自身免疫性睾丸炎对精子特异性酶和生育功能的影响

目的 :研究自身免疫性睾丸炎对精子特异性酶和生育功能的影响。　方法 :复制豚鼠实验性变态反应性睾丸炎 (EAO)模型 ,采用酶动力学分光光度法和明胶固定底物薄膜法 ,观察EAO状态下精子顶体蛋白酶、透明质酸酶、精子胞质乳酸脱氢酶、附睾尾部精子和睾丸组织形态的变化。　结果 :EAO造成附睾精子顶体酶系中顶体蛋白酶、透明质酸酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性下降、附睾尾部精子质量下降、睾丸生精细胞发生退行性病变。　结论 :EAO明显影响雄性豚鼠生育力 ,睾丸生精细胞和附睾精子可能是主要作用环节。     

育精阴对精子特异性酶的影响

本实验通过复制实验性变态反应性睾丸炎（EAO）模型,采用酶动力学分光光度法以及明胶固定底物薄膜法,观察EAO状态下精子顶体蛋白酶、透明质酸酶和乳酸脱氢酶的变化,观察育精阴对精子特异性酶的影响。结果：EAO造成的附睾精子顶体酶系中顶体蛋白酶和透明质酸酶以及精子胞浆乳酸脱氢酶活性下降。在育精阴治疗后,顶体蛋白酶、透明质酸酶和乳酸胶氢酶活性显著恢复。揭示育精阴对EAO造成的免疫损伤有修复作用。     

五子衍宗丸对实验性少弱精子症大鼠的保护作用与机制研究

目的:观察五子衍宗丸对实验性少弱精子症大鼠的保护作用与机制研究。方法:取60只雄性SD大鼠,随机分成正常组、模型组、阳性药组(生精胶囊1.6 g/kg),五子衍宗丸低、中、高剂量组(1、2、4 g/kg),除正常组外,其他各组灌服雷公藤多苷30 mg/(kg·d),连续6周,建立少弱精子症模型。从造模的第3周开始,各组按剂量灌胃给药,连续给药4周后计算睾丸和附睾脏器指数,检测附睾精子质量、精子凋亡率、精子线粒体通透性转换孔(MPTP)开放情况,HE染色观察大鼠睾丸病理组织学改变,Hochest染色观察大鼠睾丸细胞凋亡情况。结果:五子衍宗丸能提高少弱精子症大鼠睾丸和附睾脏器指数,增加附睾精子浓度、精子活力和精子活率,降低精子凋亡率,抑制MPTP异常开放;HE染色显示五子衍宗丸能增加少弱精子症大鼠睾丸生精小管内各级生精细胞层次和数量,Hochest染色显示五子衍宗丸明显抑制睾丸生精小管内生精细胞凋亡。结论:五子衍宗丸能明显提高少弱精子症大鼠精子质量,降低少弱精子症模型大鼠的各级生精细胞(包括精子)凋亡率,其机制可能与抑制大鼠精子线粒体MPTP开放有关。     

L-肉碱在奥硝唑所致大鼠睾丸和附睾损伤中的保护作用

目的:探讨L-肉碱(LC)在奥硝唑(ORN)所致大鼠附睾和睾丸损伤中的的保护作用。方法:40只雄性SD大鼠(200～230g)随机均分为5组:①A组:给予0.5%的羧甲基纤维素钠(溶剂)灌胃;②B组:每天给予400mg/kgORN灌胃;③C组:每天给予800mg/kgORN灌胃;④D组:每天给予[ORN(400mg/kg)+LC(100mg/kg)]灌胃;⑤E组:每天给予[ORN(800mg/kg)+LC(100mg/kg)]灌胃。上述各组均连续灌胃20d,末次给药24h后,所有大鼠麻醉后处死,分别取睾丸、附睾,进行称重和HE染色,计算睾丸、附睾系数并观察睾丸和附睾病理组织学改变。结果:①与A组相比,B组睾丸、附睾系数明显降低(P<0.05);而C组睾丸、附睾系数为极显著性降低(P<0.01);D组与A组相比无差异,E组与A组相比有极显著性差异(P<0.01);②HE染色显示,与A组相比,B组睾丸生精小管内各级生精细胞排列基本整齐,部分生精小管管腔内有脱落的生精细胞,附睾管腔中精子数目下降,有时可见散在的生精细胞;C组大鼠睾丸生精小管管腔内均可见坏死脱落的生精细胞,附睾管腔中精子数目明显减少,且有较多的非精子细胞成分。D组睾丸生精小管无明显改变,附睾管腔中精子数目也未见明显下降;E组睾丸生精小管管腔内精子数目减少,可见坏死脱落的生精细胞,附睾腔中精子数目明显减少,并伴有较多的非精子细胞成分。结论:奥硝唑(ORN)可导致雄性大鼠附睾和睾丸病理组织学改变,LC对ORN引起大鼠附睾和睾丸损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

