一种复方醋酸氯己定-乙醇消毒剂性能的研究

目的研究一种以醋酸氯己定和乙醇复配的消毒剂的消毒性能。方法用理化测定方法、消毒性能检测方法,对该复方消毒剂的性能进行检测。结果含醋酸氯己定600 mg/L、乙醇11.23%的复方消毒液作用2 min;含醋酸氯己定450 mg/L、乙醇8.43%的复方消毒液作用2 min;含醋酸氯己定780 mg/L、乙醇14.60%的复方消毒液作用2 min,分别对悬液内金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌的杀灭对数值5.00;含醋酸氯己定780 mg/L、乙醇14.60%的复方消毒液作用1 min,对悬液内白色念珠菌的杀灭对数值4.00。消毒剂原液作用1 min对手和皮肤的自然菌杀灭对数值1.00。结论该复方消毒剂储存性能稳定,原液和一定浓度的稀释液均对指标菌的细菌繁殖体和真菌有较好的杀菌作用,对皮肤和手上自然菌的杀菌效果均可以达到标准的要求。     

3种消毒剂对金黄色葡萄球菌杀灭效果的比较

[目的]了解新洁尔灭、百毒杀、醋酸氯己定对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭效果。[方法]采用悬液定量杀菌实验,对新洁尔灭、百毒杀、醋酸氯己定杀灭金黄色葡萄球菌的效果进行实验室观察。[结果]新洁尔灭200mg/L作用2min、300mg/L作用1.5min、500mg/L作用1min平均杀灭对数值均大于5;百毒杀200mg/L作用1.5min、300mg/L作用1.5min、500mg/L作用0.5min平均杀灭对数值均大于5;醋酸氯己定2000mg/L作用2min、3000mg/L作用1.5min、5000mg/L作用1min平均杀灭对数值均大于5。[结论]3种消毒剂对金黄色葡萄球菌有较好的杀灭效果。季铵盐类消毒剂杀菌作用强于醋酸氯己定。     

两种剂型醋酸氯己定杀菌效果比较

JX牌皮肤消毒剂是含醋酸氯己定的水溶液 (以下简称液体 ) ,含醋酸氯己定 5 0 0 6mg/L ,泰奇牌泡腾消毒片由醋酸氯己定和淀粉组成 (以下简称片剂 ) ,也是皮肤消毒剂 ,含醋酸氯己定 32 .77mg/片 ,为了解这两种剂型醋酸氯己定的杀菌效果 ,在实验室内进行了杀灭金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、白色念珠菌效果的比较试验 ,现将结果报告如下 :1　方法1.1　醋酸氯己定含量测定　从 3瓶片剂中分别取样研碎 ,称重 ,每瓶取 3份 ,分别放入 2 5 0ml碘量瓶中 ,然后加入 30ml丙酮与 2ml冰醋酸 ,振摇使溶解后 ,加甲基橙的饱和丙酮溶液 1.0ml,用高氯酸标准溶液…     

一种复方中药洗液杀菌效果及毒性的试验观察

为探讨沽阴舒洗液杀菌效果及毒性，用悬液定量杀菌试验和毒性试验进行观察。结果，醋酸氯己定含量为702mg／L的洁阴舒洗液对太肠杆菌作用2min、对金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌分别作用10min，杀灭率分别为100％、100％和90．03％;洁阴舒洗液原液对家兔皮肤和家兔阴道黏膜无刺激性，对豚鼠皮肤无致变态反应作用。     

一种手消毒液杀菌效果与毒性试验观察

[目的]了解一种手消毒液的杀菌效果和毒性.[方法]按卫生部《消毒技术规范》（2002年版）有关要求,对一种手消毒液有效成分含量、杀菌效果、现场试验效果和毒性进行检测评价.[结果]经检测,该手消毒液有效成分醋酸氯己定含量为21.6 g/L,经37℃ 90 d存放后,有效成分含量为21.4 g/L,下降0.9%,有效期可定为2年;原液pH值为6.81;含醋酸氯己定2 000 mg/L的样液对金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞杆菌、大肠杆菌作用1 min,平均杀灭对数值均为≥5.00,含醋酸氯己定3 000 mg/L的样液对白色念珠菌作用1 min,平均杀灭对数值为≥4.00;30人次的手消毒现场试验表明,含醋酸氯己定3 000 mg/L的样液作用1 min,对手上自然菌的平均杀灭对数值为1.29.毒性检测结果表明,属实际无毒级,对皮肤无刺激性,小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验阴性,对大鼠无亚急性毒性作用.[结论]该手消毒液杀灭微生物效果良好,各项毒性试验都符合要求,安全无毒.     

