧后进行手术,术后癫完全控制。结论颞叶癫是一组部分性症状性癫综合症,多表现为复杂部分发作,临床医生通过监测到临床发作可以更好明确诊断。同时,临床发作及同步脑电图改变可以为术前评估提供很大帮助。     

糖尿病性癫7例临床分析

目的探讨糖尿病性癫的临床特点及预防。方法回顾我科收治的7例糖尿病性癫患者的临床资料。结果该病好发于中老年人、糖尿病或隐性糖尿病史者,以局限性运动发作持续状态和全面强直-阵挛发作持续状态多见,发作时均血糖升高,脑电图检查仅1例有局灶性癫波,控制血糖后6例终止发作出院,1例因合并其他疾病转上级医院治疗。结论糖尿病性癫的发作与血糖升高密切相关,脑电图检查多数无明显癫波,控制血糖能终止发作。     

急性脑血管病继发癫的临床特点及预后分析

目的探讨急性脑血管病继发癫的临床特点及预后。方法选取2011-06—2012-06我院诊治的80例急性脑血管病继发癫患者,给予相应抗癫治疗,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 80例急性脑血管病继发癫患者中,30例患者经过对原发病治疗,其癫症状得到有效控制;47例抗癫药物治疗后,症状得到控制;3例患者由于原发疾病恶化而死亡。脑出血继发癫以早期发作多见,脑梗死继发癫以晚期发作多见。病灶位于皮层范围的脑血管病患者继发癫的发生率明显较高。早期继发癫以强直-阵挛发作型为主,而晚期继发癫以单纯部分发作型为主。结论了解脑血管病与继发癫之间的关系,对于疾病的治疗和患者的预后有重要临床意义。     

脑卒中后继发癫临床特点及预后因素分析

目的研究脑卒中后继发癫的临床特点及预后因素。方法整理我院2010-02-2011-07收治的脑卒中后继发癫患者21例的临床资料,对临床诊治效果及脑部CT、MRI结果进行分析。结果 发生卒中后癫主要为出血性卒中和缺血性卒中,癫发作与患者的皮层损害有直接关系。结论 脑卒中后激发癫的临床危险性较高,需要积极改善患者的缺血、缺氧症状,使用药物对症治疗,严重患者需进行手术。     

蛛网膜下腔出血继发癫发作38例分析

目的探讨SAH继发癫的临床特点。方法回顾性分析近10年来经CT及腰穿证实的234例SAH患者中38例继发癫发作的临床资料。结果SAH继发癫的发病率为16%,以大发作多见,少数为局限性或精神运动性发作;早发型癫发生率为84%,其中以癫为首发症状者47%,仅临时用过抗癫药;迟发型癫发生率为16%,需长期服抗癫药。结论SAH较易继发癫,且与出血量及出血部位密切相关;早期发作较易控制,晚期发作较难控制,需长期服用抗癫药。     

VEEG监测对鉴别癫及非癫发作的意义

目的探讨发作期视频脑电图（VEEG）在诊断癫性发作及发作类型的临床价值。方法对435例发作性疾病患者的临床资料和发作期VEEG进行回顾性分析。结果 VEEG共监测到临床发作733次,发作期脑电图记录到样放电557次。诊断为癫381例,其中癫合并非癫性发作（NES）24例,占6.3%;单纯NES 54例。癫发作类型以部分性发作为主,癫发作及发作间期样放电多见于NREMⅠ、Ⅱ期。结论 发作期VEEG监测对鉴别癫及非癫发作有重要的鉴别意义。     

出血性脑卒中并癫患者的治疗及预后分析

目的探讨出血性卒中并癫患者的治疗及预后。方法 2010-07～2011-07,我院诊治的80例出血性卒中并癫患者,对其进行脑出血治疗的同时,配以抗癫药物治疗,现将其病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果本研究中的80例出血性卒中并癫患者,在进行脑出血治疗的同时,配以抗癫药物治疗,20例患者在治疗过程中死亡,其余60例经对症治疗后得到控制,病死率为25.0%。结果表明,出血性卒中后癫发作越早,发作频率越高,病死率越高。结论在抢救脑出血的同时,进行抗癫药物治疗,控制癫发作,对于成功抢救出血性卒中并癫患者,具有重要的临床意义,值得临床广泛推广。     

卒中后癫痫发作的临床研究进展

卒中后癫痫发作和卒中后癫痫是常见的卒中并发症,给患者及其家属的身心健康带来巨大影响,但目前仍缺乏明确的预防和诊治指南。不同类型的卒中可引起不同类型的癫痫发作和癫痫,且其相应的危险因素亦不相同。脑出血是目前公认度较高的卒中后癫痫发作或卒中后癫痫的首要危险因素。鉴于相关的评估手段和干预策略尚处于研究阶段,因此针对主要危险因素的干预成为当前较为可行的应对选择。卒中后癫痫发作和卒中后癫痫的诊断和治疗同样面临着不少困难。目前,头颅磁共振成像(magnetm resonance imaging,MRI)动脉自旋标记(arterial spin labeling,ASL)序列和新一代抗癫痫药物左乙拉西坦已成为关注的焦点。本文对近年来有关卒中后癫痫发作和卒中后癫痫的危险因素及临床诊治的研究进展进行总结和讨论。     

