齐拉西酮与奥氮平在精神分裂症患者中的疗效对比观察及糖脂代谢安全性研究

目的观察齐拉西酮与奥氮平在精神分裂症患者中的临床治疗效果及糖脂代谢安全性情况。方法取精神分裂症患者90例,随机分为对照组(n=45)和观察组(n=45)。对照组采用奥氮平治疗,观察组采用齐拉西酮治疗,采用全自动生化分析仪测定2组患者治疗前、后血脂及血糖水平,比较2组临床疗效及对糖脂代谢的影响。结果 2组治疗前PANSS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组治疗后3周、8周PANSS评分,低于对照组(P0.05);2组治疗前血脂水平中TG、TC、HDL及LDL水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组治疗后8周TC、TG、HDL及LDL水平,低于对照组(P0.05);2组治疗前FBS、INS及IRI水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组治疗后FBS、INS及IRI水平,低于对照组(P0.05);2组治疗后药物不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论精神分裂症患者采用齐拉西酮治疗效果理想,对患者脂糖代谢的影响相对较小,值得推广应用。     

不同剂量氯氮平与精神分裂症患者血脂、血糖代谢的对照研究

目的　探讨不同剂量氯氮平对精神分裂症患者治疗前后血脂、血糖的影响。方法　87例男性精神分裂症患者分为3组接受氯氮平治疗,低剂量组<150mg/d(30例);中剂量组150 ~300mg/d(29例);高剂量组>300mg/d( 28例)。治疗前及治疗第6周后分别进行葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)、血脂检测,并计算体质量指数。结果　治疗第6周后, 3组患者甘油三酯(TG)均升高,差异有统计学意义(F=12 16,P=0 000),其中以低剂量组为著(P<0 05);低剂量组总胆固醇(TC)高于高剂量组(P<0 05);高剂量组高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL)下降和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL)水平明显升高(P<0 05,P<0 01 )。3组患者血糖于餐后1h升高,差异有统计学意义(F=4 67,P=0 015),其中高剂量组增高明显(P<0 01)。同时,高剂量组OGTT异常的发生率明显高于低剂量组(χ2 =5 087,P=0 024)。3组患者治疗后体质量增加的差异无统计学意义(P>0 05)。未发现体质量增加与血糖、TG、HDL和LDL有明显相关关系(均P>0 05)。结论　氯氮平可导致精神分裂症患者不同程度的血脂水平改变、血糖升高及体质量增加,其程度可能与氯氮平的剂量有关。     

奥氮平与氯氮平治疗男性精神分裂症患者的疗效及对糖脂代谢的影响

目的:探讨奥氮平、氯氮平治疗男性精神分裂症患者的疗效及对糖脂代谢的影响。方法:70例男性精神分裂症患者随机分为奥氮平组和氯氮平组各35例治疗8周;采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)在治疗前后进行评估,同时检测血总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)及空腹血糖(FPG)水平并进行比较。结果:两组PANSS各项评分治疗后均显著下降(P0.05或P0.001);两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组血TC、TG、LDL交互效应(F=2.932,F=4.159,F=3.911)、TC、LDL、FPG组间主效应(F=4.595,F=4.798,F=5.856)、TC、TG、FPG时间主效应(F=3.224,F=5.389,F=3.979)均存在统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:奥氮平与氯氮平治疗男性精神分裂症患者疗效相当;对糖脂代谢均有影响,以奥氮平影响更为明显。     

齐拉西酮与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症的疗效及对代谢与生活质量的影响

目的探讨齐拉西酮与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症的临床疗效及对代谢、生活质量的影响。方法将128例精神分裂症患者随机分为齐拉西酮组及氯氮平组,每组64例,疗程12周。采用阳性症状与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及生活质量综合评定问卷(GQOLI)评估临床疗效及生活质量。结果治疗后2组PANSS评分均显著下降(P>0.05),但2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);齐拉西酮组治疗后低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、体质量、BMI、胰岛素、总胆固醇(TC)水平显著低于氯氮平组(P<0.05);齐拉西酮组治疗后GQOLI总分及心理健康、躯体健康和社会功能维度评分均显著优于氯氮平组(P<0.05)。结论齐拉西酮与氯氮平临床疗效相当,但齐拉西酮对代谢无显著影响,提高患者生活质量。     

