Tuberculosis in Norway by country of birth, 1986-1999.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the standardised incidence ratio (SIR) of TB among the foreign-born in Norway. METHOD: The expected number of TB cases was calculated by applying the sex- and age-specific incidence rates for those born in Norway to the corresponding foreign-born population. The SIR was measured as the ratio between observed and expected number of cases. RESULTS: The expected number of TB cases was between zero and three for all selected countries; the observed number of cases was significantly higher. The SIR was highest for Africa (160, 95%CI 144-175) and lowest for USA/Canada (0.4, 95%CI 0.1-1.0). It was 883 for Somalia (95%CI 775-991), 122 for Vietnam (95%CI 106-139), 119 for Pakistan (95%CI 105-134), 115 for the Philippines (95%CI 91-144) and 49 for former Yugoslavia (95%CI 40-57). The SIR for all the foreign-born was 21 (95%CI 20-22), giving a population attributable risk of 38%. It was highest in the age group 15-39 years (95, 95%CI 89-101), and lowest for those 65 years and older (3, 95%CI 2.1-3.3). The SIR for extrapulmonary TB was also high in those aged 15-39 years (159, 95%CI 146-173). CONCLUSION: SIRs for TB differ by country and continent of birth. Understanding local epidemiology and immigration patterns will help better target prevention efforts.     

Successful use of rifampicin for Hispanic foreign-born patients with latent tuberculosis infection.

SETTING: Four months of rifampicin (4R) is recommended for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), although data regarding its use are limited. The majority of tuberculosis (TB) cases in the USA occur among foreign-born persons. OBJECTIVE: To determine tolerability, hepatotoxicity and completion rates associated with 4R among foreign-born persons. DESIGN: We retrospectively evaluated 4R treatment among a cohort of predominantly Hispanic foreign-born LTBI patients in four Middle-Tennessee public health clinics from February 2000 to February 2004. Patients' charts were reviewed to abstract demographic, social and clinical data. 4R completion rates, new symptoms and hepatotoxicity (serum aminoalanine transferase >or=120U/l with gastrointestinal symptoms or >or=200 regardless of symptoms) were evaluated. RESULTS: Of 749 patients treated, 571 (76%) completed 4R. Among all subjects, Hispanics had a lower risk of non-completion (OR 0.6, 95%CI 0.4-0.7) than non-Hispanics. Among non-Hispanic subjects, the risk of non-completion was higher for Blacks than non-Blacks (adjusted OR 2.6, 95%CI 1.5-4.7), but was lower for foreign-born than non-foreign-born subjects (adjusted OR 0.5, 95%CI 0.2-0.9). During treatment, 85 subjects (11%) developed new symptoms, and hepatotoxicity occurred in three patients. CONCLUSION: With high completion rates and minimal side effects, 4R is a favorable LTBI treatment regimen for Hispanic and other foreign-born patients.     

Clustering of tuberculosis among senegalese immigrants in Italy.

OBJECTIVE: To study clustered Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates as an indicator of recent TB transmission in a small urban setting in Italy, and to determine associated risk factors. METHODS: M. tuberculosis strains isolated between 1991 and 1997 were characterised by IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-five isolates were available for RFLP analysis, which revealed 163 different patterns. Available cases were represented by 137 Italians (70%), 32 Senegalese (17%), and 26 other foreign-born cases (13%). A unique fingerprint pattern was found in 143 cases (73.3%), while 52 strains (26.7%) were grouped into 20 clusters. Nineteen cases (10%) were resident in the same quarter of Brescia with a high density of Senegalese immigrants (Area A). An increased probability of yielding clustered M. tuberculosis strains was associated with residence in Area A (OR 3.87, 95%CI 1.42-10.56; P = 0.02) and being Senegalese (OR = 5.96, 95%CI 1.48-23.97; P = 0.005). In the logistic regression analysis, being Senegalese was independently associated with yielding a clustered M. tuberculosis strain. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate a clustering of TB cases among Senegalese immigrants and suggest that RFLP analysis may be used to identify geographical areas where efforts can be targeted to interrupt TB transmission.     

A population-based study of risk factors for drug-resistant TB in British Columbia.