Visualizing prolonged hyperperfusion in post-stroke epilepsy using postictal subtraction SPECT

Diagnosis of post-stroke epilepsy is often challenging because of a low incidence of epileptiform abnormalities on electroencephalography (EEG). Hence, this study evaluated whether postictal subtraction single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) could visualize epileptic activity and act as a diagnostic modality in post-stroke epilepsy. Fifty post-stroke epilepsy patients, who had undergone Tc-99m-ECD SPECT twice (postictal and interictal), were enrolled. The postictal hyperperfusion area was identified by subtraction (postictal–interictal) SPECT and classified into two distribution types: superficial or deep-seated. Laterality and distribution of postictal hyperperfusion on subtraction SPECT were compared with stroke lesions, seizure symptoms, and epileptiform EEG findings. Forty-three of the 50 patients (86%) had hyperperfusion on subtraction SPECT and 26 (52%) had epileptiform EEG findings. Subtraction SPECT showed prolonged postictal hyperperfusion despite the relatively long interval between seizure end and postictal SPECT (median: 19.1 h, range: 2.2–112.5 h). The laterality of the hyperperfusion area had a high concordance rate with the laterality of stroke lesions (97.7%), seizure symptoms (91.9%), and epileptiform EEG findings (100%). Scalp EEG identified epileptiform activity more frequently in superficial type of SPECT, but less frequently in deep-seated type (both, P = 0.03). Postictal SPECT can be complementary to scalp EEG in endorsing the diagnosis and location of post-stroke epilepsy.     

脑电图在卒中患者管理中的应用

脑电图（electroencephalography,EEG）长期以来在癫痫的诊断和治疗中被广泛应用,但在缺血性卒中治疗中较少使用。最近,不少研究提示：脑电图信息具有反映缺血皮层血流灌注、监测溶栓治疗、预测卒中与癫痫发生相关性以及判断病情预后等潜在应用价值,并具有实时、动态、便捷等优点,为缺血性卒中患者的治疗和管理提供了新视野。     

脑卒中后癫癎的临床分析

目的通过对脑卒中后癫癎临床特点的分析,初步探讨癫癎发作的机制。方法对77例脑卒中后癫癎的临床资料进行回顾性分析,对癫癎发生率、发作类型、发作时间和癫癎发作与病灶、病变性质之间关系进行统计分析。结果卒中后癫发生率为8·22%,早发型多于迟发型,癫癎的发生与卒中的部位有关。结论卒中累及大脑皮质易继发癫癎,应引起重视,以减少卒中患者继发癫癎的致残率和病死率,提高生存质量。     

卒中后痫性发作及卒中后癫痫研究现状与进展

卒中后痫性发作和卒中后癫痫的定义尚不统一,流行病学研究显示其发生率在卒中患者中 为3%～30%,对卒中患者的预后有一定的影响。针对卒中后痫性发作和卒中后癫痫的治疗有卒中的治 疗和二级预防以及抗癫痫药物治疗,有的研究显示新型抗癫痫药物的治疗效果优于传统药物,他汀 类药物也可能降低其发生率。目前尚缺乏关于卒中后痫性发作和癫痫的诊疗共识或指南,亟待进一步 研究为其提供循证医学证据。     

Prognosis of patients with seizures occurring in the first 2 years

The aim of this study is to determine the prognosis of patients with seizure onset from 1 to 24 months of age in respect to epilepsy, developmental outcome, and neurological status. It also aims to determine predictive factors regarding an unfavorable prognosis. Seventy-five patients were retrospectively analyzed. Univariate analysis revealed the following findings: (1) mental retardation at initial admission, abnormal neurological finding, infantile spasm, use of more than 1 antiepileptic drug, epileptic activity on electroencephalography (EEG) of neonatal seizure, and perinatal anoxia were significant risk factors with regard to developmental outcome; (2) mental retardation at initial admission, abnormal neurological finding, infantile spasm, use of more than 1 antiepileptic drug, epileptic activity on EEG, symptomatic etiology, history of neonatal seizure, and perinatal anoxia were significant risk factors regarding neurological status; and (3) mental retardation at initial admission, neurological abnormality, infantile spasm, use of more than 1 antiepileptic drug, epileptic activity on EEG, status epilepticus, symptomatic etiology, seizure frequency of more than once per week, history of perinatal anoxia, and neonatal seizure were significant risk factors regarding epilepsy prognosis. In addition, multivariate analysis revealed that neurological abnormality and use of more than 1 antiepileptic drug were significant for developmental outcome, that epileptic activity on EEG and use of more than 1 antiepileptic drug were significant for neurological status, and that perinatal anoxia, infantile spasm, and status epilepticus were significant for epilepsy prognosis. These findings suggest that neurological abnormality, use of more than 1 antiepileptic drug, infantile spasm, status epilepticus, and perinatal anoxia are unfavorable predictive risk factors regarding the prognosis of patients with seizures that have an onset from 1 to 24 months of age.     