异丙苯过氧化氢体内致大鼠睾丸和附睾过氧化的初步研究

目的:建立异丙苯过氧化氢(cHP)体内过氧化模型,探讨cHP体内过氧化对大鼠睾丸组织和附睾精子的影响,及对精子核DNA断裂的影响。方法:90日龄雄性W istar大鼠52只,设cHP 1/10 LD50、1/6 LD50、1/4 LD503个剂量组和对照组,cHP 1/10 LD50、1/6 LD50组和对照组每组大鼠12只,1/4 LD50组大鼠16只。用无菌生理盐水稀释70%cHP水剂配制,按2 m l/kg经腹腔每日1次注射,对照组给同体积生理盐水,观察一般中毒症状和体征。连续1周,最后1次给药24 h后处死动物。分光光度法测定睾丸组织匀浆、附睾头部和尾部精子丙二醛含量,用单细胞凝胶电泳检测睾丸生精上皮细胞、附睾头部和尾部精子核DNA断裂发生率,计数附睾尾部精子活动率,睾丸和附睾常规石蜡切片,苏木精-伊红染色观察病理变化。结果:给予cHP大鼠活动稍差,无死亡,1/6 LD50、1/4 LD50 cHP组体重降低明显(P<0.001)。1/6 LD50、1/4 LD50 cHP组大鼠睾丸和附睾精子丙二醛浓度均明显高于对照组,附睾尾部精子活动率均明显降低,睾丸生精上皮细胞和附睾头部精子核DNA断裂发生率明显高于对照组,附睾尾部精子核DNA断裂的发生率与对照组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。1/10 LD50 cHP组大鼠体重变化、睾丸丙二醛浓度、附睾尾部精子活动率、睾丸生精上皮细胞和附睾精子核DNA断裂与对照组比较,差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:1/6 LD50、1/4 LD50 cHP能在体内使大鼠睾丸和附睾精子发生过氧化,并使细胞核DNA发生断裂,核DNA断裂的主要部位可能在睾丸组织,对附睾尾部精子核DNA断裂无明显影响。     

慢性疼痛应激对雄性SD大鼠生殖相关参数的影响

目的 观察不伺时间段慢性疼痛应激后,SD大鼠生殖相关参数的变化.方法 建立坐骨神经分支选择性损伤模型.经不同时间疼痛应激后,于14 d、21 d和28 d处死大鼠,取睾丸、附睾称重,并对附睾尾精子计数,HE染色显示睾丸结构变化,western blot检测3 β-HSD蛋白表达的改变.结果 14 d和21 d手术组大鼠体重均略低于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).不同时间段各组大鼠睾丸和附睾系数均无明显变化.28 d后手术组附睾尾精子相对计数显著低于对照组(P<0.05).HE染色显示,坐骨神经分支选择性损伤诱导疼痛应激28 d后睾丸生精上皮中生精细胞减少,生精小管腔内精子数量减少.Western blot结果显示28 d手术组3 β-HSD表达显著低于正常照组和假手术组(P<0.05).结论 慢性疼痛应激如其他方式应激一样,能引起大鼠附睾尾精子相对计数减少,睾丸生精上皮中生精细胞减少,睾丸内3 β-HSD含量降低,慢性疼痛应激降低了大鼠的生精功能.     

高功率微波辐射所致大鼠睾丸损伤的病理学研究

目的:探讨高功率微波(HPM)辐照后睾丸组织的病变特点、动态变化规律。方法:165只二级雄性W istar大鼠经0、3、10、30、100 mW/cm2HPM辐照5 m in,于照后6 h,1、3、7、14、28、90 d,采用光镜、电镜观察睾丸组织形态学及附睾精子畸形的变化。结果:3~100 mW/cm2HPM辐照均可引起大鼠睾丸生精细胞损伤,主要病变为生精细胞变性、坏死、脱落,多核巨细胞形成,精子减少,间质水肿。生精细胞损伤历经死亡脱落期、“空虚”期和再生修复期,具有局灶性、不均一性、阶段性等特点,且功率密度越大,病变越严重,3 mW/cm2辐照后1 d见散在生精小管生精细胞变性、坏死、脱落;10 mW/cm2辐照后6 h与3 mW/cm2辐照后1 d病变相似,但出现多核巨细胞;1~7 d时上述病变明显加重;30、100 mW/cm2辐照后6 h,不仅见生精小管生精细胞的变性、坏死脱落明显增加,还可见单个生精小管内灶性坏死及精子明显减少或缺失。在3 mW/cm2辐照后3 d,10 mW/cm2辐照后1~7 d,30、100 mW/cm2辐照后6 h~7 d附睾畸形精子率显著性增加(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论:HPM辐照可引起大鼠睾丸生精细胞损伤,其损伤存在剂量效应和时间效应关系。     