利培酮、氯氮平、氯丙嗪长期治疗对糖脂代谢的影响

目的了解利培酮、氯氮平、氯丙嗪长期治疗后糖脂代谢的情况及其之间的差别。方法检测42例利培酮、76例氯氮平、40例氯丙嗪单一治疗连续2年以上的精神分裂症患者的简易体质参数、空腹血糖和血脂,并与63例健康对照者的资料进行比较。结果利培酮、氯氮平、氯丙嗪治疗期间新出现的糖尿病病例数分别为2例、8例、2例,氯氮平组较多,但3组间无统计学差异(P>0.05)。氯氮平组BM I大于对照组、氯丙嗪组,腰围及腰臀比利培酮组、氯氮平组均大于对照组和氯丙嗪组(P<0.05或P<0.01);氯氮平组TG值大于对照组及氯丙嗪组(P<0.01),利培酮组、氯氮平组、氯丙嗪组HDL-ch、ApoA1值均小于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01),两两比较利培酮组HDL-ch、ApoA1值大于氯氮平组及氯丙嗪组(P<0.01)。TG/HDL-ch值氯氮平组大于对照组(P<0.01)和氯丙嗪组(P<0.05)。TC/HDL-ch值三组均大于对照组(P<0.01),但三组间无明显差异。ApoB值三组与对照组相比无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论利培酮、氯氮平、氯丙嗪长期治疗的精神分裂症患者存在一定糖脂代谢紊乱,并且三者对糖脂代谢的影响存在一定差异,氯氮平治疗组脂代谢异常更明显,值得临床重视。     

齐拉西酮与奎硫平对首发精神分裂症患者体质量及糖脂代谢影响的对照研究

目的:比较齐拉西酮与奎硫平对精神分裂症患者体质量、糖脂代谢的影响. 方法:将82例精神分裂症患者随机分为齐拉西酮组与奎硫平组,每组各41例,分别给予齐拉西酮和奎硫平治疗6个月.于治疗前和治疗6个月后分别测体质量、空腹血糖及血脂总胆固醇(CHo)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)及高密度脂蛋白(HDL)进行比较. 结果:齐拉西酮组治疗前后各项指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),而奎硫平组治疗6个月后体质量、空腹血糖、CHO及TG显著升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01). 结论:奎硫平可能对精神分裂症患者体质量、血糖及血脂有较多影响,而齐拉西酮影响较小.     

阿托伐他汀对急性脑梗死患者CRP的影响

目的观察降脂药物阿托伐他汀对急性脑梗死患者的疗效,以探讨他汀类降脂药物治疗急性脑梗死的作用机制。方法 162例患者以随机数字法随机分为2组,观察组采用阿托伐他汀口服治疗,对照组采用依达拉奉注射治疗,21d后比较2组疗效、血脂和CRP变化情况。结果观察组有效率82.72%,对照组76.54%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(Ridit Z=10.378,P<0.0001);治疗21d后,观察组TC、TG、LDL和CRP 4个指标与治疗前相比均降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组TC、TG和CRP 3个指标与治疗前相比均降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),LDL与治疗前相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);2组TC、TG、LDL和CRP 4个指标比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论阿托伐他汀可以改善患者血脂水平,降低C反应蛋白含量,对急性脑梗死具有显著疗效。     

抗精神病药对血脂和载脂蛋白的影响

目的 :比较氯丙嗪、氯氮平及利培酮对精神分裂症患者血脂及载脂蛋白的影响。　方法 :采用全自动生化仪对单用氯丙嗪、氯氮平或利培酮治疗的精神分裂症患者各 30例进行治疗前后的血脂及载脂蛋白测定及对比分析。　结果 :氯丙嗪、氯氮平、利培酮均可引起女性精神分裂症患者胆固醇(TG)、载脂蛋白B(apoB)明显升高 ,氯氮平组升高更为明显。氯丙嗪、氯氮平均可引起男、女性精神分裂症患者甘油三脂 (TC)明显升高 (P <0 .0 5 )。　结论 :氯丙嗪、氯氮平、利培酮均可导致精神分裂症患者的脂类代谢异常 ,在治疗精神分裂症的同时应及早采取相应的预防措施     