SETTING: Provincial tuberculosis (TB) services, British Columbia, Canada. OBJECTIVE: To investigate risk factors associated with resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs in British Columbia and to determine if there are differences in risk factor characteristics among different resistance categories. DESIGN: Using population-based data from provincial TB services, all patients with positive culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis from 1990 to 2001 were identified and included in the study. Logistic regression analyses were performed to assess risk factors for drug resistance. RESULTS: Among 3041 eligible TB cases, 295 (10%) were found to be drug-resistant. Significant risk factors for resistance were younger age, foreign birth, ethnicity, reactivated TB and place of initial diagnosis. Foreign-born subjects (OR 3.18, 95%CI 2.26-4.49) were three times more likely to present with resistance than Canadian-born subjects. Among ethnic groups, Chinese (OR 2.32, 95%CI 1.51-3.57), South-East Asian (OR 2.92, 95%CI 1.88-4.52) and Other Asian subjects (OR 4.40, 95%CI 2.77-7.01) were 2-4 times more likely to present with resistance than Caucasians. Reactivated cases (OR 2.69, 95%CI 1.91-3.77) were three times as likely to have resistance as new cases. CONCLUSION: These results document and quantify the risk of drug-resistant disease in a large population-based cohort, and highlight patient groups who should be identified as at risk for drug-resistant disease in the industrialised world.     

Determinants of drug-resistant tuberculosis: analysis of 11 countries.

SETTING: Eleven countries/territories. OBJECTIVES: Global information on the determinants of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) based on representative data is not available. We therefore studied the relationship between demographic characteristics, prior TB treatment, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with anti-tuberculosis drug resistance. METHODS: Population-based representative data on new and previously treated patients with TB collected within an international drug resistance surveillance network. RESULTS: Of 9,615 patients, 8,222 (85.5%) were new cases of TB and 1,393 (14.5%) were previously treated cases. Compared with new cases, previously treated cases were significantly more likely to have resistance to one (OR = 2.5,95% CI 2.1-3.0; P < 0.001), two (OR = 4.6, 95%CI 3.7-5.6; P < 0.001), three (OR = 11.5, 95%CI 8.6-15.3; P < 0.001), and four (OR = 18.5, 95% CI 12.0-28.5; P < 0.001) drugs. An approximately linear increase in the likelihood of having multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) was observed as the total time (measured in months) of prior anti-tuberculosis treatment increased (P < 0.001, chi2 for trend). In multivariate analysis, prior TB treatment for 6-11 months (OR = 7.6, 95% CI 2.6, 22.4; P < 0.001) and > or = 12 months (OR 13.7, 95% CI 4.5-41.6; P < 0.001), but not HIV positivity, was associated with MDR-TB. CONCLUSION: This study shows that prior but ineffective treatment is a strong predictor of drug resistance, and that HIV is not an independent risk factor for MDR-TB. The association between length of treatment and drug resistance may reflect longer treatment as a result of treatment failure in patients with drug resistance; it may also reflect irregular prior treatment for TB, leading to drug resistance.     

Drug-resistant tuberculosis in Yangon, Myanmar

The extent of drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) in the capital city of Myanmar, Yangon has not yet been reported. This study aimed to determine the proportion and pattern of drug resistance to first-line anti-TB drugs, among Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates from sputum smear positive TB patients who attended National TB Programme Yangon centres in April-August and October-December 2002. Drug susceptibility was determined by the Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube manual system (Becton Dickinson, MD, USA). Of the 567 patients, sputum specimens from 447 (79%) had a positive culture. Of these, 357 isolates (80%) had a susceptibility test result. Isolates from 76 of 259 (29.3%) new patients and from 45 of 98 (45.9%) previously treated patients were resistant to at least 1 of the anti-TB drugs. Resistance to isoniazid (INH) (22.0% vs 40.8%: new vs previously treated patients) and to > or =2 drugs (17.8% vs 29.6%: new vs previously treated patients) was common. Multidrug- resistant TB (MDR-TB) among new and previously treated patients was 4.2% and 18.4%, respectively. INH-resistant (adjusted OR: 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.6) and MDR-TB (adjusted OR: 3.4, 95% CI 1.4-8.3) cases were more likely to have taken anti-TB drugs > or =1 month previously. Collectively, prevalence of MDR-TB and TB resistance to > or =2 drugs are not rare in Yangon.     