血管内皮生长因子和其受体Flt-1在青春期大鼠睾丸、附睾及附睾内精子上的表达研究

目的:通过对血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及其受体Flt-1在大鼠睾丸、附睾及附睾内精子上表达的研究,探讨其在雄性生殖系统中的作用。方法:免疫组化SP法和免疫荧光法检测20只青春期SD大鼠睾丸、附睾及精子上VEGF和Flt-1蛋白的表达情况。结果:VEGF和Flt-1在大鼠睾丸和附睾组织及精子上均有特征性表达。睾丸内VEGF蛋白表达于生精细胞、精子细胞发育中的顶体、Sertoli和Leydig细胞胞质内;Flt-1只见于精子细胞发育中的顶体及Leydig细胞胞质中。附睾中VEGF表达于各段上皮主细胞胞质内,而Flt-1表达于头、尾段上皮主细胞胞质内,体部免疫染色阴性;两者在附睾上皮亮细胞、晕细胞和基细胞中均为阴性表达。免疫荧光染色显示,VEGF和Flt-1共同定位于附睾内精子头部的顶体,尾部的颈、中和主段。结论:VEGF和Flt-1蛋白在大鼠睾丸、附睾及精子中的特异性表达提示,他们可由不同生精上皮细胞、间质细胞和附睾主细胞产生,可能以自分泌或旁分泌的形式单独或共同作用于睾丸和附睾的生殖细胞或Leydig细胞,直接或间接地影响精子的发生、发育和成熟过程,并与精子的活动和受精能力有关。     

一氧化氮合酶在食蟹猴睾丸及附睾中的表达及意义

目的:探索一氧化氮合酶(NOS)在食蟹猴睾丸及附睾中的表达及意义。方法:运用免疫组化染色法观察NOS在8只猴龄为8岁左右性成熟食蟹猴睾丸及附睾中的分布。结果:①神经元型NOS(nNOS)免疫反应阳性见于睾丸生精小管上皮内各级生精细胞、腔内精子、附睾输出小管上皮、血管内皮细胞。②诱导型NOS(iNOS)免疫反应阳性见于附睾输出小管上皮、腔内精子、管周类肌细胞、血管内皮细胞。③内皮型NOS(eNOS)免疫反应阳性见于睾丸间质细胞、附睾输出小管上皮、腔内精子、管周类肌细胞、血管内皮细胞。结论:NOS广泛表达于性成熟食蟹猴睾丸及附睾组织细胞中,推测其在参与精子发生、成熟及睾丸激素分泌等过程中起到重要作用。     

烟雾暴露大鼠氧化应激生精损害的中医药治疗实验研究

目的 研究补肾填精中药麒麟丸对烟雾暴露造成氧化应激所致大鼠睾丸、附睾与精子的抗氧化作用。方法 随机将60只雄性成年大鼠均分6组:空白组、模型组、五子衍宗丸组、麒麟丸低剂量组、麒麟丸中剂量组、麒麟丸高剂量组。除空白组外,每天上午烟雾暴露制备大鼠睾丸生殖毒性模型,下午灌胃给药,每周测量体质量,调整给药剂量,连续56d后,处死大鼠取样检测,取血清测定睾酮(T)水平;分别称取大鼠精囊腺、附睾、睾丸的质量并计算相应器官指数;留取附睾内精液,进行计算机辅助的精液分析(CASA)及精子DNA完整率分析;酶联法测定睾丸谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)水平;睾丸附睾病理组织学检查。结果 模型组大鼠精子总活力[前向运动(PR)%+非前向运动(NP)%]显著下降,睾丸附睾匀浆MDA水平(28.0±3.2)显著升高,而SOD(13.2±2.0)、GSH-Px(21.1±8.3)明显降低,与空白组相比均有显著差异(P0.05);麒麟丸各剂量组大鼠精子浓度及总活力比空白组下降,但仍显著高于模型组(P0.05),MDA显著低于模型组(P0.05),SOD及GSH-Px显著高于模型组(P0.05);麒麟丸中、高剂量组大鼠精子正常形态率及各剂量组DNA完整率显著高于模型组(P0.05)。病理检查:与空白组相比,模型组呈生精功能减低改变。表现为睾丸生精小管萎缩,排列变稀疏,生精上皮变薄,生精细胞减少;附睾管腔内成熟精子变少;精囊腺管腔内分泌物减少,上皮乳头萎缩、数量减少。麒麟丸组与模型组相比,随着剂量增加,生精功能减低的例数逐渐减少,疗效与剂量间有依从关系。结论 补肾填精中药麒麟丸可通过提高抗氧化酶活性,抑制氧化应激的发生,起到抗氧化作用,同时可以修复烟雾暴露对睾丸、附睾、精囊腺造成的病理损伤,最终可以保护生精功能,提高精子浓度、总活力与正常形态率,降低精子DNA碎片率。     