四种非典型抗精神病药对血清催乳素和血脂的影响

目的探讨四种非典型抗精神病药对精神分裂症患者血脂和血清催乳素（PRL）的影响,以及血清PRL水平与药物疗效的关系。方法118例精神分裂症患者分为4组,分别予以喹硫平（29例）、氯氮平（30例）、奥氮平（30例）和利培酮（29例）治疗12周。于治疗前及治疗4、8及12周末予以阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定,测定血总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三脂（TG）高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、阿朴脂蛋白A—I（ApoA-1）、阿朴脂蛋白-B（Apo—B）及血清PRL浓度。结果（1）喹硫平组TG、HDL在12周末有显著升高（P〈0．05）,氯氮平组Apo—B在4、12周末有显著升高（P〈0．05）、LDL在8、12周末有显著升高（P〈0．05）,利培酮组除TG外其余血脂指标在8、12周末有显著升高（P〈0．05）,奥氮平组TG、HDL、LDL、ApoA-1、Apo—B在12周末有显著升高（P〈0．05）,TC在8与12周有显著升高（P〈0．05）。（2）利培酮组治疗8、12周后血清PRL明显升高（P〈0．01）。（3）氯氮平组和利培酮组PANSS一般病理分的减分率分别与PRL、LDL有显著相关;氯氮平组PRL与LDL有显著相关。结论利培酮、奥氮平、喹硫平和氯氮平均影响血脂代谢;氯氮平疗效与血清催乳素及LDL有关,利培酮疗效与LDL有关。     

利培酮单用与合并乙酰半胱氨酸治疗精神分裂症首次发病患者的对照研究

目的:探讨乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)对利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症患者的辅助疗效以及对血脂代谢的影响。方法:采用随机双盲法将121例首次发病精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组61例和对照组60例,两组在利培酮治疗的基础上分别联合NAC和安慰剂,观察8周。于治疗前及治疗4周和8周时采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定疗效;同时检测体质量、血清总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)水平,并对两组治疗前后变化进行比较。结果:治疗4周和8周后两组PANSS总分及各因子分均较治疗前明显降低(t=32.16~93.19,P均0.05);两组间比较,研究组(尤其阴性症状因子分)显著低于对照组(t=8.40;P0.05)。两组体质量治疗后均较治疗前显著升高(研究组:t=-5.62,t=-6.19;对照组:t=-6.20,t=-6.32),治疗前后比较,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);两组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后研究组TG、LDL、TC水平显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=3.97~13.51,P均0.05)。结论:利培酮单用或辅助NAC治疗可明显改善首发精神分裂症患者的精神症状;同时降低血TG、LDL、TC水平,但对体质量增加无影响。     

非经典抗精神病药对代谢的影响

目的：探讨非经典抗精神病药对精神分裂症患者血糖、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1C）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）和体质量的影响。方法：将176例精神分裂症患者分成氯氮平组（30例）、奥氮平组（30例）、奎硫平组（30例）、利培酮组（30例）、阿立哌唑组（30例）和齐拉西酮组（26例）,治疗6周。于治疗前和治疗6周测量空腹血糖、HbA1C、TG、HDL和体质量。结果：治疗前后血糖、HbA1C、TG、HDL和体质量在阿立哌唑组和齐拉西酮组无显著变化,氯氮平组和奥氮平组治疗后显著增高（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;奎硫平组和利培酮组可引起体质量显著增加（P〈0.01）,但对血糖、HbA1C、TG、HDL影响不大。结论：阿立哌唑、齐拉西酮对精神分裂症患者代谢的影响较小,奎硫平、利培酮次之,氯氮平、奥氮平对患者代谢的影响最大。     

Combination of clozapine and ziprasidone in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: an open clinical study

OBJECTIVES: Therapeutic options for patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia are limited. In such patients, combined application of atypical antipsychotic drugs is an often-used strategy. The authors tested the hypothesis that the combination of ziprasidone and clozapine would lead to an improvement in this patient group. METHODS: Nine patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia participated in this open clinical trial and received a combination regimen of ziprasidone and clozapine. Patients had to have remained on a stable dose of clozapine for at least 6 months to ensure a reasonable opportunity to respond to clozapine monotherapy. Clinical status was evaluated at baseline, and at 3 and 6 months' follow-up using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). RESULTS: All patients completed the 6-month combination treatment. The mental state of 7 patients (77.8%) was improved and there was a significant reduction in the mean BPRS score over the 6 months treatment. The coadministration of ziprasidone in clozapine-treated patients did not result in a corresponding increase in side effects. The combination allowed a 18% reduction of the daily clozapine dose. CONCLUSION: The combined application of clozapine and ziprasidone follows a neurobiologic rationale and appears to be safe and well tolerated without increasing the risk of side effects.     