Surveillance of drug-resistant tuberculosis and molecular evaluation of transmission of resistant strains in refugee and non-refugee populations in North-Eastern Kenya.

SETTING: Three refugee camp complex clinics and an adjacent non-refugee treatment centre in North-Eastern Kenya. OBJECTIVES: To use conventional and molecular epidemiology tools to determine: 1) the prevalence of drug resistance in newly diagnosed patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in refugee and non-refugee populations; 2) risk factors for resistance in the two populations; and 3) whether IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and spoligotyping showed similarities in DNA fingerprinting patterns of drug-resistant isolates that could infer transmission within and between the two populations. RESULTS: Of 241 isolates from the camps, 44 (18.3%) were resistant to one or more drugs, seven of which (2.9%) were multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). Of 88 isolates from the non-refugees, five (5.7%) were resistant to one or more drugs without MDR-TB. Drug resistance was higher in the camps than in the non-refugee population (OR = 3.7; 95%CI 1.42-9.68; P < 0.007). Resistance was significantly higher in one camp compared with the other two, despite a comparable ethnic distribution. Unusually, females were more associated with drug resistance than their male counterparts in both populations (OR = 2.3; 95%CI 1.2-4.8; P = 0.008). There was evidence of transmission of streptomycin-resistant strains in the refugee population. DNA fingerprints of resistant strains from the non-refugee population were unique and different from those in the refugee camps. CONCLUSION: The observed high levels of drug resistance and MDR-TB, combined with evidence of transmission of strains resistant to streptomycin in the refugee population, suggest a need for strengthened TB control programmes in settings with a high risk of developing drug-resistant strains.     

High prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis, Republic of Lithuania, 2002.

BACKGROUND: Nations of the former Soviet Union have the world's highest reported levels of resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs. We conducted the first national survey of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the Republic of Lithuania. METHODS: We tested Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from all incident culture-positive pulmonary TB patients registered in 2002. New patients were those treated for <1 month with any first-line anti-tuberculosis drug (isoniazid [INH], rifampin [RMP], ethambutol, or streptomycin); previously treated patients were those treated for > or =1 month. RESULTS: Of 1163 isolates, 475 (41%) were resistant to at least one first-line drug, and 263 (23%) were resistant to at least INH and RMP (MDR); this included 76/818 (9.3%) from new patients and 187/345 (54%) from previously treated patients. Of 52 MDR isolates randomly selected for extended testing at an international reference laboratory, 27 (51%, 95%CI 38-66) had resistance to pyrazinamide, 21 (40%, 95%CI 27-55) to kanamycin, and 9 (17%, 95%CI 8-30) to ofloxacin. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of MDR-TB in Lithuania is among the world's highest. Among MDR-TB isolates, aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone resistance were common. To combat drug-resistant TB, Lithuania has implemented the WHO global TB control strategy (DOTS), and is developing an MDR-TB treatment program (DOTS-Plus).     

Screening of immigrants and refugees for pulmonary tuberculosis in San Diego County, California

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the outcomes of a tuberculosis (TB) screening program for recent immigrants to San Diego County, CA, and to compare the demographic and clinical characteristics of pulmonary TB cases occurring in recently arrived foreign-born persons detected through this screening with those of similar cases found through routine surveillance. DESIGN: Retrospective review of computer databases and medical records. SETTING: Local public health department. PATIENTS: Recent immigrants and refugees classified as TB suspects in their country of departure and foreign-born patients with active TB detected through routine surveillance. RESULTS: Five hundred seventy-one of 658 immigrants and refugees (87%) of completed screening. Thirty-nine subjects (7%) were found to have active TB, and 433 subjects (76%) were found to have latent TB. A diagnosis of active TB was associated with age of 25 to 44 years (odds ratio, 3.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 11.6) and A (odds ratio, 25.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 512.2) or B1 classifications (odds ratio, 4.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 12.5). Cases detected through screening comprised 12% of all reported foreign-born persons with active TB. Compared to other recently arrived foreign-born persons with active TB, those detected through immigrant screening were more likely to be Asian and born in the Philippines and less likely to have advanced disease. CONCLUSIONS: Most immigrants and refugees classified as TB suspects by foreign screening completed the US screening process, which had a high yield for detecting active and latent TB. Only a minority of foreign-born persons (12%) with active TB were discovered through this program, however, and additional measures are needed to facilitate early case finding in other foreign-born populations.     