流式细胞术测定睾丸和附睾中生精细胞DNA含量

目的 :观察睾丸和附睾各段组织管腔内生精细胞DNA含量的变化。　方法 :利用流式细胞术 (FCM) ,对15例有生育能力、意外死亡的青年捐献者的右侧新鲜睾丸和附睾 (头、体、尾 )组织管腔内生精细胞的DNA含量进行测定。　结果 :从睾丸至附睾尾均存在单倍体 (1n)、二倍体 (2n)和四倍体 (4n) 3种细胞。 1n细胞由 (2 4 .87±7.2 8) %增至 (96 .33± 1.5 8) % ,其中睾丸至附睾每段之间的差异有极显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ,附睾体与附睾尾之间也有明显差别 (P <0 .0 5 )。 2n和 4n细胞的比例分别由 (6 3.0 7± 8.96 ) %、(9.4 3± 3.83) %下降至 (2 .4 7± 0 .93) %、(1.17± 0 .95 ) %。睾丸至附睾每段之间 2n细胞的比例差异有极显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ,附睾体与附睾尾之间也有明显差别(P <0 .0 5 ) ;除睾丸与附睾头之间的 4n细胞变化不明显外 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,其他各段之间的 4n细胞比例差异也有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。　结论 :未成熟生精细胞比例在附睾转运过程中逐渐减少     

精氨酸锌作为一种化学绝育剂的研究

本研究采用精氨酸锌及生理盐水,分别经80只正常性成熟Winstar大鼠的附睾尾注射0.1m1,观察48小时、1周、2周,3周及4周以后火鼠睾丸、附睾、输精管、前列腺的病变,结果显示经上述两种物质注射1周以后,睾丸均出现生精功能低下,间质细胞无异常,其精氨酸锌注射两周后,附睾尾管腔内即达到完全无精子,而生理盐水注射后仅导致附睾尾精子数量及活力大大降低,但始终不能达到完全无精子。此结果提示:精氨酸锌附睾尾注射可能成为一种新的男性绝育方法,值得进一步研究。     

Expression profile of Toll-like receptor 4 in rat testis and epididymis throughout postnatal development

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belonging to pattern recognition receptors are involved in maintaining testicular and epididymal immune homeostasis. The purpose of the current study was to investigate TLR4 expression in rat testis and epididymis throughout postnatal development. Weak staining was detected in peritubular myoid cells and immature Sertoli cells while no staining was observed in gonocytes during prepubertal period. However, TLR4 expression began to appear in spermatocytes in pubertal period and gradually increased in spermatids. An intense staining was observed in steps 5–19 spermatids in post pubertal and mature periods. Similarly, TLR4 expression in the testes steadily increased from pubertal period to mature period. Puberty also caused a significant increase in TLR4 expression in epididymis. TLR4 expression in cauda epididymis was lower as compared to those of other epididymal segments. The majority of epididymal epithelial cells exhibited apical TLR4 expression, whereas basal cells showed intense intracytoplasmic immunoreaction. We detected an intense staining in epididymal smooth muscle cells. The expression levels of TLR4 showed dynamic changes in both spermatogenic cells, and entire testicular and epididymal tissues during postnatal development. These results suggest that TLR4 expression contributes not only to inflammation but also to the development of spermatogenic cells.     