齐拉西酮对精神分裂症患者体质量、血糖和泌乳素的影响

目的探讨齐拉西酮对精神分裂症患者体质量、血糖和泌乳素的影响。方法用随机方法将100例符合中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版（CCMD--3）的精神分裂症患者分成齐拉西酮组和氯氮平组,治疗12周。用全自动生化分析仪测定血糖,放射免疫法测定泌乳素。测定方法：于疗前和疗后4,8,12周测量体质量、血糖和泌乳素。结果治疗前后齐拉西酮组体质量、血糖和泌乳素水平无明显变化,而氯氮平组有显著性差异;且同期比较,氯氮平组与齐拉西酮组的体质量、血糖和泌乳素水平也有显著性差异（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。结论齐拉西酮对精神分裂症患者的体质量、血糖和泌乳素影响较小。     

Effectiveness of clozapine versus olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in patients with chronic schizophrenia who did not respond to prior atypical antipsychotic treatment

OBJECTIVE: When a schizophrenia patient has an inadequate response to treatment with an antipsychotic drug, it is unclear what other antipsychotic to switch to and when to use clozapine. In this study, the authors compared switching to clozapine with switching to another atypical antipsychotic in patients who had discontinued treatment with a newer atypical antipsychotic in the context of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials for Interventions Effectiveness (CATIE) investigation. METHOD: Ninety-nine patients who discontinued treatment with olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, or ziprasidone in phase 1 or 1B of the trials, primarily because of inadequate efficacy, were randomly assigned to open-label treatment with clozapine (N=49) or blinded treatment with another newer atypical antipsychotic not previously received in the trial (olanzapine [N=19], quetiapine [N=15], or risperidone [N=16]). RESULTS: Time until treatment discontinuation for any reason was significantly longer for clozapine (median=10.5 months) than for quetiapine (median=3.3), or risperidone (median=2.8), but not for olanzapine (median=2.7). Time to discontinuation because of inadequate therapeutic effect was significantly longer for clozapine than for olanzapine, quetiapine, or risperidone. At 3-month assessments, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total scores had decreased more in patients treated with clozapine than in patients treated with quetiapine or risperidone but not olanzapine. One patient treated with clozapine developed agranulocytosis, and another developed eosinophilia; both required treatment discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS: For these patients with schizophrenia who prospectively failed to improve with an atypical antipsychotic, clozapine was more effective than switching to another newer atypical antipsychotic. Safety monitoring is necessary to detect and manage clozapine's serious side effects.     

齐拉西酮与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症对照研究

目的：探讨齐拉西酮治疗精神分裂症的疗效和不良反应。方法：将60例符合中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版的精神分裂症患者,随机分为齐拉西酮组和氯氮平组,疗程6周,用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定疗效,用治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）观察不良反应,分别于治疗前、治疗2周、治疗4周评定1次一结果：两组疗效差异无显著性（P〉0．05）,齐拉西酮不良反应显著少于氯氮平。结论：齐拉西酮对精冲分裂症的疗效与氯氮平相当,不良反应较小,服药依从好,可作为分裂症的首选药物。     

奥卡西平辅助治疗精神分裂症及分裂样精神病兴奋躁动的比较研究

目的评估奥卡西平治疗兴奋躁动精神分裂症、分裂样精神病辅助疗效和安全性。方法将符合中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版中精神分裂症、分裂样精神病诊断标准,并以兴奋躁动为主要表现的80例患者随机分为研究组(n=39)和对照组(n=41),研究组应用抗精神病药物(氯氮平、奥氮平、利培酮、喹硫平、阿立哌唑或齐拉西酮其中之一)联合奥卡西平,对照组单一使用抗精神病药物,观察6周。采用简明精神病量表(BPRS)和阳性和阴性综合征量表(PANSS)兴奋因子,不良反应量表(TESS)在治疗前及治疗后第1,2,4,6周分别评估疗效和安全性。结果治疗6周后,研究组有效28例(71.8%),对照组有效26例(65.0%),2组有效率差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.02,P=0.028)。研究组与对照组患者分别脱落2例和4例。研究组的主要不良反应为镇静(11例)、便秘(10例)、头晕(7例)、心动过速(7例)等,对照组的主要不良反应为便秘(14例)、口干(12例)、心动过速(12例)、锥体外系不良反应(7例)等。结论奥卡西平能有效辅助治疗精神分裂症、分裂样精神病的兴奋状态。     

Second-Generation Antipsychotic Drugs and Extrapyramidal Side Effects: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Head-to-Head Comparisons