Risk of progression to active tuberculosis among foreign-born persons with latent tuberculosis

BACKGROUND: Increased risk for tuberculosis (TB) disease has been identified in foreign-born persons in the United States, particularly during the first 5 years after their arrival in the United States. This could be explained by undetected TB disease at entry, increased prevalence of latent TB infection (LTBI), increased progression from LTBI to TB, or a combination of these factors. METHODS: We performed a cluster analysis of TB cases in Boston and a case-control study of risk factors for TB with an unclustered isolate among Boston residents with LTBI to determine whether such persons have an increased risk for reactivation of disease. RESULTS: Of 321 case patients with TB seen between 1996 and 2000, 133 isolates were clustered and 188 were not. In multivariate analysis, foreign birth was associated with an unclustered isolate (odds ratio [OR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 3.8; p < 0.01), while being a close contact of a TB case was negatively associated (OR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.73; p = 0.02). When 188 TB patients with unclustered isolates were compared to 188 age-matched control subjects with LTBI, there was no association between the occurrence of TB and foreign birth (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.42 to 1.3); among foreign-born persons, there was no association between the occurrence of TB and being in the United States 相似文献   

Risk factors associated with fluoroquinolone-resistant tuberculosis in a Beijing tuberculosis referral hospital

Background and objective: The rapid increase in the number of multi‐drug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) cases worldwide emphasizes the importance of rational use of key important life‐saving second‐line anti‐TB drugs such as fluoroquinolones. In order to provide information for better case management, so as to minimize the further spread of extensively drug‐resistant TB, a retrospective study was performed to assess the risk factors associated with fluoroquinolone resistance among TB patients attending the 309 Hospital in Beijing, China. Methods: Drug susceptibility testing results and clinical data for hospitalized TB patients for the period 2000–2010 were analysed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine the risk factors associated with fluoroquinolone‐resistant TB. Results: From July 2000 to July 2010, ofloxacin resistance was observed in 306 of 3546 (8.6%) hospitalized TB patients who were tested. The independent risk factors associated with fluoroquinolone‐resistant TB were being single (adjusted OR 1.65), being a migrant living in Beijing (adjusted OR 2.15), being a migrant from another area (adjusted OR 5.07), being a patient who was retreated (adjusted OR 2.84), exposure to fluoroquinolones (adjusted OR 2.73), having COPD (adjusted OR 3.53), having COPD with known exposure to fluoroquinolones (adjusted OR 2.47), having MDR‐TB (adjusted OR 1.67), and having poly‐resistant TB (adjusted OR 2.34). Conclusions: These findings suggest that in high‐risk populations continuous surveillance of fluoroquinolone resistance should be maintained. In addition, programs should be implemented for the management of patients with MDR‐TB and more complicated TB, so as to minimize the further spread of fluoroquinolone resistance and extensively drug‐resistant TB.     

Impact of extensive drug resistance on treatment outcomes in non-HIV-infected patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: Recently, serious concerns about extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), which shows resistance to second-line anti-TB drugs in addition to isoniazid and rifampicin, have been raised. The aim of this study was to elucidate the impact of extensive drug resistance on treatment outcomes in non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). METHODS: Patients who received the diagnosis of and treatment as having MDR-TB at Seoul National University Hospital (Seoul, Republic of Korea) between January 1996 and December 2005 were included. The definition of XDR-TB was TB caused by bacilli showing resistance to both isoniazid and rifampicin and also showing resistance to any fluoroquinolone and to at least 1 of the following 3 injectable anti-TB drugs: capreomycin, kanamycin, and amikacin. To identify the impact of extensive drug resistance on treatment outcomes, univariate comparison and multiple logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: A total of 211 non-HIV-infected patients with MDR-TB were included in the final analysis. Among them, 43 patients (20.4%) had XDR-TB. Treatment failure was observed in 19 patients (44.2%) with XDR-TB, whereas treatment of 46 patients (27.4%) with non-XDR-TB failed (P=.057). The presence of extensive drug resistance (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 4.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.35-14.74) and underlying comorbidity (adjusted OR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.00-6.87) were independent risk factors for treatment failure. However, a higher level of albumin was inversely associated with treatment failure (adjusted OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.77-0.97). CONCLUSION: The presence of extensive drug resistance, the presence of comorbidity, and hypoalbuminemia were independent poor prognostic factors in non-HIV-infected patients with MDR-TB.     