Risk factors of recurrent seizure,co-morbidities,and mortality in new onset seizure in elderly

ObjectiveTo determine the risk factors of seizure recurrence and the most common comorbidities in elderly patients with epilepsy.MethodWe did a retrospective study of 278 patients older than 65 years with first seizure. We evaluated electrolytes, blood glucose, urea and creatinine levels, and performed electrocardiography (ECG), and routine electroencephalogram (EEG) on all patients. We evaluated seizure recurrence and comorbidities at 2 years.ResultsUnivariate analysis found that significant (P < 0.05) factors affecting seizure recurrence were etiology of seizure, EEG, and status epilepticus at first presentation. In multivariate regression analysis, etiology of seizure and EEG were significant statistical factors in seizure recurrence at 2 years follow up. Age, sex, duration of time between first seizure and diagnosis of seizure, seizure type, misdiagnosis of non-epileptic seizure, and use of antiepileptic drugs were not significant factors for predicting seizure recurrence. Depression and anxiety were the most common comorbidities in our study, followed by sleep-related disorders and stroke. There were no statistically significantly differences in comorbidities between patients who remained seizure free and patients who had recurrent seizure.ConclusionMost of the new onset seizures in our elderly patients were focal onset. Acute symptomatic etiology, remote symptomatic etiology, progressive symptomatic etiology and abnormal EEG features were powerful predictors of seizure recurrence, and mood disorder, sleep disorder and stroke were the common comorbidities.     

Clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of startle epilepsy in childhood

ObjectiveStartle epilepsy is one syndrome of reflex epilepsies. We studied its clinical and EEG characteristics.MethodsAnalysis of the clinical and EEG characteristics of startle epilepsy.ResultsOf 11 patients, five were female. Age of onset ranged from 5 months to 7.5 years. Abnormal etiologies were found in seven patients, as a result of perinatal and postnatal factors. Neuroimaging showed abnormalities, commonly focal atrophy, in nine patients. Spontaneous seizures preceded or followed the startle seizures and were present in all patients. Startle seizures experienced included tonic, myoclonic, tonic–myoclonic, tonic–atypical absence, asymmetric tonic motor seizure and tonic–clonic seizure. Diffuse electrodecremental pattern was the most common ictal EEG pattern seen. The triggering stimuli of the startle seizures were sound in seven patients, touch in three and both sound and touch in one. Interictal EEG revealed abnormalities in 10 patients including generalized, multifocal or focal discharges. Many different anti-epileptic drugs were often unsatisfactory.ConclusionStartle epilepsies were often symptomatic reflex epilepsies and there were several types of startle seizure. The ictal EEG often showed a diffuse electrodecremental pattern. This disease has a bad prognosis.SignificanceWe delineated the clinical and EEG characteristics of startle epilepsy in childhood.     

Beta activity in status epilepticus

Focal beta activity on scalp EEG is a rare seizure pattern that has most extensively been studied in patients undergoing evaluation for epilepsy surgery. However, ictal beta activity is uncommon beyond this population and has not been reported in human status epilepticus. We observed ictal focal beta activity as the predominant seizure pattern in a patient with refractory status epilepticus. Continuous left temporal beta activity clinically correlated with complex partial semiology on video-EEG.     

Childhood epilepsy due to neurocysticercosis: a comparative study

PURPOSE: To assess the clinical profile of pediatric patients with epilepsy and neurocysticercosis (NC), and compare them with a group of pediatric patients with benign partial epilepsy to determine clinical differences, response to treatment, and prognosis. METHODS: We studied 28 patients (16 girls) with probable or definitive diagnosis of NC and epilepsy and 32 patients (16 girls) with partial benign epilepsy (BE). All patients had normal neurologic examination. We compared NC and BE patients looking for differences in demographics (age at first seizure, gender, family history); clinical presentation (type, frequency, duration, and total number of seizures, duration of epilepsy, status epilepticus, cluster, and postictal deficit); treatment [duration, number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), maximal dose, drug association, number of seizure-free patients, time to obtain control and recurrence after medication discontinuation]; complementary examinations (the first and the last EEG). RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 5.4 years for the 28 NC patients and 4.6 years for the 32 BE patients (p=0.98). We did not find statistical differences between NC and BE in gender, family history, types of seizures, frequency and length of seizures, previous status epilepticus, seizure clustering, and presence of postictal deficits. However, we found that NC compared with BE patients had significant longer AED treatment, more seizures after AED introduction, tried more AEDs and at maximal dose, and in 20%, required polytherapy. The recurrence rate in NC was 54.4% and this was not significantly associated with number of lesions and disease activity seen on CT scans or the presence of EEG abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: NC presents with a mild form of epilepsy in terms of seizure severity; however, it is more challenging in regard to drug management and has a less favorable long-term prognosis in terms of seizure remission. The number of lesions or disease activity seen on computed tomography (CT) as well as EEG abnormalities have no prognostic value in childhood epilepsy due to NC.