Objective: While all second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are promoted for having a low risk of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), clinical observations suggest differences between the various agents. Nevertheless, this question has never been examined in a systematic review and meta-analysis of head-to-head comparisons. Methods: We searched the register of the Cochrane schizophrenia group (last search May 2007), supplemented by MEDLINE (last search July 2009) for randomized, blinded studies comparing the following SGAs in the treatment of schizophrenia or related disorders: amisulpride, aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone, and zotepine. At least 3 reviewers extracted the data independently. The primary outcome was “use of antiparkinson medication.” The results were combined in a meta-analysis. Results: We included 54 studies with 116 arms. Risperidone was associated with more use of antiparkinson medication than clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, and ziprasidone. Ziprasidone showed more use of antiparkinson medication than olanzapine and quetiapine and zotepine more than clozapine. There was no significant difference between amisulpride and its comparators (olanzapine, risperidone, or ziprasidone). Quetiapine showed significantly less use of antiparkinson medication than the 3 other SGAs it was compared with (olanzapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone). Scale-derived data (Barnes Akathisia Scale and Simpson Angus Scale) were limited. Conclusions: Our meta-analysis demonstrates that there are differences between the SGAs in their ability to induce EPS that clinicians consider warrant treatment with antimuscarinic drugs. Even though the differences were relatively small, they might be important for individual patients and should be taken into account in drug choice.     

Comparative effects of aripiprazole and selected antipsychotic drugs on lipid peroxidation in plasma

Aim

The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the effects of a new antipsychotic, aripiprazole (unique due to its mechanism of action), with the effects of selected antipsychotic drugs, such as quetiapine, olanzapine, clozapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone (at the final concentrations corresponding to clinically effective doses used for the treatment of acute episodes of schizophrenia) on lipid peroxidation in human plasma measured by the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), which is a marker of oxidative stress.

Methods

The levels of TBARS were measured spectrophotometrically, according to the modification of the Rice‐Evans method.

Results

Our results indicate that antipsychotics at doses recommended for the treatment of acute episodes of schizophrenia may induce distinct changes in the levels of lipid peroxidation products (TBARS) in plasma. Aripiprazole had no effect on the level of a lipid peroxidation marker in plasma, although used at lower doses it showed insignificant prooxidative properties similar to clozapine. Quetiapine had the strongest antioxidant properties, contrary to prooxidative action of risperidone, ziprasidone or haloperidol, and clozapine at lower doses. Olanzapine reduced the level of TBARS in plasma only at a lower dose.

Conclusion

Antipsychotics at doses recommended for the treatment of acute episode in schizophrenia may induce the distinct changes in plasma lipid peroxidation. Aripiprazole did not induce significant changes in plasma lipid peroxidation. In further studies, the role of oxidative stress in schizophrenic patients together with their clinical symptomatology and use of antipsychotics should be taken into account.

     

Effectiveness of olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone in patients with chronic schizophrenia following discontinuation of a previous atypical antipsychotic

BACKGROUND: In the treatment of schizophrenia, changing antipsychotics is common when one treatment is suboptimally effective, but the relative effectiveness of drugs used in this strategy is unknown. This randomized, double-blind study compared olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone in patients who had just discontinued a different atypical antipsychotic. METHOD: Subjects with schizophrenia (N=444) who had discontinued the atypical antipsychotic randomly assigned during phase 1 of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) investigation were randomly reassigned to double-blind treatment with a different antipsychotic (olanzapine, 7.5-30 mg/day [N=66]; quetiapine, 200-800 mg/day [N=63]; risperidone, 1.5-6.0 mg/day [N=69]; or ziprasidone, 40-160 mg/day [N=135]). The primary aim was to determine if there were differences between these four treatments in effectiveness measured by time until discontinuation for any reason. RESULTS: The time to treatment discontinuation was longer for patients treated with risperidone (median: 7.0 months) and olanzapine (6.3 months) than with quetiapine (4.0 months) and ziprasidone (2.8 months). Among patients who discontinued their previous antipsychotic because of inefficacy (N=184), olanzapine was more effective than quetiapine and ziprasidone, and risperidone was more effective than quetiapine. There were no significant differences between antipsychotics among those who discontinued their previous treatment because of intolerability (N=168). CONCLUSIONS: Among this group of patients with chronic schizophrenia who had just discontinued treatment with an atypical antipsychotic, risperidone and olanzapine were more effective than quetiapine and ziprasidone as reflected by longer time until discontinuation for any reason.     

住院精神分裂症患者利培酮、氯氮平治疗的成本效益比较

目的 比较利培酮和氯氮平治疗住院精神分裂症病人的疗效和费用。方法 利培酮组３０例（男性１６例,女性１４例,平均年龄２６．８岁）,氯氮平组２６例（男性１２例,女性１４例,平均年龄３０．６岁）,ＢＰＲＳ评分〉３０分。比较两组病人住院期间的所有治疗费用及出院时疗效。结果 利培酮组与氯氮平组疗效相当,氯氮平组除住院期间主药费用小于利培酮,其他费用均高于利培酮。结论 利培酮与氯氮平疗效相当,住院总费用小于氯氮平,是一种安全且经济有效的抗精神病药物。