151例儿童发作性疾病的24h动态脑电图监测

目的对儿童发作性疾病的脑电活动进行分析。方法对１５１例发作性疾病儿童应用２４ｈ便携式磁带记录脑电图（ＡＥＥＧ）进行监测。结果总异常率８０８％，痫样放电出现率７９５％。癫痫组痫样放电出现率７８８％，可疑癫痫组痫样放电出现率４５５％，两组之间有非常显著差异（Ｐ＜０００５）。ＡＥＥＧ痫样放电出现率明显高于常规脑电图（ＥＥＧ）；癫痫组与可疑癫痫组之间临床发作中所描记到的痫样放电出现率也有非常显著差异（Ｐ＜００１）。本组病人的痫样放电部位以全脑或一侧，或限局性一侧偏胜者多见，痫样放电时间以睡眠时期为主占７４２％，其中６７７％见于浅睡期。结论２４ｈ动态脑电图监测对于儿童发作性疾病的诊断有着非常重要的意义。     

自然夜间睡眠脑电图对癫痫的诊断价值

目的：观察自然夜间睡眠脑电图（ＥＥＧ）对癫痫的诊断价值。方法：对２００例临床拟诊为癫痫的患者行白昼常规ＥＥＧ和夜间自然睡眠ＥＥＧ检查。结果：常规ＥＥＧ３６％（７２例）出现痫样放电，而自然夜间睡眠ＥＥＧ７８％（１５６例）出现痫样放电。痫样波检出率与年龄、临床发作类型、睡眠周期有关。结论：自然夜间睡眠ＥＥＧ可显著地提高痫样放电的检出率，对癫痫的诊断与鉴别诊断有重要的参考价值。     

颞叶癫痫病人睡眠EEG放电规律的探讨

目的：探讨颞叶癫痫患者昼与夜的脑电图痫样放电特点。方法：对２０例颞叶癫痫患者及同年龄、性别的对照组进行连续４８ｈＥＥＧ监测，就其临床发作频率、睡眠各期痫样放电的频率、时程进行分析。结果：ＥＥＧ监测期间共发生１３次临床发作。其中清醒时６次，睡眠中７次；２０例病人均检出痫样放电，１８例出现于清醒和睡眠时，１例仅出现于睡眠中，另一例仅出现于清醒时。痫样放电出现于非眼快动睡眠相（ＮＲＥＭ）１期１６例，２期１８例，３期３例，４期４例，出现于眼快动睡眠相（ＲＥＭ）１２例。结论：颞叶癫痫的临床发作频率和痫样放电频率在清醒和睡眠时期基本相等。痫样放电在ＮＲＥＭ的１、２期和ＲＥＭ期明显增加     

24h动态脑电图对癫痫的诊断意义

目的：了解动态脑电图对癫痫诊断的应用价值。方法：对１１２名诊断癫痫，可疑癫痫及发作性晕厥病人行２４ｈ动态脑电图检查，并在一周内做脑电图或脑电地形图检查作为自身对照。结果：发现全部病人组ＡＥＥＧ痫样放电检出率明显高于ＥＥＧ／ＢＥＡＭ组；在癫痫发作类型中，以复杂部分性发作ＡＥＥＧ痫样放电阳性率明显高于ＥＥＧ／ＢＥＡＭ组；睡眠期痫样放电检出占有痫样放电患者５６／６７（８４％），主要出现在ＮＲＥＭⅠ－Ⅱ期（７５％）。结论：动态脑电图对癫痫的诊断有重要的意义     

24h脑电监测对癫痫的诊断价值

利用磁带记录２４ｈ脑电监测系统（ＡＥＥＧ）观察９２例临床诊断为癫痫的患者。结果：异常率为８７％，痫样放电率为８０％，临床发作出现率为２５％，均高于常规ＥＥＧ。痫样放电发生在睡眠中多于清醒时，痫样放电检出率与临床发作类型、发作频率、年龄、描记时距末次发作的时间有关。     

癫痫手术治疗的皮层电图监测

目的：探讨皮层电图（ＥＣｏＧ）监测对切除癫痫病灶的应用价值及适应症。方法：对１０４例难治性癫痫患者使用盘状电极行ＥＣｏＧ监测下切除癫痫灶进行研究。结果：术前脑电图（ＥＥＧ）检查８６例异常（８２７％）。皮层电图１０２例异常（９８％）。术后随访３个月至４年,有８８例（８４６％）临床发作已控制,１６例发作次数明显减少。复查常规ＥＥＧ有痫样放电６例,慢波局限性改变５例,其余ＥＥＧ均为正常。术前术后ＥＥＧ阳性率相差显著。结论：在ＥＣｏＧ监测下切除癫痫灶具有一定的临床价值     