Sperm structural and motility changes during aging in the Brown Norway rat

The Brown Norway rat provides a useful model to study aging of the male reproductive tract because of the selective age-dependent pathological changes that are found in the testis, epididymis, and prostate. In the testis, there is a clear age-dependent decrease in both steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis. In the epididymis, some striking segment-specific changes occur at the histological and biochemical levels prior to the major loss of spermatogenesis. We hypothesized that formation of spermatozoa in the testis and maturation of spermatozoa in the epididymis (ie, acquisition of motility and loss of the cytoplasmic droplet) may be altered during aging. Changes in the morphology of spermatozoa were assessed by light and electron microscopy. Using computer-assisted sperm analysis, the motility parameters of spermatozoa obtained from the caput and cauda epididymidis of young and old Brown Norway rats were compared. In old animals, we also compared the motility of spermatozoa from epididymides adjacent to regressed testes with those from epididymides adjacent to nonregressed testes. There was a marked increase with age in the number of spermatozoa with abnormal flagellar midpieces; the nature of these defects did not change with age. In caput epididymidis, the percentage of motile sperm was similar in young and old rats. In contrast, the percentage of motile spermatozoa was significantly decreased in cauda epididymidis of old rats; spermatozoa from the regressed testis side had altered motility characteristics. Furthermore, in the cauda epididymidis on the regressed testis side of aged Brown Norway rats, the proportion of spermatozoa that retained their cytoplasmic droplet was markedly elevated. Some of these effects are likely due to changes taking place in spermatozoa during the process of spermatogenesis in the testis (eg, formation of the flagellum), whereas others could occur during sperm maturation in the epididymis (eg, acquisition of motility). The multiple effects of aging on sperm morphology, the acquisition of motility, and the shedding of the cytoplasmic droplet clearly indicate that the quality of spermatozoa is affected by aging.     

Epididymal scanning electron microscopy study in hypothyroid rats

The purpose of this research was to investigate, using scanning electron microscopy, the effect of hypothyroidism on the ultrastructure of the rat cauda epididymis. Thyroidectomy was obtained by ip injection of 270 muCi of 131I per rat. One month later, several portions of cauda epididymis were examined. Morphological and physiological differences were detected in the cauda epididymis of the hypothyroid animals when compared to the control normal rats. The hypothyroid condition was associated with important changes in the luminal surface of the cauda epididymis epithelium. Broken, oblique, and loss of stereocilia, denuded epithelial cells, and flattening of the tubule were observed. The results confirm that hypothyroidism causes marked structural changes in the cauda ductus epididymis and could be adversely affect sperm maturation motility.     

胱蛋白酶抑制剂相关的附睾精子发生基因在不同发育阶段小鼠睾丸和附睾中的表达

目的 :研究胱蛋白酶抑制剂相关的附睾精子发生 (Cres)基因在生后不同发育阶段小鼠睾丸及附睾中的表达规律。　方法 :采用半定量RT PCR方法检测CresmRNA在生后 14、2 0、2 2、2 8、35、4 9、70、4 0 0d小鼠睾丸及附睾中的表达变化。　结果 :Cres基因在 14d小鼠睾丸和附睾中呈低水平表达 ,随着小鼠的生长发育 ,CresmRNA的表达量逐渐升高。在 70d小鼠睾丸和 4 0 0d小鼠附睾中 ,CresmRNA的表达量达到峰值。　结论 :Cres基因在生后不同发育阶段小鼠睾丸及附睾中呈现明显的规律性表达 ,可能参与精子发生、成熟过程的调控。     

Investigation of epididymal sperm maturation in the golden hamster

During passage of hamster spermatozoa through the epididymis their maturation is shown to involve changes in the sperm head, midpiece (mitochondria) and tail. The sum of these changes results in a dramatic increase in the fertilizing potential of the spermatozoa. When comparable numbers of spermatozoa from the caput or corpus epididymis were injected into one uterine horn of mature females, following ovulation induction, and spermatozoa from the cauda epididymis were injected into the contralateral horn, no fertilization was observed with caput epididymal spermatozoa, 1.7% of oocytes were fertilized by corpus epiddymal spermatozoa, whereas 79.5% fertilization was obtained with cauda epididymal spermatozoa. Total sperm numbers increased from caput to corpus to cauda [28.3 ± 12.2, 40.6 ±20.8, 1434 ±62 mihon, respectively]. The percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa increased from 27.9 ±6.4 to 33.8 ± 4.8 to 70 ± 10.7 during this passage. Viability, measured by exclusion of the dye, propidium iodide, was significantly less in spermatozoa from the cauda than from the proximal or mid-caput epididymis. The percentage of the live cells that were stained intensely by rhodamine-123 (a measure of mitochondrial membrane potential) increased during epididymal passage from 22.8 ±7.8% in the proximal caput epididymis to 57.2 ± 16.5% in the cauda epididymis. Staining with acridine orange (a measure of DNA packaging in the sperm head) indicated an increase in chromatin condensation in cauda epididymal spermatozoa, when compared to those obtained from the caput or corpus.