Survey of drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 3 Mexican states, 1997

BACKGROUND: Drug resistance threatens global tuberculosis (TB) control efforts. Population-based estimates of drug resistance are needed to develop strategies for controlling drug-resistant TB in Mexico. OBJECTIVE: To obtain population-based data on Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance in Mexico. METHODS: To obtain drug resistance data, we conducted a population-based study of TB cases in the states of Baja California, Sinaloa, and Oaxaca, Mexico. We performed cultures and drug susceptibility testing on M tuberculosis isolates from patients with newly diagnosed, smear-positive TB from April 1 to October 31, 1997. RESULTS: Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated from 460 (75%) of the 614 patients. Levels of resistance in new and retreatment TB cases to 1 or more of the 3 current first-line drugs used in Mexico (isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide) were 12.9% and 50.5%, respectively; the corresponding levels of multi-drug-resistant TB were 2.4% and 22.4%. Retreatment cases were significantly more likely than new cases to have isolates resistant to 1 or more of the 3 first-line drugs (relative risk [RR], 3.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.8-5.5), to have isoniazid resistance (RR, 3.6; 95% CI, 2.5-5.2), and to have multi-drug-resistant TB (RR, 9.4; 95% CI, 4.3-20.2). CONCLUSIONS: This population-based study of M tuberculosis demonstrates moderately high levels of drug resistance. Important issues to consider in the national strategy to prevent M tuberculosis resistance in Mexico include consideration of the most appropriate initial therapy in patients with TB, the treatment of patients with multiple drug resistance, and surveillance or periodic surveys of resistance among new TB patients to monitor drug resistance trends.     

TB surveillance in correctional institutions in Hong Kong, 1999-2005.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB) inside the prison system of Hong Kong. METHOD: Prospective territory-wide TB surveillance was conducted among prisoners in 24 correctional institutions. RESULTS: From 1999 to 2005, 622 prevalent TB cases diagnosed before or within 3 months of incarceration and 214 incident cases diagnosed after 3 months were reported by prison staff to a paper-based central prison TB registry. Both crude prevalence and incidence were falling (chi(2) for trend, both P < 0.001), despite a higher sex- and age-adjusted prison TB incidence as compared to the general population (indirectly standardised rate [ISR] 280.6 vs. 108.0/100000, P < 0.001). Illegal immigrants (odds ratio [OR] 3.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8-7.4) and drug addicts (OR 2.04, 95%CI 1.13-3.7) were two major risk groups. The TB incident risk disappeared after their exclusion (ISR 117.1 vs. 108.0/100000, P = 0.52). No significant difference in the multidrug-resistant rate was found when comparing the group with the general population (3.5% vs. 1.0%, OR 3.6, 95%CI 0.5-28.4). No extensively drug-resistant (XDR) cases were identified. CONCLUSION: TB remains a significant disease in local prisons. Further strengthening of TB control programmes in prisons, especially targeting the higher risk groups, is recommended.     