癫痫患者的脑电图与CT对比研究

目的：探索ＥＥＧ和ＣＴ在癫痫的诊断、分型和病因方面的意义。方法：对１３７９例癫痫进行ＥＥＧ常规描记和脑ＣＴ扫描。结果：１３７９例中原发性癫痫９８５例（７１４３％），继发性癫痫３９４例（２８５７％）。ＣＴ异常率４６１９％；ＥＥＧ异常率７４２６％，痫波检出率２３４７％。ＥＥＧ以局灶性或弥漫性慢波增多为主。ＥＥＧ和ＣＴ的符合率８０９５％。结论：ＥＥＧ对癫痫的分型和原发性癫痫的检出有重要价值，而ＣＴ则是查找继发性癫痫病因的有效方法     

动态脑电图对癫痫诊断和鉴别诊断的意义

对临床诊断癫痫的５３例和可疑癫痫的１１７例行２４ｈ动态脑电图（ＡＥＥＧ）监测。结果ＡＥＥＧ阳性率（３２．９％）明显高于常规ＥＥＧ（２０％），ＡＥＥＧ痫样放电率在癫痫组为５４．７％（２９／５３），可疑癫痫组为１５．４％（１８／１１７）。后者中有临床发作者６３例，检出痫样放电１０例，睡眠期出现痫样放电占８９．４％（４２／４７）。本文对痫样放电出现与临床发作间的关系以及癫痫诊断和鉴别诊断进行了讨论。     

癫痫发作前后血清皮质醇水平的变化

利用ＲＩＡ法测定经皮层ＥＥＧ、ＰＥＴ、ＳＰＥＣＴ、ＭＲＩ、ＣＴ等检查而定位明确的６４例癫痫患者痫痫发作前后血清皮质醇水平。结果表明,癫痫病人血清基础皮质醇水平明显低于正常人。癫痫发作后９２．２％的病人血清中皮质醇水平升高,４０．６％的病人发作后１５分钟皮质醇水平达到峰值,失神经发作后血清皮质醇水平不增加或增加不明显,而强－阵挛性,复杂部分性发作后皮质醇水平明显升高。然而发作后血清皮质醇水平的变化与     

110例癫痫患者24hAEEG临床应用报告

目的对１１０例癫痫患者的２４ｈ动态脑电图（ＡＥＥＧ）的应用价值进行了初步探讨。方法使用英国的ＯｘｆｏｒｄＭｅｄｉｌｏｇ９２００型８导磁带记录仪进行２４ｈ描记后作离线回放分析，并与普通ＥＥＧ相比较。结果１１０例中ＡＥＥＧ异常６２例（５６．４％），９８例中ＥＥＧ发现异常３２例（３２．７％）。ＥＥＧ正常而ＡＥＥＧ异常３０例，ＥＥＧ异常而ＡＥＥＧ正常９例。结论ＡＥＥＧ明显优于ＥＥＧ，但有时ＡＥＥＧ也不能捕获到间歇期的发作波。分析ＡＥＥＧ记录必需注意将睡眠Ⅰ、Ⅱ期出现的高幅顶尖波、纺锤波与痫样波区分开来，以免导致错误诊断。ＡＥＥＧ对颞叶和额叶底面的致痫灶反应较差，需补做特殊电极的ＥＥＧ，如蝶骨电极。     

Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

Modes of Inheritance of Errors of Refraction

Eighteen families in which both parents had refractions within the range of +4·0 D to −4·0 D and axial lengths seen in emmetropia (22·3-26·0 mm) showed coefficients of correlation of the order 0·5 indicative of polygenic inheritance. Such coefficients were seen for axial length (0·407) and for the cornea (0·487), but not for the lens (which is known to be yoked to the axial length). No such coefficients were seen in 19 families in which one of the parents had axial length outside the emmetropic range (nine families with long axes and 10 with short axes).

The pattern of polygenic inheritance for emmetropia (completely correlated optical components) and errors of refraction up to 4·0 D (inadequately correlated components: correlation ametropia) follows that seen in stature and other measurable characters. In contrast the high refractive errors with their abnormal axial lengths (component ametropia) are—like the extremes in stature—pathological anomalies with monofactorial inheritance.

     

Aspects of the problem of direct introduction of Standards of International Organizations

Editorial note. This article is published as part of a discussion. Particular issues of the article are disputable. First of all, this concerns the so-called “folder” method of introduction of international standards for medical devices to domestic medical practice (i.e., by direct translation of the standards and their publication as standardizing documents). Nevertheless, at least one of the problems, the problem of coordination between domestic state standards for medical devices and international recommendations of ISO and IEC, is undoubtedly of topical importance. Advancement of new health service legislation which is to be approved by law-makers will definitely introduce corrections into the present situation. The Editorial Board of Meditsinskaya Tekhnika believes this article will lessen these problems and to be welcomed by readers.