花红洗液的卫生安全性评价

目的观察花红洗液的杀菌效果及毒性。方法采用理化分析，悬液定量杀菌试验和动物试验方法，对花红洗液进行消毒相关性能观察。结果用含4589mg／L醋酸氯己定的花红洗液对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌作用2分钟，杀灭率均为100．00％。该消毒剂原液对家兔皮肤和阴道黏膜无刺激性，对豚鼠皮肤亦无致变态反应作用。结论该消毒剂有良好的杀菌效果，对实验动物皮肤和阴道黏膜无刺激性，对实验动物皮肤亦无致变态反应作用。     

几种聚六亚甲基双胍复方消毒剂杀灭金黄色葡萄球菌效果比较

目的:为比较几种以盐酸聚六亚甲基双胍为主要成分的消毒剂的杀菌作用,对其杀灭金黄色葡萄球菌效果进行了试验观察.方法:以金黄色葡萄球菌为指示菌,采用悬液定量杀菌试验分别对双癸基二甲基氯化铵、新洁尔灭、乙醇、醋酸氯己定与聚六亚甲基双胍复配消毒剂的杀菌效果进行比较.结果:各复方消毒剂均具有良好的杀灭效果.聚六亚甲基双胍乙醇复方消毒剂、聚六亚甲基双胍双癸基二甲基氯化铵复方消毒剂、聚六亚甲基双胍苯扎溴铵复方消毒剂、聚六亚甲基双胍醋酸氯己定复方消毒剂聚六亚甲基双胍含量为500 mg/L时作用1 min,对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭对数值均>5.00.结论:各复方消毒剂对金黄色葡萄球菌均具有良好的杀灭效果,以聚六亚甲基双胍双癸基二甲基氯化铵复方消毒剂和聚六亚甲基双胍醋酸氯己定复方消毒剂杀菌效果较好.     

杨驰复合碘消毒液消毒效果及毒性检测

目的　观察以碘与醋酸氯己定络合物为主要消毒成份的杨驰复合碘消毒液的消毒效果和毒性。方法布载体浸泡定量杀灭试验 ,有机物影响试验 ,稳定性试验和系列毒理学试验。结果　含有效碘 2 0mg/L、4 0mg/L的稀释液作用 5min ,对布载体上的大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌的杀灭率均为 99.90 % ;2 5 %、5 0 %有机物对含有效碘 2 0mg/L的稀释液的杀灭金黄色葡萄球菌的效果无影响 ;室温下密闭存放九个月 (6月～次年 3月 )后 ,有效碘含量下降率为 7.78% ;该产品LD50 >2 0 g/kg体重 ,属实际无毒类 ,小鼠蓄积毒性属弱蓄积毒性 ,小鼠骨髓微核试验阴性 ,家兔急性皮肤刺激试验、眼刺激试验显示无刺激性 ;棉签浸润含 4 0 0mg/L的试样稀释液涂擦手臂皮肤 ,作用lmin ,对自然菌的杀灭率为 99.0 1% ,残留菌数为 0～ 3CFU/cm2 。结论　该复合碘消毒液具有良好的消毒效果 ,安全无毒 ,适用于皮肤粘膜的消毒     

诗洁手消毒液消毒效果和毒性实验研究

目的 了解醋酸氯己定类洗手消毒液的消毒效果和毒性。方法 按卫生部《消毒技术规范》有关要求，对诗洁手消毒液有效成分含量、实验室和现场应用效果、毒性进行检测评价。结果 经检测，诗洁手消毒液含0.9746％醋酸氯己定，原液pH值7.09，含醋酸氯己定5000mg/L样液作用2min，对布载体大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭率达到99．90％以上，原液作用2min对布载体白色念珠菌的杀灭率达到99．93％，5min杀灭率达到l00％；30人次的现场试验结果表明，含醋酸氯己定5000mg儿样液作用1min对手上自然菌灭除率达到99．57％，消毒后残留菌落数符合CBl5982规定的I类环境医护人员手消毒要求；毒性检测结果表明属实际无毒类，对皮肤无刺激，无蓄积毒性和致突变性。结论 诗洁手消毒液可用于医疗卫生机构诊疗活动中的卫生洗手和外科洗手消毒。     

荣鼎牌二氧化氯消毒剂杀菌性能的试验观察

荣鼎牌二氧化氯消毒剂为一元包装的粉剂 ,用载体定量杀菌试验对其杀菌效果进行了试验观察。结果 ,二氧化氯含量为 5 0 0mg/L和 2 5 0mg/L的荣鼎牌二氧化氯消毒剂溶液分别作用 5min和 2 0min ,对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞的杀灭率均达 99.90 % ,二氧化氯含量为 3 75mg/L时 ,作用 2 0min ,对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞的杀灭率达 10 0 .0 0 %。二氧化氯含量为 40 0mg/L和 3 0 0mg/L荣鼎牌二氧化氯消毒剂溶液分别作用 3min和 5min ,对白色念珠菌的杀灭率达 99.92 % ;二氧化氯含量为 2 0 0mg/L和 10 0mg/L时 ,分别作用 3min和 10min ,对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的杀灭率均达 99.90 %。二氧化氯含量为 40 0 0mg/L和 3 0 0 0mg/L时 ,分别作用 10min和 2 0min ,可破坏不锈钢片上HBsAg的抗原性。有机物对其杀菌作用有一定影响。该粉剂存放于 5 4℃ 14d ,二氧化氯下降率为 6.17%。用二氧化氯含量为 2 0 0mg/L的荣鼎牌二氧化氯消毒剂溶液擦拭消毒油漆物体表面 ,作用 10min ,对各油漆物体表面自然菌的消除率均≥ 90 .5 0 % ;各物体表面自然菌残留菌数均≤ 8.8cfu/cm2 。该粉剂存放于 5 4℃ 14d ,二氧化氯下降率为 6.81%。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.