中国东部农村地区结核分枝杆菌北京基因型菌株的成簇性及耐药特征研究

目的 探讨MTB北京基因型在人群中的分布及其耐药类型和相关分子特征.方法 江苏省灌云县和浙江省德清县1年内登记确诊的结核病患者399例,分离出MTB菌株者351例,其中男237例,女114例;年龄18～82岁,平均(46±35)岁.采用比例法确定分离株对一线抗结核药物的耐药类型,用直接基因测序识别耐药相关的基因突变,用间隔区寡核苷酸分型技术识别MTB北京基因型,以IS6110限制性内切酶片段长度的多态性(IS6110 IS6110-RFLP)技术确定MTB基因型及其成簇性和惟一性.结果 在分离得到的351株MTB菌株中北京基因型243株,北京基因型患者中耐多药、耐异烟肼和耐利福平分别占18.5%(45/243)、43.2%(105/243)和22.2%(54/243),明显高于非北京基因型[7.4%(8/108)、24.1%(26/108)和12.0%(13/108)];北京基因型菌株中rpoB和katG基因的联合突变率较高,分别为13.2%(32/243)和 4.6%(5/108),OR=2.553,95%CI为1.031～6.324;北京基因型菌株的成簇率[41.2%(100/243)]明显高于非北京基因型[11.1%(12/108)],OR=5.503,95%CI为2.851～10.622.结论 在我国东部农村地区,感染北京基因型菌株的结核病患者发生耐异烟肼、耐利福平和耐多药结核病的危险性较大,其发病有可能由于近期传播所致.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) Beijing genotype, which was isolated from tuberculosis (TB) patients registered in local TB dispensaries in Deqing and Guanyun county respectively within 1 year, as well as its drug-resistant phenotypic and genotypic profiles and genotyping features. Methods A total of 399 TB patients were enrolled from 2 counties. Of the 351 TB patients with MTB isolates available, 237 were male, and 114 were female; aged from 18-82 (46±35) years . The proportion method and DNA sequencing were used to define the susceptibility of the isolates to 4 first line anti-TB drugs and the related mutation. Beijing genotype MTB strains were identified by Spoligotyping, while the "cluster" strains and the "unique" strains were defined by IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Results Beijing genotype MTB strains were identified in 243 of the 351 strains isolated, and the proportion of multi-drug resistance, mono-resistance to rifampin and isoniazid among Beijing genotype MTB was 18.5% (45/243), 43.2% (105/243) and 22.2% (54/243) respectively, all being significantly higher than the non-Beijing genotype MTB, 7.4% (8/108), 24.1% (26/108) and 12.0% (13/108) respectively. katG and rpoB mutations were observed more common among Beijing genotype MTB than among non-Beijing genotype MTB, 13.2% (32/243) and 4.6% (5/108) respectively, OR=2.553, 95%CI: 1.031-6.324. The Beijing genotype MTB was more likely to be clustered than non-Beijing genotype MTB, 41.2% (100/243) and 11.1% (12/108) respectively, OR=5.503, 95%CI: 2.851-10.622. Conclusions In eastern rural China, TB patients infected with the Beijing genotype MTB may have a higher risk to develop isoniazid-or rifampin-resistance and multi-drug resistance. The disease is more likely due to recent transmission.     

Acid suppressive drugs and gastric cancer: A meta-analysis of observational studies

AIM: To evaluate the association between acid suppressive drug use and the development of gastric cancer. METHODS: A systematic search of relevant studies that were published through June 2012 was conducted using the MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases. The search included observational studies on the use of histamine 2-receptor antagonists (H 2 RAs) or proton pump inhibitors and the associated risk of gastric cancer, which was measured using the adjusted odds ratio (OR) or the relative risk and 95%CI. An independent extraction was performed by two of the authors, and a consensus was reached. RESULTS: Of 4595 screened articles, 11 observational studies (n = 94558) with 5980 gastric cancer patients were included in the final analyses. When all the studies were pooled, acid suppressive drug use was associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer risk (adjusted OR = 1.42; 95%CI: 1.29-1.56, I2 = 48.9%, P = 0.034). The overall risk of gastric cancer increased among H 2 RA users (adjusted OR = 1.40; 95%CI: 1.24-1.59, I2 = 59.5%, P = 0.008) and PPI users (adjusted OR = 1.39; 95%CI: 1.19-1.64, I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.377). CONCLUSION: Acid suppressive drugs are associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer. Further studies are needed to test the effect of acid suppressive drugs on gastric cancer.     

The risk of MDR-TB and polyresistant tuberculosis among the civilian population of Tomsk city, Siberia, 1999.

SETTING: Tomsk, Siberia, Russian Federation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between TB susceptibility patterns and risk factors among a civilian cohort of new cases in Tomsk city in 1999. DESIGN: Population-based study. The association between MDR-TB or PROMDR-TB, defined as resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin (MDR) or to isoniazid, ethambutol, and streptomycin (rifampicin mono-sensitive), and hypothesized risk factors was determined. Univariable analysis with and without stratification for history of incarceration and stepwise logistic regression modeling were used. RESULTS: Overall, 49.6% of participants were infected with a Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain resistant to at least one prescribed anti-tuberculosis medication. PROMDR-TB and MDR-TB were prevalent in 17.2% and 13.1% of participants, respectively. Logistic regression modeling indicated that good residence (OR 3.1, 95%CI 1.4-6.9), treatment default (OR 4.4, 95%CI 2.1-9.3) and psychological disorder (OR 3.3, 95%CI 1.0-10.9) were associated with PROMDR-TB. Both good residence (OR 2.6, 95%CI 1.1-6.0) and treatment default (OR 5.3, 95%CI 2.4-11.6) were associated with MDR-TB. History of incarceration was not found to be significant. CONCLUSION: Our findings support the hypothesis that drug-resistant disease among the Tomsk city population is not directly linked to history of incarceration, nor is it an extension of drug resistance in prisons. Rather, drug resistance in the civil sector reflects problems specific to the sector itself.     

The national tuberculosis drug resistance survey in Cambodia, 2000-2001.

SETTING: Cambodia has a high incidence of tuberculosis (TB). Hospital-based DOTS was predominant throughout the country from 1994 to 2002. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of resistance to four major anti-tuberculosis drugs, isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP), ethambutol (EMB) and streptomycin (SM), among new cases as a baseline before a new National Tuberculosis Programme strategy with decentralised ambulatory DOTS was widely implemented. DESIGN: A cluster sampling of TB diagnostic centres with probability proportional to the number of new cases in a diagnostic centre in 1999 was used. Intake of cases took place from October 2000 to April 2001. RESULTS: From 734 isolates collected, drug susceptibility test results were obtained for 638 new cases. The prevalence of resistance to any of four drugs was 10.1% (95%CI 7.7-13). Resistance to INH was 6.1% (95%CI 4.3-8.4) and resistance to RMP 0.6% (95%CI 0.2-1.6). No multidrug-resistant (MDR) case was found among the new cases (95%CI 0.0-0.6). Three of 96 previously treated cases had MDR (3.1%, 95%CI 1.0-9.0). CONCLUSION: The first survey indicates that the current prevalence of MDR is low. It is necessary to track resistance trends when restructuring a DOTS-based programme.     

黑龙江省耐药监测项目中肺结核治疗失败的原因分析

目的分析耐药监测项目中肺结核治疗失败的主要影响因素,为黑龙江省结核病患者的治疗管理提供参考依据。方法对2004年黑龙江省按WHO/IUATLD《结核病耐药监测指南》发现的肺结核患者的指南耐药监测信息和短程督导化疗后的治疗转归信息进行整理分析。结（1）1995例菌阳肺结核中,初治1574例（78.9%）;复治421例（21.1%）。肺结核病患者的耐药情况差异有统计学意义(P)差异有统计学意义（P<0.001);(2)治疗失败患者的影响因素分析中,除复治是一个主要的影响因素外,初治病例中影响治疗失败的主要因素为居住地（P<0.05调整OR0.36,95%CI[0.17-0.76])、耐多药（MDR-TB)(P<0.05调整OR4.70,95%CI[1.76-12.51])和痰涂片载量（P<0.05调整OR5.52.95%CI[1.84-16.61]);(3)复治患者中影响治疗失败的主要因素为耐多药（P<0.05调整OR5.58,95%CI[1.44—21.69])以及复治的次数（P<0.05调整OR3.34,95%CI[1.31—8.5])。结论初复治患者间的耐药差异表明在选择治疗方案时应根据药敏试验选择敏感性药物;采用基于一线药的治疗方案在治疗耐药肺结核病方面存在不足,尤其是耐多药患者,确定一个病例耐药之后应根据其药敏结果尽快调整其治疗方案;同时应关注影响治疗失败的危险因素,采取相应措施,减少治疗失败和耐药的产生。